Карлсон Б. Основы эмбриологии по Пэттену

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(1).

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1972,

Ann.

N. Y.

Acad. Sci.,

193, 29.)

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OnHCaJI tIeTbIpe OCHOBHbIe

¢a3bI B pa3BHTHH MbIllietIHOH TKaHH.

06pa30BaHHe CKOnJIeHHH Me3eHXHMHbIX KJIeTOK, npeJJ.cTaBJIHIO-

JJ.:(eeC060H 06JJ.:(HeMbIllietIHbIe MaCCbI JJ.JIHCrH6aTeJIeH H pa3rH6aTeJIeH.

B .9THX Maccax 3aKJIaJJ.bIBaIOTCHCJIOH, cooTBeTcTByIOJJ.:(HeCJIOHM MyC-

KyJIaTypbI C¢OpMHpoBaHHoH KOHetIHOCTH.

06oco6JIeHHe 3atIaTKOB OTJJ.eJIbHbIXMbIIIIIJ. H3 06II.I.HX MblIIIetIHbIX

Macc. llleJI3Y.9JI H BOJIbnepT

1[29]

o6HapyLKHJIH, tITO B 3atIaTKe KpbIJIa

KypHHoro 3ap0JJ.blIIIa 06II.I.He MblIIIetIHble MaCCbI pa3JJ.eJIHIOTCHCHatIaJI3

Ha MaCCbI, COOTBeTcTByIOII.I.HerpynnaM MbIIIIIJ., a 3aTeM .9TH 06pa30-

BaBIIIHeCH MaCCbI paCII.I.enJIHIOTCH Ha 3aKJIaJJ.KH OTJJ.eJIbHbIXMbIIIIIJ..

B .9TO BpeMH MblIIIetIHble KJIeTKH HaXOJJ.HTCHHa CTaJJ.HHMH06JIaCTOB

HJIH paHHHX MbIllietIHbIX Tpy6otIeK. MexaHH3MbI, onpeJJ.eJIHIOII.I.Hepa3-

JJ.eJIeHHe06JJ.:(HXMblIIIetIHbIX Macc Ha 3atIaTKH OTJJ.eJIbHbIXMbIIIIIJ., He-

H3BeCTHbI. '

<Pa3a peKoHcTpyKIJ.HH 3atIaTKOB MbIIIIIJ.. H3HatIaJIbHO 3aKJIaJJ.KH

MbIIIIIJ. ¢OpMHpyIOTCH B BHJJ.e,xapaKTepHoM JJ.JIH ¢HJIOreHeTHtIeCKR

npHMHTHBHbIX ¢OpM. B TetIeHHe ¢a3bI peKoHcTpyKIJ.HH MbIllietIHble 3a-

KJIaJJ.KHnpHo6peTaIOT nOJIOLKeHHe H KOH¢HrypaIJ.HIO, CBOHCTBeHHbIe

JJ.aHHoMy BHJJ.YLKHBOTHoro. HanpHMep, TbIJIbHble MeLKKOCTHbleMbIIIIIJ.bI

KHCTH pyKH tIeJIOBeKa

(mm.

interossei dorsalis) o6pa3yIOTcH B pe-

3YJIbTaTe CJIHHHHH HeCKOJIbKHX MblIIIetIHbIX 3aKJIaJJ.OK. BMeCTe C TeM

3aKJIaJJ.Ka MblIIIetIHOrO CJI05I Ha JIaJJ.OHHHCtIe3aeT B pe3YJIbTaTe rH6eJIH

KJIeTOK. HHTepecHo OTMeTHTb, tITO B .9TOM CJIytIae rH6HyT JJ.OCTaTOtIHO

JJ.H¢¢epeHIJ.HpOBaHHble KJIeTKH, COJJ.epLKaJJ.:(HeMHO¢HJIaMeHTbI

[14].

CTaHOBJIeHHe JJ.e¢HHHTHBHOH ¢OPMbI MbIIIIIJ.. Bo BpeM5I .9TOH

CTaJJ.HHo6pa3yeTcH coeJJ.HHHTeJIbHOTKaHHa5IcTpoMa MbIIIIIJ.. CeHtIaC

H3BeCTHO, tITO MbIIIIIJ.bI ¢OPMHPYIOTC5I OTJJ.eJIbHOOT' CyXOLKHJIHHH tITO

HX coeJJ.HHeHHe npOHCXOJJ.HT Ha 60JIee n03JJ.HHX CTaJJ.H5IXpa3BHTH5I.

HeCMOTp5I Ha cpaBHHTeJIbHO He3aBHCHMoe npoHcxoLKJJ.eHHe KaLKJJ.oHH3

TKaHeBblX 3aKJIaJJ.OK, npe3yMnTHBHble KJIeTKH .9JIeMeHTOB CKeJIeTa,

MbIIIIIJ. H CyXOLKHJIHHyLKe JJ.eTepMHHHpoBaHbI B OTHOIIIeHHH CBoero 6y-

JJ.YII.I.eronOJIOLKeHH5IB opraHe.

TIocJIe Toro KaK MbIIIIIJ.bI nOJIHOCTbIOC¢OpMHpyIOTCH, OHH npoJJ.oJI-

LKaIOT paCTH B COOTBeTCTBHH C pOCTOM TeJIa B TetIeHHe nJIOJJ.Horo

nepHOJJ.a H nOCJIe pOLKJJ.eHH5I.

MHorHX BHJJ.OBLKHBOTHbIX K MOMeHTy

pOLKJJ.eHH5IJJ.o6aBJI5IIOTCHHOBbIe MblIIIetIHble BOJIOKHa K yLKe C¢OPMH-

pOBaHHbIM MbIIIIIJ.aM. BCKope nOCJIe pOLKJJ.eHH5I¢OpMHpOBaHHe HOBbIX

MbIllietIHbIX BOJIOKOHnpeKpaJJ.:(aeTC5I H HX tIHCJIO OCTaeTC5I 60JIee HJIH

MeHee nOCT05IHHbIM Ha npOT5ILKeHHH Bcero nepHOJJ.a nOCTHaTaJIbHOH

LKH3HH. MblIIIetIHble BOJIOKHa npeJJ.cTaBJI5IIOT C060H CHHIJ.HTHaJIbHbIe

CTpyKTypbI, H HX 5IJJ.paTep5IIOT cnoco6HoCTb JJ.eJIHTbC5I.POCT OTJJ.eJIh-

HhIX MblIIIetIHbIX BOJIOKOH OCYII.I.eCTBJIHeTC5InyTeM BHeJJ.peHHHKJIeTOK-

IPRC. 10.15. TPH CTa.I\HH paHHero paSBHTHli KpoBeHocHblX COCY.I\OB B nO'IKe nepe.I\Hell KOHe'lHO-

.cTH sap0.I\blWa CBHHbH. (Wollard,

1922,

Carnegie Cont. to Embryo!.. 14.

139.)

3apO.I\blW .I\JlHHOil 4.5 MM (cooTBeTcTByeT 4-He.I\eJlbHoMY Sap0.I\bIWY '1eJlOBeKa).

·3ap0.I\bIW

,AJlHHOil 7.5 MM (cooTBeTcTByeT 5-He.I\eJlbHoMY sap0.I\bIWY '1eJlOBeKa). B. 3ap0.I\bIW .I\JlHHOl! 12 MM

(cooTBeTCTByeT 6-He.I\eJlbHoMY sap0.I\blwy '1eJlOBeKa).

J -

Kap.I\HHaJlbHali BeHa;

2 -

Ce.I\bMali cerMeHTapHali apTepHlI;

3 -

KanHJlJllIpHali ceTb nO'IKH

nepe.I\Heil KOHe'lHOCTH; 4 _ aopTa;

5 -

BOJlbq,OBO TeJlO; 6 - nO.I\KJlIO'lH'IHali apTepulI, 7 - n~.I\KJlIO-

''1H'IHali BeHa;

8 -

BepxHlIli Me)\{pe6epHali apTepHlI; 9 - CeT'laTali l.\e!"'TpaJlbHali apTepHlI,

10.-

'V.

cephalica; 11 _ Jla.I\OHHali Me)\{KOCTHali apTepHlI;

12 -

ramus carpI dorsalis;

13 -

v, baslll-

ca; 14 _ BHYTpeHHlIli apTepHli MOJlO'lHOl! )\{eJleSbI; 15 - nOSBOHO'IHali apTepHlI; 16 - sa.I\HlIlI

dUeilHali apTepHlI.

cnyTHHKoB B BOJIOKHO (CM. c.

346)

H .n:.06aBJIeHH51 HOBbIX e.n:.HHHU

cOKpaTHTeJIbHbIX 6eJIKOB - capKoMepoB, qTO 06bIqHO HMeeT MeCTO

KOHlJ,aX MbIllIeqHbIX BOJIOKOH.

Pas B HTHe B a CK Y JI51pHS a IJ,H H. PaHH5151 nOqKa KOHeqHOCTH

cHa6:lKaeTC5I KpOBblO qepes TOHqaH:IlIYro ceTb KanHJIJI51pOB, BosHHKaro-

I.IJ,HXOT HeCKOJIbKHX cerMeHTapHbIX BeTBeH: aopTbI (pHC.

10.15).

BCKO-

pe HeKOTopbIe COCy.n:.bIB KanHJIJI51pHOH:ceTH nOJIyqaroT rrpeHMyI.lJ,eCT-

BeHHoe paSBHTHe no cpaBHeHHro C .n:.pyrHMH. O.n:.HOH:HS nepBbIx ¢OpMH-

pyeTC5I nepBHqHa51 lJ,eHTpaJIbHa51 apTepH51. KPOBb HS lJ,eHTpaJIbHOH

apTepHH npoxo.n:.HT qepes KanHJIJI51pHyro ceTb H c06HpaeTc51 B

Kpae80u

CUliyC, JIOKaJIHSOBaHHbIH: B BepXHeH: qaCTH nOqKH KOHeqHOCTH no.n:.

anHKaJIbHbIM 3KTo.n:.epMaJIbHbIM rpe6HeM, H BOSBpaI.lJ,aeTC5IB TeJIO qe-

_pes BeHOSHbIe KaHaJIbI, T5IHYI.lJ,HeC51B.n:.OJIbnpe- H nOCTaKCHaJIbHbIX

rpaHHIJ, KOHeqHOCTH.· .

ITo. Mepe pOCTa nOqKH KOHeqHOCTHrrpOHcxo.n:.HTpaspaCTaHHe KanHJI-

JI51pHOH ceTH H YBeJIHqeHHe KpaeBoro cHHyca. PeSYJIbTaT~ TI.IJ,aTeJIb-

Horo HCCJIe.n:.OBaHH~,npOBe.n:.eHHoro CeH:XepTOM H PHxTepoM

[29],

nOKa-

SaJIH, qTO KpaeBoH CHHyC pasBHBaroI.lJ,erOc5I Kp~JIa KypHHOiO sapo.n:.bI-

IlIa nOCT05IHHO rrepecPopMHpoBbIBaeTc51 nyTeM coe.n:.HHeHH5IOTpOCTKOB

KanHJIJI51pOB, pacTyI.lJ,HX no 1anpaBJIeHHro K BepllIHHe OT y)Ke cYI.lJ,e-

cTByroI.lJ,ero cHHyca. Ha paHHHx C1a.n:.H5IXpasBHTH51 KpOBb HS KpaeBbIX

BeHOSH~X KaHaJIOB nOCTynaeT B nOBepxHocTHoe BeHOSHoe CnJIeTeHHe

TeJIa. O.n:.HaKo no Mepe .n:.aJIbHeH:llIerO paSBHTH5I Bce 66JIbllIa5I qaCTb

KpOBH nepe6pacbIBaeTC5I B 60JIee rJIy60Ko pacnOJIO:lKeHHble BeHbI.

C BOSHHKHOBeHHeM SaKJIa.n:.OKnaJIblJ,eB anHKaJIbH~H: KpaeBOH: CHHyC

HaqHHaeT paspyllIaTbc51, HO y MJIeKOnHTaroI.lJ,HXnpOKCHMaJIbHble qaCTH

KpaeBbIX KaHaJIOB coxpaH51roTc51 KaK v. basilica H v. cephalica.

OCHoBH~e BsaHMOOTHOllIeHH51 rJIy60KHx apTepHH: nOBepxHocTH~X BeR

COXpaH5IroTC5ITaK:lKe H B KOHeqHOCT5IXBSpOCJIOro opraHHsMa.

06pasoBaHHe rJIaBH~X apTepHH: KOHeqHOCTH rrpe.n:.cTaBJI51eTC060H

CJIO:lKHbIH:npolJ,ecc, CB5ISaHHbIH:C nOCJIe.n:.OBaTeJIbHbIMBOSHHKHOBeHHeM

H perpeCCHeH: HeCKOJIbKHX apTepHaJIbHbIX CTBOJIOB. IToCJIe.n:.HeeHJIJIro-

cTpHpyeTC5I pHC.

10.16,

Jla KOTOpOM nOKasaHbI OCHOBHble3TanbI pasBH-

TH5I apTepHaJIbHOrO KpoBOCHa6:lKeHH51pyKH qeJIOBeKa. '

ITpe.n:.cTaBJIeHH5I 0 pOJIH np0lJ,ecca BacKyJI5IpHSaIJ,HH B pasBHTHH

KOHeqHOCTH MeH51JIHCbHe O.n:.HHpas. B COOTBeTCTBHHC HaH60JIee paH-

HHMH rHnOTesaMH, BacKyJI5IpHSaIJ,H51KOHeqHOCTHsapo.n:.bIllIa Ha Ka:lK.n:.ot'I

CTa.n:.HHpaSBHTH51npe.n:.onpe.n:.eJIeHacPHJIOreHeTHqeCKH H rrOqTH He saBH-

CHT OT pasBHBaroI.lJ,HXC51TKaHeH:. BOJIee IlIHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe

rrOJIyqHJIa TOqKa speHH51, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH:xapaKTep BacKyJI51pHSalJ,HR

onpe.n:.eJI5IeTC5IpOCTOM .n:.pyrHX TKaHeH: nOlIKH KOHelIHOCTH, H MopcPore-

Hes COCy.n:.HCTOH:CHCTeMbI npe.n:.CTaBJI51eTc060H: BTOPHqH~H: np0lJ,ecc

rrOlITH•HCKJIlOlIHTeJIbHO SaBHC5II.IJ,HH:OT .n:.HcPcPepeHlI:HpOBKH3THX .n:.PYrH~

TKaHeH. B nOCJIe.n:.HHero.n:.bI Bce 60JIbIlIee BHHMaHHe npHBJIeKaeT rHno-

Tesa 0 TOM, qTO xapaKTep BacKyJI5IpHSaIJ,HH, KaK TaKOBOH:,MO:lKeTonpe-

.n:.eJI5ITbMopcPoreHes H .n:.HcPcPepeHIJ,HpoKyTKaHeH: KOHelIHOCTH. TeCHa51

BsaHMOCB5I3b KpaeBoro cHHyca H anHKaJIbHOrO 3KTo.n:.epMaJIbHOrO rpe6-

PHC. 10,16.

PasBHTHe apTepHJl pyKH.

1 - nepBHQHalI OceBalI apTepHlI; 2 - MelKKOCTHalI apTepHlI; 3 - nJleQeBalI apTepH5I; 4 - JlOKTe-

Ball apTepHlI; 5 - cpe,a:HHlla51 apTeplllI; 6 - JlYQeBa51 apTepHlI; 7 - perpeccHpylOll.\a51 MelKKOCTHa,j!

apTepHlI;

nOAKpbIJlbI.\OBalI apTepHlI;

a. brachia

lis

profunda; 10 - JlaAOHHalI Ayra;

11-

perpeccHpylOll.\a51 cpeAHHHalI apTepH5I.

H5I paCCMaTpHBaeTC5I HeKOTOpbIMH aBTOpaMPI KaK Bblpa:lKeHHe cPYHK-

IJ,HOHaJIbHOH:SaBHCHMOCTH Me:lK.n:.yHHMH, a He npOCTO KaK aHaTOMHlIe-

CKoe coce.n:.CTBO.ITpe.n:.nOJIaraeTC5I TaK:lKe, lITO cPaKTopOM, .n:.eTepMHHH-

pyIOI.lJ,HM .n:.HCpcPepeHIJ,HpOBKYKJIeTOlIHbIX rpyrrn, MO:lKeT 6bITb Heo.n:.I-lO-

pO.n:.HOCTbpacnpe.n:.eJIeHH5I MeTa6oJIHTOB, cos.n:.aBaeMa51pasBHBaroI.lJ,eH:C51

KpOBeHOCHOH:CHCTeMOH:KOHelIHOCTH

[6].

LlJI51 Toro lIT06bI OKOHlIaTeJIb-

HO BbI51CHHTbPOJIb KpoBeHocHbIX cocy.n:.oB B np0lJ,ecce cPOpMHpOBaHH5I

KOHelIHOCTH, He06xo.n:.HMO npoBecTH eI.lJ,e MHoro .n:.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX

HCCJIe.n:.oBaHHH:. BecbMa Bep051THO, lITO xapaKTep BacKyJI51pHSalJ,HH

onpe.n:.eJI51eTHeKOTopbIe cPopMo06paSOBaTeJIbHble np0lJ,eCCbI, o.n:.HaKOOH

H caM MO:lKeT saBHceTb OT .n:.pyrHx rrp0lJ,eCCOBBO BpeM51 paSBHTH5I KO-

HelIHOCTH.

H H e p B a IJ,H 51 3 M 6 P H 0 H a JI b H 0 H: K 0 H e q HOC T H. 3a-

KJIa.n:.KanOqKH KOHelIHOCTH H ee paHHee paSBHTHe npOHcxo.n:.HT 6es

yqaCTH51 HepBoB.

BbICIlIHX nOSBOHOqHbIX HepBbI npopacTaroT B onpe-

.n:.eJIeHHbIecerMeHTbI KOHeqHOCTHY:lKe nOCJIe SaKJIa.n:.KHCKeJIeTHbIX 3JIe-

Mer-ITOB H 06I.1J,HXMbIllIelIHbIX Macc. LlHcPcPepeHIJ,HpOBKa OT.n:.eJIbHbIJC

MbIllI1J,H HX HHHepBalJ,H51npoHcxo.n:.5IT 0.n:.J-10BpeMeHHo.

TeCHa5I BSaHMOCB5ISbMem:.n.yHepBaMH H OT.n.eJIbHbIMHKOMnOHeHTa.

MH KOHetIHOCTH nOC'r:aBHJIa p5I.n. BOnpOCOB, KaCaIOru.HXC5I MOp<pOreHe-

THtIeCKorO BJIM5IHH5IHepBOB Ha paSBHTHe KOHetIHOCTH H <paKTOpOB,

'Onpe.n.eJI5IIOru.HXXapaKTep HHHepBarr.HH TeX HJIH HHbIX ee tIaCTeH. CeH-

lIaC XOpOlUO HSBeCTHO, tITO 06ru.HH MOp<pOreHes KOHetIHOCTeH He saBH-

oCHTOT ee HHHepBarr.HH. 3TO 6bIJIO nOKasaHO 'B OnbITaX C nepeca.n.Ka-

MH, B KOTOpbIX nOtIKa KOHetIHOCTH,nOMeru.eHHa5I B 9KTOnHtIeCKOe nOJIO-

*<:eHHe Ha TeJIe sapo.n.bIlUa HJIH y nTHrr. Ha XOpHOaJIJIaHTOHCHOM

060JIOtIKe, npo.n.OJIm:aJIa HOpMaJIbHOe paSBHTHe.

B :KcnepHMeHTax u.n.pyroro THna B pesyJIbTaTe y.n.aJIeHH5I onpe.n.e-

..neHHOHtIaCTH HepBHOH Tpy6KH y paHHHX sapo.n.bIlUeH 6bIJIH nOJIytIeHbI

JleUflflepBupOBaflflble KOflettflOCTU.

TaKHe KOHetIHOCTHpOCJIH B OTCyTCT-

BHe HepBOB, HO HX aHaTOMHtIeCKOe H rHCTOJIOrHtIeCKOe CTpoeHHe 6bIJIO

,npaKTHtIeCKH HOpMaJIbHbIM. O.n.HaKO HepBbI BJIH5IIOTHa MHTOTHtIecKylo

.aKTHBHOCTb MeseHXHMHOH H 9nHTeJIHaJIbHOH TKaHeH, n09TOMY BeKOTO-

pbIe HeSHatIHTeJIbHbIe OTKJIOHeHH5I B CTpoeHHH HeHHHepBHpOBaHHbIX

:KOHetIHOCTeH Bce m:e Ha6JIIO.n.aJIHCb, Bep05ITHO, BCJIe.n.CTBHeHe.n.OCTa-

TOtIHOrO KOJIHtIeCTBa KJIeTOK, He06xo.n.HMbIX .n.JI5I<pOpMHpOBaHlm SatIaT-

KOB onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX CTpyKTyp. 11MeHHo TaKHM nyTeM HepBbI, nO-BH.n.H-

MOMy, OKaSbIBaIOT Henp5IMOe BJIH5IHHe Ha Mop<poreHes KOHetIHOCTH.

cI>

aKTopbI, bnp

.n.

JI5IIO!II.He xa paKTep HHHepBarr.HH KOHetIHOCTH, .n.o

~HX nop He 5ICHbI. KpaHHHe TOtIKH SpeHH5I TaKOBbI:

xapaKTep

.HHHepBarr.HH nOJIHOCTbIO 06yCJIOBJIeH KOH<pHryparr.HeH .n.pyrHx TKaHe-

'BbIX KOMnOHeHTOB KOHetIHOCTH, a .BpacTaIOru.He HepBbI naCCHBHO

>CJIe.n.YIOTB COOTBeTCTBHHC BHelUHHMH .n.JI5IHHX YCJIOBH5IMH;

Bpa-

.cTaIOru.He HepBbI 5:IBJI5:lIOTC5IYHHKaJIbHO crrerr.HaJIHSHpOBaHHbIMH, tITO

.n.orrpe.n.eJI5IeT HX POCT B HarrpaBJIeHHH cnerr.H<pHtIeCKHX npe.n.eTep-

MHHHpOBaHHbIX CTpyKTyp KOHetIHOCTH. 06e rHrrOTeSbI npOBep5IJIHCb

3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHO H CTaJIO HCHO, tITO pelUeHHe np06JIeMbI JIem:HT

Me)I{.n.y 9THMH .n.

yM5I KpaHHHMH TOtIKaMH SpeHH5I. ECJIH KOHetIHOCTb

nepeca.n.HTb B 3KTOnHtIeCKOe nOJIom:eHHe HJIH'ytIaCTOK HepBHoH CHCTe-

MbI sapo.n.bllUa TpaHCrrJIaHTHpOBaTb TaK, tIT06bI KOHetIHOCTb nOJIytIHJIa

lHeecTecTBeHHyIO .n.JI5IHee HHHepBarr.HIO, TO paSBHBaeTC5I sapo.n.bllU, y

KOToporo MOm:HO paSJIHtIHTb rJIaBHble, HepBHble CTBOJIbI, HO 06ru.HH

xapaKTep HHHepBarr.HH 06bltIHO aHOMaJIeH

'[21, 22).

11s OnbITOB, npoBe-

,n.eHHbIX Ha sapo.n.bIIUax PbI6 H aM<pH6HH, CJIe.n.yeT,lITO .n.BHraTeJIbHbIe

lHepBHbIe BOJIOKHa HMeIOT 5IBHOe «npe.n.nOtITeHHe» K onpe.n.eJIeHHbIM

MbIlUrr.aM, .n.am:e eCJIH 3TH MbIlUrr.bI cHa6m:eHbI .n.pyrHMH HepBHbIMH BO-

JIOKHaMH, lITO rrpHBo.n.HT K BOSHHKHOBeHHIO.n.BOHHOHHHHepBarr.HH 3THX

MbIlU~ ,

SM e He HHen 0 JI O}K e H H5I K 0 H e tI HOC T e H. B TetIeHHe 3M-

;(5pHOHaJIbHOH}KHSHH npoHcXo.n.HT cyru.ecTBeHHoe HSMeHeHHe nOJIom:e-

:HHH rrepe.n.HHx H sa.n.HHX KOHetIHOCTeH. 3TH HSMeHeHH5:Inporu.e Bcero

110H5ITb, eCJIH HCnOJIbSOBaTb B KatIeCTBe Mo.n.eJIH c06CTBeHHYIO pyKy.

iPaHHHe nOtIKH PYK OTXO.n.5ITB CTOpOHbI nOtITH

no.n.

np5IMbIM yrJIOM K

TyJIOBHru.y. (OTBe.n.HTe pyKH ropHSOHTaJIbHO B CTOpOHbI JIa.n.OHbIOBrre-

pe.n., HanpaBHB 60JIblUOH naJIerr. BBepx.) TIoCJIe 06paSOBaHH5I JIOKTe-

orO cycTaBa, rrpe.n.nJIetIbe H KHCTb nOBOpatIHBaIOTC5I BeHTpaJIbHO, TaK

TO JIa.n.OHb 06paru.aeTC5I K TyJIOBHru.y. (He onYCKa5I nJIelIa, COrHHTe-

10i

B JIOKT5:lX,npHBe.n.5IJIa.n.OHHK rpy.n.H.) 3aTeM pyKa nOBOpatIHBaeT-

pY Ha

90°

B.n.OJIbee .n.JIHHHOHOCH, TaK tITO JIOKTH OKaSbIBaIOTCH nOBep-

~5ITbIMH B Kay.n.aJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. (CBe.n.HTe JIOKTH K 60KaM.)

Y HOrM npeTepneBaIOT aHaJIOrHtIHbIe HSMeHeHH5I. Bo BpeMH paHHero

aSBHTH5:InOtIKH Hor BbIcTynaIOT HS TeJIa napaJIJIeJIbHO nOtIKaM pyK:

gy.n.YIUHe no.n.OlUBeHHbIe H JIa.n.OHHbIenOBepXHOCTH CMOTp5IT Bnepe.n., a

gatIaTKH 60JIblUHX naJIbrr.eB OTKJIOHeHbI B KpaHHaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH.

DocJIe 06paSOBaHH5:I KOJIelIHOrO cycTaBa, rOJIeHH H CTonbI crH6aIOTC51

TaK tITO no.n.OlUBbI 06paru.aIOTC5I K TyJIOBHru.y. ,UaJIee, Hora TaKm:e-

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Ha pHC.

11.1

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11.1.

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11.1).

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11.1).

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11.1

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