Карлсон Б. Основы эмбриологии по Пэттену

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

~YHKUHOHanhHa~ KnaCCH<pHKaUH~ KOMrrOHeHTOB THrrHlJHOrO CrrHHanh-

HOrO HepBa.

faHrnuu. K.neTOlJHhIe Tena HeHpOHOB COMaTHlJeCKHX3<p<pepeHTHhIX

HepBOB H HeHpOHOB rrepBOrO rrOp~,lI.Ka BHCuepanhHhIX 3<p<pepeHTHhIX

HeeBOB HaXO,lI.~TC~B ueHTpanhHOH HepBHOH CHCTeMe; KneTOlJHhIe Tena

HeHpOHOB ,lI.pyrHx KOMrrOHeHTOB rrepH¢epHlJeCKHX HepBOB 06paSYIDT

CKOrrneHH~ B Orrpe,lI.eneHH~X MeCTaX rro XO,lI.y 3THX HepBOB. raHrnHH

,lI.OpcanhHhIX KopeiliKOB crrHHanhHhIX HepBOB 06paSOBanHCh HS cerMeH-

TapH~X CKorrneHHH KneTOK HepBHoro rpe6H~ (pHC.

6.14),

a raHrnHH

lJeperrHhIx HepBoB (V, VII, VIII, IX, X H XI) BOSHHKaIDT HS 3KTO,lI.ep-

ManhHhIX rrnaKO,lI. (yTomu,eHHH) ronoBHoH 06nacTH (pHC.

12.1).

raHr-

nHH, cO,lI.ep:>KaIII:HeKneTOlJHhIe Tena BHcuepanhHblx HeHpoHoB BToporo

nOp~,lI.Ka, B03HHKaIDT B pesynhTaTe arperaUHH KneTOK, npOHCxO,lI.~IlI,HX

HS HepBHoro rpe6H~ (pHC.

6.14).

Pe!JJneKcbl. OCYIII:eCTBneHHe CB~SH Me:>K,lI.yceHcopHhIM BXO,lI.OMH

,lI.BHraTenhHblM OTBeTOM 5IBn~eTC5I npocTeHIIIHM <PYHKUHoHanbHbIM aK-

TOM HepBHOH CHCTeMhI H HOCHT Ha3BaHHe

pe¢JleKTOpfWU oyzu.

cny-

tIae npocTeHiliero pe<pneKca orrpe,lI.eneHHbIH nOKanhHbIH UeHTp crrHH-

Horo M03ra nonylJaeT ceHcopHbIe HMnynhcbI, H,lI.YIII:He no OTpocTKaM

a<p<pepeHTHbix HeHpoHoB, H rrOChInaeT ,lI.BHraTenbHhIe (MOTopHhIe)

HMnynbchi no OTpocTKaM 3<p<pepeHTHhIx HeHpoHoB, aKTHBHpy5I 3<p<peK-

TOp paS,lI.pa:>KaeuMoii 06naCTH Toro :>Ke cerMeHTapHoro ypOBH5I. TaKoH

aBTOMaTHlJeCKHH nOKanbHhIH OTBeT, HaShIBaeMhIH

BNyTpuceZMeflTap-

HblM pe¢JleK~OM

(pHC.

11.2,

,lI.yra

1),

npe,lI.CTaBn5IeT C060H HaH60nee

npHMHTHBHbIH THrr <pyHKUHoHHpOBaHH5I HepBHoiI CHCTeMhI y rr03BOHOlJ-

HhIX.

C nOMOlll,hID aCCOUHaTHBHbiX HeiIpoHoB HepBHbie HMnynbcbI MoryT

nepe,lI.aBaThC5I B,lI.onh crrHHHoro M03ra 3<p<pepeHTHbIM HeiipOHaM He.

CKonhKHX COCe,lI.HfIXMeTaMepOB. TaKoiI pe<pneKc, 06ycnoBnHBarolll,HH

cornacoBaHHyro peaKUHID rpynrrhI 3<p<peKTopOB Ha3hIBaeTC5I

MeJICCeZ-

MeHTapHblM

(pHC.

11.2,

,lI.yra

2). B

rrpouecce B~YTpHcerMeHTapHoro H

. Me:>KCerMeHTapHoro npOBe,lI.eHH5I HepBHhIx HMnynhcoB ylJaCTByeT cepoe

BeIII:eCTBo crrHHHoro M03ra, KOTopoe B OCHOBHOMCOCTOHTH3 Kne1;olJ-

HhIX aCCOUHaTHBHhIXH ,lI.BHraTenhHbIX HeiipOHOB.

DepH<pepHlJeCKOe 6enoe BeIll,eCTBO cnHHHoro M03ra 06paSOBaHO

OTpOCTKaMH HepBHbIX KneTOK, crpyrrrrHpoBaHHhIX B TaK Ha3hIBaeMhIe

~~OBO,lI.~III.HerrYTH, HnH TpaKThI. Do 3THM TpaKTaM ceHcopHhie HMrrynh-

eIHnepe,lI.aIDTC5Ino HanpaBneHHID K ronoBHoMy M03ry.

CB5I3HC yCH-

~a HeM KOOp,lI.HHHpyIOIII:erO KOHTpOn5I ronOBHoro M03ra Ha,lI. HH:>Kene-

ne III:HMH CTpYK:;ypaMH B npouecce <pHnoreHesa npOBO,lI.~IlI,He nyTH

pHlJeCKOH lJaCTH cnHHHoro M03ra YBenHlJHBanHCh B lJHCne H

o 'heMe. CeHcopHble (a<p<pepeHTHhIe) rrpOBO,lI.5IIII.HenyTH B OCHOBHOM

(~¢~nHSOBaHbI B ,lI.OpcaJihHoiI lJaCTH crrHHHoro M03ra, a ,lI.BHraTenbHhle

't'eP:HTHhle) nyTH - B naTepanhHhIX H, B MeHbIIIeii Mepe, B BeHT-

panbHOH 06naCT5IX cnHHHoro Mosra.

JIeK

BhIIIIeJIe:>KaIII:HX OT,lI.enaX ueHTpaJIhHOiI HepBHoii CHCTeMbI pe<p-

TOpHbIe ,lI.yrH ycnO:>KH5IIDTC5I,TaK KaK YBeJIHlJHBaeTC5IlJHCJIOceHCOp-

H~X BXO,lI.OB3a ClJeT crreUHanH3HpOBaHH~X peuerrTopOB rOJIOBHOA

06JIaCTH; 6eClJHCJIeHHOe MHO:>KeCTBOaCCOUHaTHBHhIX HeiipOHOB ocy-

meCTBn5IeT CB5IShBOJIOKOHHepBHhIX TpaKTOB C MHOrHMH KOOp,lI.HHHpyID-

LUHMH H aCCOUHaTHBHbIMH ueHTpaMH rOJIOBHOrO M03ra. MHQfo06pa3He

OTBeTOB Ha onpe,lI.eJIeHHhIii a<p<pepeHTHhIiI cTHMyn peSKO BospacraeT

He TOJIhKO nOToMy, lJTO YBeJIHlJHBaeTC5IlJHCnO pe<pJIeKTOpHh~XueHTpOB,

HO H B CB5I3H co crroc06HOCThID KOPhI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra yrrpaBn~Th

peaKUH5IMH opraHHSMa Ha OCHOBerrpe,lI.hI,LI.yIll,erOorrhlTa.

3M6PIo10rEHE3 HEPBHOV1 CIo1CTEMbl

<I>opMHpoBaHHe HepBHOH CHCTeMhI CB5ISaHO co MHorHMH rrpoueCCaMH',

npHlJeM HeKOTophle H3 HHX saTparHBaIDT Sap0,lI.hIIII, a ,lI.pyrH,e orpaHH-

lJeHhI nHilih 6Y,lI.YIII:HMHCTpyKTypaMH HepBHoii CHCTeMhI. K. lJHcny' QC-

HOBHbIX npouecCOB OTHOC5ITC5I:

HH,lI.yKUHH, B TOM tIHCne rrepBHtIHa5I

3M6pHOHaJIhHa5I HH,lI.YKUH5I H BTOpHtIH~e HH,lI.yKUHH, 06ycnOBJIeHHbIe

paSBHBaIDIII:HMC5I rOJIOBHhIM H crrHHHhIM MosrOM;

nponH<pepaUH5I

KaK OTBeT Ha rrepBHlJHyID 3M6pHOHaJIhHyID HH,lI.yKUHID, a TaK:>Ke KaK

OCHOBa Mop<poreHesa H pOCTa OT,lI.eJIhHhIX lJaCTeH HepBHoiI CHCTeMhI;

MHrpaUH5I KJIeTOK, npHMephI KOTOpoii MO:>KHOHa6JIID,lI.aTh npH <pop-

MHpoBaHHH MHOrHX 06JIaCTeiI HepBHoiI CHCTeMhI B pasHhIe rrepHO,lI.hI

paSBHTH5I;

,lI.H<p<pepeHUHpoBKa HeiIpoHoB H rnHH, BKJIIDlJaIDIII:a~

cTpyKTypHoe H <PYHKUHoHanhHoe cospeBaHHe KneTOK;

<pOpMHpoBa-

HHe crreUH<pHlJeCKHX cB5Iseii Me:>K,lI.yrpyrrrraMH HeHpoHoB;

cTa6H-

nHSaUH5I HnH 3nHMHHaUH5I Me:>KHeHpOHHhiX cB5Iseii B pesynhTaTe rH-

6eJIH KneTOK, He BOBnelJeHHhIX B 3TH CB5ISH;

pa3BHTHe HHTerpHpyID-

IlI,eiI <pyHKUHH HepBHoii CHCTeMhI, nOSBOJI~IDIII:eiI sap0,lI.~IIIY H HOBO-

pO:>K,lI.eHHoMy:>KHBOTHOMycOBepillaTh KOOp,lI.HHHpOBaHHhIe ,lI.BH:>KeHH5I.

PAHHIo1E CTA,lJ,1011o1PA3BIo1TIo151

HEPBHOJ'l CIo1CTEMbl

3KcrrepHMeHTax, rrpoBe,lI.eHHhlx HeCKonhKO JIeT Hasa,lI. Ha SapO,lI.bIIIIaX

aM<pH6HH

[30],

6hInO rrOKasaHO, lJTO y:>Ke Ha paHHHX CTa,lI.H5IX,lI.p06-

JIeHH~ onpe,lI.eJIeHHhIe 6JIaCTOMepbI ,lI.aIDT Hat.Iano rrorryn~UH5IM KJIeTOK,

HS KOTOphIX BrrOcne,lI.CTBHHpasBHBaIDTC5I Te HJIH HHhIe 06naCTH HepB-

HOH CHCTeMhI (3TO CrrpaBe,lI.nHBO H B OTHOIIIeHHH ,lI.pyrHX YlJaCTKOB

TeJIa). DPH BBe,lI.eHHH BHYTPh O,lI.HHOlJHOrO6JIaCTOMepa nepOKCH,lI.a3~

xpeHa KaK BHyTpHKJIeTOlJHOrO MapKepa 6bInO yCTaHoBneHO, lJTO Ka:>K-

,lI.hliI 6JIaCTOMep o6pasyeT KnOH KneTOK. 3apO,lI.hIIIIH <pHKCHpOBaJIH

lJepes paSJIHlJHhle npOMe:>KyTKH BpeMeHH rrocne BBe,lI.eHH5I MeTKH H C

nOMOIII.hID rHCTOXHMHlJeCKHX MeTO,lI.OBonpe,lI.en5InH aKTHBHOCTh rrepOK-

CH,lI.aShI.XapaKTepHa~ OKpaCKa BbI5IBJI5IJIaCh TonbKO B KJIeTKaX - rro-

TOMKax MelJeHOrO 6JIaCTOMepa. 3TO rr03BOJIHnO COCTaBHTh KapTbI

JIOKaJIHSaUHH KneTOlJHhIX KJIOHOB, B03HHKaIDIII:HX HS H,lI.eHTH<pHUHPO-

BaHHbIX 6JIaCTOMepOB. DpHMep KapThI JIOKaJIHSaUHH KneTOtIHOrO

KJIOHa B ueHTpanhHoiI HepBHoiI CHCTeMe 3ap0,lI.hIIIIa IIIrropueBoii JI5IryIII-

PHC.

11.3.

CxeMa npOHCXO>KjI,eHHlIKJleTOK HeKOTopblX OClJlaCTel! I\eHTpaJlbHol! HepBHol! CHCTeMbi

WnOpI\eBol! JlllrywKH (6ecxBoCTble aM(j>HClHH) HS OTjI,eJlbHblX ClJlaCTOMepoB (no

[30]).

K8'1eCTBe MapKepa B 6JlaCTOMep BBOjl,HJlH nepOKCH,I\asy xpeHa

(LD 1,2;

nOKasaHO TO'lKaMH

Ha JleBOM pHcyHKe). )KHBoTHble paSBHBaJlHCb jl,0 CTajl,HH

32,

saTeM HX (j>HKcHpOBaJlHH rOTOBHJlH

cepHl!Hble npenapaTbI. JloKaJlHsaI\HIO KJleTOK-nOTOMKOB Me'leHOrO ClJlaCTOMepa onpeJ(eJlllJlH no

cO,I\ep>KaHHIOnepOKCH,I\aSbI (060SHaQeHO Ha npaBOM pHcYHKe).

1 -

rOJlOBHol! Mosr;

2 -

JleBall CeTQaTKa;

3 -

npaBall CeT'IaTKa;

4 -

cnHHHol! Moar.

KH fIpHBeJI.eH Ha pHC.

11.3.

TaKHM o6pasoM BbIHCHHJIOCb,qTO cYJI.b6a

H fIyTH paSBHTH5I OTJI.eJIbHbIXKJIeTOK paHHero sap0JI.bIllia fIopaSHTeJIb-

HO fIOCT05IHHbI, HeCMOTp5I Ha cOBepIIIaeMbIe HMH 06IIIHpHbIe Mopepore-

HeTHqeCKHe fIepeMew:eHH5I H BOBJIeqeHHe HX B HHJI.YKUHoHHbIefIpouec-

CbI H BOJIHbIfIpOJlH¢epaUHH,

Dpouecc HHJI.yKUHHHepBHOH CHCTeMbI XOPJI.OH6bIJI OfIHcaH B rJI.

HapHJI.Y C HSMeHeHHHMH ¢OPMbI KJIeTOK (pHC.

6.6

6.11)

fIepBHqHa5I

3M6pHOHaJIbHaH HHJI.YKUH5IcTHMyJIHpyeT fIpOJIH¢epaUHro HeHpo3fIHTe-

JIHaJlbHbIX KJleTOK. YBeJIHqeHHe npOJIH¢epaTllBHoro fIyJIa peampyro-

meH TKaHH xapaKTepHo TaK2Ke H JI.JI5IfIpoueccoB llHJI.YKUllH B JI.pyrHx

CHcTeMax. MbI Y2Ke paccMaTpHBaJIH o6pasoBaHHe HepBHoro 2KeJI06Ka

nyTeM BBOpaqHBaHH5I yTOJIw:eHHoH 3KTOJI.epMaJIbHOHnJIaCTllHKH, saMbI-

KaHHe HepBHoro 2KeJI06Ka C 06paSOBaHHeM HepBHOH Tpy6KH H OTJI.e-

JIeHHeM ee OT 3KTOJI.epMbI (pHC.

8.1, 8.2

8.3).

OJI.HOBpeMeHHo C

oTJI.eJIeHHeM HepBHoH Tpy6KH OT K02KHOH 3KToJI.epMLI KJIeTKH HepBHo-

ro rpe6H5I MHrpHpyroT OT MeCTa HX COeJI.llHeHH5IH paCfIpeJI.eJI5IroTC5In?

BceMy TeJIy. DPH 3TOM qaCTh HS HllX OCTaeTC5I B HenOcpeJI.CTBeHHoH

6JIHSOCTHK CfIHHHOMY Mosry, epOpMllPY5I cerMeHTapHo paCfIOJI02KeHHhIe·

CfIHHaJIhHhIe raHrJIHH (pHC.

6.14).

DOqTH cpasy 2Ke nOCJIe CBoero 060co6JIeHH5I nepeJI.HHH KOHe~

HepBHOH Tpy6KH HaqHHaeT saMeTHO YBeJIllqHBaThC5I B paSMepax. 8Ta

paspacTarow:a5IC5I 06JIaCTh npeJI.CTaBJI5IeT C060H SaqaTOK rOJIOBHOrO

Mosra, a JIe2KaW:He KaYJI.aJIhHee qaCTIi HepBHOH Tpy6KH coxpaHHroT

OTHOCHTeJIhHOnOCT05IHHbIH JI.HaMeTp H nOSJI.HeeJI.aroT HaqaJIO CfIHHHQ~

My Mosry.

YBeJIHqHBa5ICh, SaqaTOK rOJIOBHOrO Mosra paSJI.eJI5IeTC5IHa TpH or-

JI.eJIa:

nepedflUU MoseOBOU nYSblpb

(prosencephalon), CpeJI.HHH

.Me3-

eOBou nYSblpb

(mesencephalon) Ii

sadfluu MoseOBOU nysblpb(rhomben-

cephalon) (pHC.

11.13, A).

CTaJI.Ii5I Tpex nysblpeH Mosra AJIHTCH

HeJI.OJIro. DepeAHHH MosrOBOH nYShlph paSAeJI5IeTC5I Ha ABa OTAeJIa:

lWflelf,flblU Mose

(telencephalon) H

npoMeOfCYTOlf,flblU Mose

(dience-

phalon). CpeJI.HllH MosrOBOH nyshlph OCTaeTC5I 6es IlsMeHeHIIH, a

06JIaCTb SaJI.HerO MosrOBoro nysbIp5I paSAeJI5IeTC5I Ha

sadfluu Mose

(metencephalon) II

npodolleoBaTblu Mose

(myelencephalon).

pe-

syJIbTaTe o6pasyroTC5I n5ITh nyshIpeH rOJIOBHOrO Mosra II 3Ta CTaJI.ll5I

XOpOlliO BllJI.Ha y SapOJI.hlIIIeH AJIllHOH

8-17

MM (pllC.

11.11, 11.13,

f).

HaqllHa5I C 3TOH CTaJI.llll, MbI fIpOCJleJI.llM pasBllTlle HeKoTophIX,

HaH60JIee Ba2KHbIX OTJI.eJIOBHepBHoH CllCTeMhI.

rV1CTorEHE3 ~EHTPAnbHoVl

HEPBHOVl CV1CTEMbl

CTaHOBJIeHlle ll:eHp09nHTeJIHSI. 3KTOJI.epMa OTKphITOrO HepBHoro

2KeJl06Ka II paHHeH HepBHoH Tpy6Kll 06pasoBaHa YTOJIw:eHHbiM nceB-

JI.oMHOrOCJlOHHbIM3fIllTeJIlleM. 3nllTeJIllH 3Toro Tllna Ka2KeTC5I MHoro-

CJIOHHbIM nOToMy, qTO 5IJI.pa B ero KJIeTKaX 06Hapy2KllBaroTC5I Ha

HeCKOJIbKllX paSJIllqHbIX ypOBH5IX.

AeHCTBllTeJIbHOCTll 2Ke 3TO OAHO-

CJIOHHhIH 3nllTeJIllH, KJIeTKII KOToporo CllJIhHO BbIT5IHYThI II IIMeroT

HefIpaBIIJIbHyro ¢OPMY. TaKllM 06pasoM, B OTJIIIqlle OT TOqKll SpeHH5I,

rOCnOJI.CTBOBaBIIIeHHa npOT5I2KeHIIII npeJI.hIJI.YW:IIXJIeT, paHHIIH HeHpo-

3fIHTeJIIIH - He MHOrOCJlOHHa5ICTpyKTypa. ,UJI5I HeHp03nIITeJIIIaJIbHhIX

KJIeTOK xapaKTepHa BbICOKa5I MIITOTIIqeCKa5I aKTIIBHOCTb, II, KaK CJIe-

JI.yeT lIS paJI.HOaBTOrpa¢llqeCKllX llCCJIeJI.OBaHIIH C IICnOJIbSOBaHIIeM

MelIeHoro TIIMllJI.IIHa

[40, 58],

B paSJIIIqHhIe nepllOJI.bI KJIeTOqHOrO UIIK-

JIa 5IJI.pa B UIITOnJlaSMe I-IeHpOElIlIITeJlHaJlbHbIX KJleTOK saIlHMaIOT pas-

/!p~

PHC.

11.4.

CxeMa, HJIJIIOCTPHpYloll\all npol\eCCbI, npOHCXOiJ;lIll\He B paHHell HepBHoll Tpy6Ke.

COCTaBJIeHa Ha OCHOBe HeCKOJIbKHX HCTO'lHHKOB, B OCHOBHOM no

[40, 41, 57, 58].

HepBHali Tpy6Ka o6pasoBaHa nceBAoMHOrOcJIollHblM 'lnHTeJIHeM. 5!Apa HellpoanHTeJIHa'JIbHbIX

KJIeTOK CHHTeSHPYIOT .nHK: B 6asaJIbHoll 06JIaCTH KJIeTKH

(A),

aaTeM MHrpHpylOT no I\HTOnJIaa·

Me B aUHKaJIbHYIO '1aCTb KJIeTKH; B aToll 06JIaCTH Ha6JIlOAalOTCli (j>HrYPbI MHTosa

(5).

5!iJ;pa

AO'lepHHX KJIeTOK BHOBb iJ;BH}KYTCli K HapY}KHoll OrpaHH'IHBalOll\ell MeMCipaHe; KJIeTKH C lIAPOM

B aUHKaJIbHoll '1aCTH JIH60 iJ;H(j>(j>epeHI\HPYIOTCJI B Hellpo6JIacTbi

(B),

JIHCio BHOBb UpOJIH(j>epH-

PYlOT

(F).

1- KJIeTKH MHrKofi

M03roBOH 060.JIOIJKlI;

2 - Hapy>KHaH

orpaHlI4l1BalOl1.l,a5I

MeM6paHa.

Hoe nOJI02KeHHe, qTO IIo.nTBep2K.naeT paHHHe paOOThI Cay3pa

[57].

CHHTes ,lI,HK IIpOHCXO.nHT B 5I.npax, Haxo.n5Im.HXC5I OKOJIO Hapy2KHOH

nOrpaHHqHOH MeMopaHhI (pHC.

11.-4).

DocJIe saBepIlIeHH5I 3TOH epasbI

KJIeTOqHOrO ~HKJIa 5I.npa IIepeMem.aIDTC5I B ~HTOIIJIaSMe K IIpocBeTy

HepBHoH TpyOKH, a saTeM CJIe.nyeT MHTOTHqeCKOe.neJIeHHe.

Depe.n saMhIKaHHeM HepBHoH TpyOKH 5I.npa .nOqepHHx KJIeTOK .nBH-

2KyTC5IIIO HaIIpaBJIeHHID K Hapy2KHOH IIOrpaHHqHOH MeMopaHe, r.ne OHH

MoryT BHOBb cHHTesHpoBaTh ,lI,HK, saTeM IIepeMem.aIDTcH BrJIy6h H

OIIHTh IIpOHCXO,n:HTMHTOTHqeCKOe.neJIeHHe.

pesyJIhTaTe qHCJIOHeHpo-

3IIHTeJIHaJIhHhIX KJIeTOK CHJIhHO YBeJIHqHBaeTcH. DocJIe saMhIKaHH5I

HepBHoH TpyOKH HeKoTophIe HeHp03IIHTeJIHaJIhHhIe KJIeTKH MHrpHpyIDT

HS OOJIaCTH,r.ne IIpOHCXO.nHTCHHTes ,lI,HK, KHapy2KH H saHHMaIDT IIO-

JI02KeHHe no,n: Hapy2KHOH IIOrpaHHqHOH MeM6paHoH (pHC.

11.4, B).

8TH KJIeTKH, HaSbIBaeMbIe liet1po6AacTaMU, HaqHHaIDT 06paSOBbIBaTh

OTpOCTKH, KOTophIe B oy,n:yw:eM CTaHOB5ITC5I aKCOHaMH H .neH.npH-

TaMH.

Do Mepe ,n:HepepepeH~HpoBKHHeHp03IIHTeJIH5I CTaHOBHTC5IBOSM02K-

PYlC.

11.5.

CxeMa, HJIJIIOCTpHpYIOll\all oCipaSOBaHHe CJIOeB B CTeHKe paaBHBalOll\erOCli rOJIOBHOrO

,,<oara (no

[54]).

CJIOH OCiOaHa'leHbl. B COOTBeTCTBHH C peKOMeHAal\HlIMH EOYJIiJ;epOBCKoro KOMH-

•.eTa

[7];

aTa KJIaCcH(j>HKaI\HlI conOCTaBJIeHa C TpaiJ;Hl.\HOHHbIM pasiJ;eJIeHHeM CJIOeB

(B).

Ha caMblX paHHHx CTaiJ;HJlX paaBHTHli CTeHKH Moara oCipaaOBaHbl nceBAoMHOrOCJIClillHbIM anHTe·

JIHeM. K:JIeTKH UpOJIH(j>epHpYIOT B BeHTpHKYJIJlpHOM H B MeHbweM KOJIH'IeCTBe B cyCiBeHTpHKY'

JIll pHOM CJIOJlX. Kopa rOJIOBHorO Moara oCipaayeTCJI Ha MeCTe KopTHKaJIbHoll nJIaCTHHKH.

1 -

KpaeBoll CJIoll;

2 -

BeHTpHKYJIJlpHbl1l CJIoll;

3 -

uJIall\eBoll CJIoll; 4 - aueHiJ;HMHblll CJIoll;

.5 -

npOMe}KyTo'lHbIIl CJIoil;

6 -

KOpTHKaJIbHaJl nJIaCTHHKa;

7 -

cyCiBeHTpHKYJIlIpHblll CJIoll.

HhIM BbI.neJIHTb B HeM HeCKOJIhKOCJIOeB (pHC.

11.5)

CaMhIH BHyTpeH-

HHH CJIOH, HaSbIBaeMhIH 8eliTpuKyAJlpliblM, HJIH Bt:leliOUMliblM CJIOeM,

co.nep2KHT KJIeTKH, Haxo,n:Hm.HeC5IB MHTOTHqeCKOM ~HKJIe. I1s 3Toro

CJI05I paSBHBaeTC5I aneliOUMa - ~HJIHH.npHqeCKHH3IIHTeJIHH, BhICTHJIaID-

m.HH ~eHTpaJIbHbIH KaHaJI H IIOJ!.0CTH2KeJIy.nO

KOB~eHTpaJIhHOH HepB-

HOH CHCTeMbI. DepHepepHqeCKHH CJIOHCTeHKH HepBHOH Tpy6KH oopaso-

BaH MH02KeCTBOMOTpOCTKOBKJIeTOK, HO co,n:ep2KHT OqeHh MaJIO KJIe-

TOqHbIX TeJI. 8TOT BHeIlIHHH, Oe.nHbIH KJIeTKaMH CJIOH HaShIBaeTCH

Kpae8blM CAoeM.

KOHeqHOM CqeTe OH CTaHOBHTC5I6eJIhIM Bem.eCTBOM

lI,eHTpaJIhHOH HepBHOH CHCTeMhI( CM. c.

47-51).

DOCTMHTOTHqeCKHe

HeHp06JIaCThI, IIoKHHyBIllHe BHyTpeHHHH 3IIeH,n:HMHhIH CJIOH, epOpMHpy-

IDT IIpOMe2KYTOqHbIH CJIOH'IIJIOTHO YIIaKoBaHHbIx KJIeTOK, HasbIBaeMhlH

nAaU{e8blM CAoeM. Dos2Ke 3TOT CJIOHCTaHeT cephIM Bem.eCTBOMrOJIOS-

Horo H CIIHHHoro Mosra.

HeMpo6JIaCTbI. HeKoTopbIe HS .nOqepHHX KJIeTOK, oopasyIDm.HxCH

B pesyJIhTaTe IIpOJIHepepa~HH HeHp03IIHTeJIH5I, yTpaqHBaIDT cIIoco6-

HOCTh K MHTOTHqeCKHM.neJIeHH5IM H IIepeMem.aIDTC5I IIO HaIIpaBJIeHHID

Hapy2KHOH IIOrpaHHqHOH MeM6paHe (pHC.

11.4, B).

8TH KJIeTKH-

60JlblllHH:CTBe ylJe6HHKOB orrHCbIBaeTC5I TpH CJl051 HepBHoH Tpy61m: ::lfIeH,n:HMHblii,

nJla~eBoii H KpaeBoH. BOyJl,n:epoBcKHH KOMHTeT

[7]

rrpe,n:JlO)KHJI 3aMelIHTb 3TlI lIa3BaHH5I

APyrHMH:BeHTpHKyJl5lpHbIH ()KeJly,n:OlJKOBbIH), rrpOMe)KYTOlJHbIH H KpaeBoH CJlOH. no-

nOJlI1HTeJlbHO KOMHTeT BbI,n:eJlHJI lJeTBepTblH CJlOH- cy6BeHTpHKyJl5lpHblfl, HaXO,Q5I-

l!J;HHC5I Me)K,n:y )l(eJly,n:OlJKOBbIM H rrpOMe)KYTOlJHbIM CJlO5lMH. ::lTa TepMHHOJlOfH5I Bce

qa~e UalJHHaeT HCrrOJlb30BaTbClI B HaylJHOH JIHTepaType. .

Heii.po6JlaCTbL -

HCXOJJ.HO6HrrOJI51pHbI, T. e. y HHX HMelOTC51 rro- JJ.Ba

TOHKHX OTpOCTKa, KOHTaKTHpylOmHX KaK C BHyTpeHHeif, TaK H C Ha-

pyLKHOif rrOrpaHHqHbIMH MeM6paHaMH HepBHOif Tpy6KH. HarrpaBJIeH-

Hble BHYTPb OTpOCTKH BCKOpe YKOpaqHBalOTC51 H HCqeSalOT;

6UnOJUlp-

HbLe Heitpo6JlaCTbL,

TaKHM 06paSOM, CTaHOB51TC51

yHunoARpHbLMU.

B IJ;HTOrrJIaSMeYHHrrOJI51pHbIXKJIeTOK rr051BJIHeTCH60JIbiliOe KOJIHqeCTBO

rpaHyJIHpHOrO 3HJJ.OrrJIaSMaTHqeCKOrO peTHKyJIyMa

(cy6CTaHlfUU

UC-

CAR),

H BCKOpe 06pasyeTcHHeCKOJIbKO JJ.eHJJ.pHTOB,B pesyJIbTaTe qerO

3TH KJIeTKH rrpeBpaIIJ:alOTCH B

MyAbTunoARpHbLe Heitpo6AaCTbL.

ITosLKe

C rrOMOIIJ:blO3THX OTpOCTKOB KJIeTKH OCYIIJ:eCTBJIHlOTCBHSH C JJ.PYrIlMH

qaCTHMH HepBHOif CHCTeMbI. POCT aKCOHOB H JJ.eHJJ.pHTOB6YJJ.eTorrHcaH

Ha c.

63-65. B

paSJIHqHbIX OTJJ.eJIaXHepBHoif CHCTeMbI xapaKTep JJ.H<jJ-

<jJepeHIJ;HpOBKH HeifpoHoB OqeHb MHoro06paseH.

pesyJIbTaTe rr051B-

JIHeTCH . OOJIblliOe pasHo06pasHe HepBHblx KJIeTOK- 01" rHraHTCKHX

«MaKpoHeifpoHoB», JJ.H<jJ<jJepeHIJ;HpylOIIJ:HXCHB paHHHe rrepHoJJ.bI pasBH-

TH5I, JJ.O«MHKpoHeifpoHoB», BOSHHKalOIIJ:HX B 60JIee rrOSJJ.HHerrepHoJJ.bI.

Mop<jJOJIOrIl51 MaKpo- H MHKpoHeifpoHoB CHJIbHO paSJIHqaeTCH B SaBrI-

CHMOCTH 01" HX JIOKaJIHSaIJ;HH B TOM HJIH HHOM OTJJ.eJIeHepBHoif CHCTe-

MM. BOJIee rrOJJ.p06HO 31"0 orrHcaHO B CrreIJ;HaJIbHMX pyKOBOJJ.CTBax.

HeifporJIHSI. IToCJIe rrepBoif BOJIHbI JJ.H<jJ<jJepeHIJ;HpOBKHHeifp06JIa-

CTOB HaqHHaeTCH 06paSOBaHHe HeifporJIHaJIbHbIX KJIeTOK. KaK Hit

CTpaHHO, 0 <jJyHKUHHX H rrpOHCXOLKJJ.eHHH~H<jJ<jJepeHUHpOBaHHbIX

rJIHaJIbHbIX KJIeTOK HSBeCTHOOqeHb MaJIO. I1s Heifp03KToJJ.epMM BOSHH-

KalOT JJ.BaTHrra m:ifpOrJIHaJIbHbIX KJIeTOK:

aCTpolfuTbL

OAUZOaefLapO-

ZAUaJLbfLbLe KJLeTKU.

TpeTHif THrr -

KJLeTKU MUKpOZJLUU -

rrpH rrOBpe:lK-

JJ.eHHHHepBHoif CHCTeMbI rrp051BJIHlOT <jJarOIJ;HTapHylO aKTHBHOCTb, H 13-

CB51SHC 3THM rrpeJJ.rrOJIaralOT, qTO OHH rrpoHcxoJJ.51T HS MeseHXHMM;

XOT5I HeKoTopble HCCJIeJJ.OBaTeJIHCqHTalOT, qTO MHKpOrJIH51 BOSHHKaeT

HS Heifp03KToJJ.epMbI. .

ITOJIaralOT, qTO aCTp0IJ;HTbI H KJIeTKH OJIHroJJ.eHJJ.porJIHH BOSHHKalOT

01" 06IIJ:ero rrpoMeLKyTOqHOrO TrIlla KJIeTOK, HaSbIBaeMoro rJIH06JIaCTaMP.I

(crroHrH06JIaCTaMH; pHC.

11.6).

HeKoTopble HS rJIH06JIaCTOB <jJOpMH-

PYlOT TOHKHe H JJ.JIHHHble OTpOCTKH, JJ.H<p<jJepeHIJ;Hpy5lcbB aCTp0IJ;HTbI.

OTpOCTKH aCTpOIJ;HTOB BCTyrralOT B TeCHblif KOHTaKT C KarrHJIJIHpaMH,

H 31"0 rrOSBOJI51eTrrpeJJ.rrOJIaraTb, qTO OJJ.Hoif HS HX <pyHKIJ;Hif 5IBJIHeTCH

TpaHcrropT MeTa60JIHTOB K 3JIeMeHTaM IJ;eHTpaJIbHOif HepBHoif CHCTeMbI.

OmlrO,r(eHJJ.pOrJIHaJIbHble KJIeTKH rro cpaBHeHHlO C aCTpOUHTaMH MeJIb-.

qe, 60JIee rrpocTbI B CTpyKTypHOM OTHOllIeHHH H rrOHBJI51lOTCHHa 60JIee

rroSJJ.HHX3Tarrax paSBHTHH. 3TH KJIeTKH oKpyLKalOT TeJIa HeifpOHOB, a

TaKLKe yqaCTBYlOT B rrpouecce MHeJIHHHSaIJ;HH HepBHblx BOJIOKOH 11

6eJIOM BeIIJ:eCTBe IJ;eHTpaJIbHOif HepBHoif CHCTeMbI. B OTJIHqHe 01" Heif· '

p06JIaCTOB H HeifpOHOB HeifporJIHaJIbHMe KJIeTKH coxpaH51lOT crroc06·

HOCTb K JJ.eJIeHHlO

JJ.aLKe

y BSpOCJIbIX opraHHsMOB.

KJIeTKH 9neHJJ.HMbl. HeKOTopble KJIeTKH Heifp09rrHTeJIHH coXpaH51lO'f

xapaKTepHble rrpHsHaKH 3rrIITeJIHaJIbHbIX KJIeTOK, JJ.H<jJ<jJepeHIJ;Hpy51CbB

IJ;HJIHHJJ.pHqeCKHe

aneHaUMHbLe KJLeTKU,

KOTopble BbICTHJIalOT IJ;eHTpaJIb-

HMit KaHaJI crrHHHoro H rOJIOBHOrO Mosra (pHC.

11.6). 0

<pyHKIJ;HHX

PHC.

11.6.

CxeMa OCHOBHblX nYTell ,l\Hq,q,epeHIJ;HpOBKH nepBHqHblX KneTOK HepBRoA Tpy6KR.

6HnOJlllpHbtll Hellpo6J1acr'

2 -

MYJlbTHnOJlllpHblll HeApo6J1aCT;

:I -

rnRo6nacr;

4 -

onHro-

)I.;';,l\pOrJlHaJlbHall KJleTKa;

5":

aCTpOIJ;HT;

MeaeHXHMHall KJleTKa;

MHKpornHanbHall KneT-

Ka;

8 _

KJleTKH 3neH,l\HMbl;-

9 -

3nHTeJlHll COCY,l\HCTOrO CnJleTeHHlI.

~JIIeHJJ.HMHbIXKJIeTOK HSBeCTHO OqeHb MaJIO.

HHSIlIHX nosBOHOqHbIX

LKHBOTHbIX 9rreHJJ.HMHbIe KJIeTKH COXpaH51lOT CrrOC06HOCTb JJ.H<p<jJepeH-

pOBaTbC51 B HeitpoHM B rrpouecce pereHepaIJ;HH IJ;eHTpaJIbHoit HepB-

Hoif CIICTeMbI.

060JIOtIKH M03ra. PaHHH5I HepBHa51 Tpy6Ka oKpymeHa PMXllOH Me-

3eHXHMOif, KOTopa51 06 asyeT TOHKY.lO

nep.Bf::LttHYJQ M032Qil 60JLOttK ~

Bo BpeM51 paHHero nJIo.n.Horo rrepHOJJ.arrepBHtIHaSi Mc:srOBa51 06,?JIOtIKa

paSJJ.eJI51eTCHHa JJ.Ba CJI051: cpaBHIITeJIbHO TOJICTblI1 B;reIlIHHH CJIO~

(ectomeninx) MeseHXHMHoro rrpOIICXOLK)I.eHH51II TOHKHH BHyTpeHHHH

CJIOH (endomeninx), npOIICXOJJ.51lIJ,IIif,nO-BHJJ.HMOMy, HS HepBHoro rpe6-

H51. I1s eetomeninx <popMIIpyeTcH

TBepaaR M03ZOBaR 060JLOttKa

(dura mater). I1s endomeninx 06pasyeTc51 M51rKa51MosrOBaH 060JIotI-

Ka (pia mater) H HaXOJJ.5IIIl,a51CHMe~JJ.Y JJ.BYM51~rrOCJIeJJ.HHMH

nayTufL-

liaR 060JLOttKa

(arachnoidea encephah). BCKope rrpOCTpaHCTBO

~eLKJJ.Y

M51rKoif H rrayTHHHoif 060JIOtIKaMH SarrOJIH51eTCH OMbIBalOIIJ:eH Mosr

~epe6pocnUfLaAbHOii.LKHJJ.KOC~

Pa3BHTH epOf'6 H

eeJl9P

eCTBa cnHHHoro H rOJlOBHOrO M03ra.

B TeqeHHe JJ.H<jJ<jJepeHIJ;IIpOBKIIHeifpOHoB cTpoeHHe crrIIH~oro Mosra

CHJIbHO HSMeH51eTC51.B rrJlaIIJ:eBOM CJIoe y HeKoTopbIX HeHpo6JIaCTOB

OtIeHb paHO 06pasylOTc51 OTpOCTKH; JJ.pyrHe Heifp06J1aCTbI OCTalOTCSI

HeJJ.H<jJ<jJepeHIJ;IIpOBaHHbIMHII rrp0JJ.OJlLKalOT eIIJ:e JJ.eJlHTbCHKaKoe-TO

BpeM51, tITO rrpIlBOJJ.I1TK pOCTy 9Toro CJI051crrIlHHoro Mosra.

yBeJIIItIe-

HIIeM MaCCbI rrJIameBoif CJIoif rrpH06peTaeT xapaKTepHylO JJ.JI51Hero

KOH<jJHrypaIJ;HlO (Ha rrOrrepeqHOM cpese OH IIMeeT <pOpMy 6a60qKH).

flocJIe IISMeHeHH51 cBoeif <jJOPMbI II TpaHc<jJopMaIJ;HH rJIH06JIaCTOB B

IIeifpOrJIHlO II Heifp06JIaCTOB B xapaKTepHble HepBHble KJIeTKH rrJIaIIJ:e-

PUC 11.7.

CxeMa. HJIJIIOCTPHpYJOluall OCHOBHbJe

06JIaCTH HepBHoll TPy6KH.

1 -

IwaCTHHKa Kpb111lH;

2 -

KPblJIOBHi\HMf nJI&-

cTHHKa; 3 - 6aSaJIbHali nJIaCTHHKa; 4 - UJIa-

CTHHKa i\Ha;

5 -

3UeHi\HMHbll! CJIoll;

6 -

nJIaIUe-

Boll CJIoll; 7- KpaeBol! CJIol!; 8- sulcus liml-

tans.

BOH CJlOH CTaHOBHTC51TaK Hl'J,abIBaeMbIMCepbIM BeIIJ.eCTBOMCIlHHHOrO'

MOara (pHC.

11.7).

Do Mepe paaBHTH51 IlJlaIIJ.eBOrO CJlO5I IlepBOHatIaJlbHO llIHpOKHH

IlpOCBeT H:PBHOH Tpy6KH CY2KHBaeTC51 B peayJlbTaTe 06JlHTepaIJ,HH

~OpCaJl~HOH qaCTH ~pOCBeTa H ~opMHpyeTC51 TOHKHH IJ,eHTpaJIbHbIH

KaHa,?, xapaKTepHbIH ~Jl51 CIlHHHoro Moara BapOCJlOro opraHHaMa

(pHC.

11.7).

B 3TOT IlepHO~ paaBHTH5I IJ,eHTpaJlbHbIH KaHaJI BbICTJlaH

aIlHTeJlHOH~HbIM 3IleH~HMHbIM CJlOeM.

TeM BpeMeHeMMacca Hapy2KHOrO (KpaeBoro) CJl051CIlHHHoro Moa-

ra HHTeHCHBHOyBeJlHtIHBaeTC5I, tITO 06yCJlOBJleHO BTOPHqHbIM paapa-

CTaHHeM IlPO~OJlbHO paCIlOJlO2KeHHbIX OTpOCTKOBHeHpOHOB, o6paayIO-

IIJ.HX IlPOBO~5IIIJ.HeIlyTH Me2K.iI.ypaaJlHtIHbIMH 06JlaCT51MH.CIlHHHOrO If

rOJlO~HOrO MOara. (pHC.

11.2).

TaK KaK aTH BOJIOKHaIlOKpbITbI MHeJIH-

HOBOH060JlOqKOH, 06JIaCTb CIlHHHoro Moara, B KOTOpOH0HH HaXO~5IT-

C51,IlpHo6peTaeT xapaKTepHbIH 6eJlbIH IJ,BeT,peaKO OTJIHtIaIOIIJ.HHC5IOT

cep,?ro IJ,BeTa60raTOH KJleTKaMH 06JlaCTH CIlHHHoro Moara, 06paaOBaB-

llIeHC51Ha IlJlaIIJ.eBoro CJI051.Do 3TOH IlpHtIHHe KpaeBoH CJlOHCIlHHHoro

Moara HaabIBaIOT 6eJIbIM BeIIJ.eCTBOM.OCHoBHble rpYIlIlbI HepBHbIX BO-

JIOKOH 60Jlee HJlH MeHee OTtIeTJlHBOOT~eJl51IOTC51~pyr OT ~pyra ~op-

CaJlbHbIMH H BeHTpaJlbHbIMH poraMH ceporo BeIIJ.eCTBa. 3TH rpYIlIlbI

BOJlOKOHIlOJlytIHJlH HaaBaHHe

dOpCaltbflblX, ltaTepaltbflblX

BeflTpaltb-

flblX CTOlt60B

6eJloro BeIIJ.eCTBaCIlHHHoro Moara (pHC.

11.8).

B ~op-

CaJlbHbIX cToJl6ax HaXO~51TC51OCHOBHbleIlPOBO~5IIIJ.HeIlYTH, H~YIIJ.He K

rOJlOBHOMY Moary. BeHTpaJlbHble CTOJI6bI cO~ep2KaT ~BHraTeJlbHble

BOJlOKHa. B JlaTepaJlbHbIX cToJl6ax IlPOXO~5ITBa2KHble tIYBCTBHTeJlbHble

BOCXO~51IIJ.HeTpaKTbI, HaIlpaBJl5IIOIIJ.HeC51K rOJlOBHOMY Moary, a TaK2Ke

HeKoTopbIe OCHOBHbIe~BHraTeJlbHbIe IlyTH OT rOJlOBHOrO K CIlHHHOMY

Moary H, CJIe~OBaTeJIbHO,K CIlHHaJIbHbIM HepBaM (pHC.

11.2).

Ha IlO-

IlepetIHOM CeqeHHH HepBHoH Tpy6KH paaJlHtIaIOT

ltaTepaltbflble nlta-

CTUflKU, dflO

KPblUlY,

cooTBeTcTByIOIIJ.He YTOJlIIJ.eHHbIM 60KOBbIM.

PHC.

11.8.

ITonepe'lHble cpesbt 'Iepes cnHHHoit Mosr SapOi\bl11la CBHHbH Ha paSJIH'IHbtX CTai\HlIJC

pasBHTHlI. 06paTHTe BHHMaliHe Ha 'IaCTH CnHHHoro Mosra. o6flaSYJOIUHeCli HS 3UeHi\HMHoro.

nJIaIUeBOro H KpaeBoro CJlOeB HepBHoit Tpy6KH.

~JIHHa sapOi\bI11la:

A -

MM;

E -

MM;

B -

'1M;

r -

100

MM.

JJ. -

nJlOi\ K MOMeHTy pOlK-

i\eHHlI.

1 -

KpaeBoit CJIol!;

2 -

nJlaIUeBol! CJlol!;

3 -

3neHi\HMHbll! CJlol!;

4 -

6eJloe BeIUecTBo cnHHHoro

Mosra (liS KpaeBoro CJlOll);

cepoe BeIUeCTBO cnllHHoro Mosra (RS nJlaIUeBOro CJlOll);

ueHTpaJlbHbll! KaHaJl;

7 -

i\OpCaJlbHali IUeJlb; 8 - BeHTpaJIbHall ,IUeJlb; 9 - i\OpCaJlbHblit por;

10 -

JlaTepaJIbHblit por;

11 -

BeHTpaJlbHblit por;

12 -

i\OpCaJlbHbll! KOpe11l0K;

13 -

i\OpcaJlbHbIB

CTOJl6;

14 -

JIaTepaJlbHbll! CTOJl6;

15 -

BeHTpaJlbHbtl! CTOJI6;

16 -

BeHTpaJlbHblit KopeUloK.

BeHTpaJlbHOH H ~OpCaJlbHOH ee tIaCT51M (pHC.

11.7).

T5IHYIIJ.a5IC5IB~OJlb

BHyTpeHHeH IlOBepXHOCTH Ka2K~OH JlaTepaJlbHOH IlJlaCTHHKH

npOdOltb-

flaH. 6opOSda

(suclus limitans) OTrpaHHtIHBaeT ~OpCaJlbHYIO a~~epeHT-

HyIO qaCTb -

KPUltOBUdflYIO nltaCTUflKY -

OT BeHTpaJlbHOH 3~~epeHT-

HOHqaCTH-

6aSaltbflOU nltaCTUflKU

(pHC.

11.24).

DPM HaytIeHHH rHCToreHeaa rOJlOBHOrO Moara MbI CTaJlKHBaeMC5IC

P51~OMYHHKaJlbHbIX Ilp06JleM H YHHKaJIbHbIX pellIeHHH Ilp06JleM. O~Ha

Ha HHX- JIOKaJlHaaIJ,H51ceporo H 6eJIoro BeIIJ.eCTBaB rOJlOBHOMMoary.

I<aK MbI TOJlbKO tITO OTMeTHJIH, paa6Hpa5I paaBHTHe CIlHHHoro Moara

H CTBOJla rOJlOBHOrO Moara, cepoe BeIIJ.eCTBO,Co~ep2KaIIJ.ee TeJIa HepB-

HbIX KJleTOK, HaXO~HTC51B IJ,eHTpe, a IlO IlepH~epHH, OKpY2Ka5I ero,

paCIlOJlaraeTC5I 6eJloe BeIIJ.eCTBO,06paaOBaHHoe MHeJlHHHaHpOBaHHbIMH

OTpOCTKaMHHeHpOHOB. B Ilepe~HeM Moary H MOa2KeqKecepoe BeIIJ.eCT-

BO JIe2KHTHa IlepH~epHH, tIaCTO B BH~e HeCKOJlbKHXOT~eJlbHbIX CJlOeB,

a 6eJloe BeIIJ.eCTBO- BHyTpH.

,UJl5I Ka2K~OH tIaCTH rOJlOBHOrO Moara xapaKTepeH CIleIJ,H~HqeCKHH

rHCToreHea. ,UJI5I HJIJIIOCTpaIJ,HHCKaaaHHoro IlpHBe~eM OT~eJIbHble rrpH-

MepbI. CBoe06paaHe rHCToreHeaa xapaKTepHO He TOJIbKO'~JI5I pa3JlHQ-

HbIX 06JIaCTeH rOJIOBHOrO Moara, HO H ~JI5I paaJIHtIHbIX IlepHO~OB

3M6pHOHaJIbHOrO pa3BHTH51. 3TO BbI5IBJI51eTCSIIlpH HaytIeHHH Ilp0IJ,eC-

COB KJIeTOtIHOHrrpOJIH~epaIJ,HH. DOtITH BO Bcex 06JIaCT5IX CIlHHHoro H

rOJIOBHOrO M03ra KJIeTKH, H3 KOTOpbIX BIlOCJIe~CTBHHB03HHKaIOT HeH-

POHbI, ~eJISITCSIB6JIH3H IJ,eHTpaJIbHOrOKaHaJIa. B03HHKIIIHe «MOJIO~ble»

3 ~._.~..•

!._

1 ,.,.\

'~1 ""-

{\f.Jr:~~~~''';',;)ff:/

(~;:':,&\

[~:~:::':::" i/o"'- ~~--"

-_.! ..

?/-- \ \ \

8 7 6

10 II

,.~,,-(~",,'~:.:::f~':;:'-'-!~.i-.IY.·\

"'$:j\' ,

"ri-:f;1!l "-'"

·~·<'-71~:.~·r'::~>/

"<:".~~>-..

------

\ 5'

", ~" 10, ••••• _--- ----'\

l'--

<:>------ '~

12 .

PRC. 11.9. CarHTTaJIbHbie cpe3bl qepe3 rOJIOBHOil M03r B3POCJIoil MbIIllH. MeqeHHoi! 'H'THMHi\H-

HOM Ha 15·il

(A)

H 19-il

(E)

i\eHb BHYTPHYTPotJHoro pa3BHTH5I (no [41) C H3MeHeHH5IMH). JloKaJIIl'

sa"H" MeqeHblX KJIeTOK (ToHHpoBaHo) CBHi\eTeJlbCTByeT a pa3J1H'IHOM xapaKTepe npOJIH<jJepal\lIH

KJIeTOK B npo"ecce pa3BHTH" 3apOi\blllla.

1 -

otJoH5ITeJIbHa51 JIyKoBH"a;

2 -

Kopa rOJIOBHOrO M03ra;

3 -

5Ii\pa neperOpOi\KH;

4 -

mnnOKaMn;

fj _

qeTBepOXOJIMHe;

S1i\pa MOCTa; 7 - cOC"eBHi\HOe TeJIO; 8 - otJoHSiTeJIbHblil tJyropoK;

nOJIOCaTOe TeJIO;

10 -

3ytJqaTaSl H3BHJIHHa;

11 -

M03lKeqOK;

12 -

cytJ3neHi\HMa.

HeiipOHbI, sa HCKJIIOqeHHeM HeiipOHOB HeMHOrHX crreu.HaJlHSHpOBaHHbIX

06JIaCTeii, TaKHX, KaK MOSJKeqOK, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I rrOCTMHTOTliqeCKHMH

KJIeTKaMH, T. e. OHH He ~eJIHTC5I, HO aKTHBHO MHrpHpylOT. ECJIH Meqe-

Hblii THMHJJ.HHBBeCTH B sap0JJ.bIlli H sa6HTb JKHBOTHOerrOCJIeJJ.ocTHJKe-

HH5I HM BspOCJIOro COCT05IHH5I,TO HaJlHqHe MeqeHbIX KJIeTOK CBHJJ.e-

TeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, qTO BKJIlOqeHHe pa~HoaKTHBHoii MeTKH HMeJIO MeCTO

BO BpeM5I rrOCJIeJJ.HeroMHTOTHqeCKOrO u.HKJIa. IlocTMHTOTHqeCKHe KJIeT-

KH He BKJIlOqalOT HSOTorr, a rrpOJIHepepHpylOmHe KJIeTKH rrOCTerreHHO

Tep5IIOT MeTKy, «pas6aBJI5I5I» ee rrpH KaJKJJ.OMKJIeTOqHOM JJ.eJIeHHH.

PeSYJIbTaTbI paJJ.HoaBTorpaepHqeCKHX HCCJIeJJ.OBaHHiirOJIOBHOrO Mosra

BSpOCJIbIX MbIIlIeii, rrOJJ.BepraBIlIHXC5I BOSJJ.eircTBHIO 3H-THMHJJ.HHa B

paSJIHqHble rrepHOJJ.bI9M6pHoreHesa, BbIHBHJIH qpeSBblqaiiHOe pasHo06-

paSHe B xapaKTepe rrpOJIHepepau.HHTKaHH rOJIOBHOrO Mosra (pHC.

11.9).

OJJ.HH HS HaH60JIee BaJKHbIX rrpOu.eccoB B rHCToreHese rOJIOBHOrO

Mosra - MHrpaUH5I KJIeTOK. OT MeCTa CBoero rrpOHCXOJKJJ.eHH5IOKOJIO

JKeJIYJJ.OqKOBrOJIOBHOrO Mosra BHOBb BOSHHKIlIHe HeiipOHbI rrepeMe-

malOTC5I K rrepHepepHH, rJJ.e OHH qaCTO pacrrOJIaralOTC5I B HeCKOJIbKHX

~HCKpeTHbIX CJI05IX.

COOTBeTCTBHH C HeKOTopbIMH JJ.aHHbIMH

[54]

MOJIOJJ.blerrOCTMHTOTHqeCKHeHeiipoHbI - 06blqHO JJ.OBOJIbHO rrpocTble

6HrrOJI5IpHble KJIeTKH- MHrpHpylOT K rrepHepepHH B~OJIb JJ.JIHHHbIX

OTpOCTKOB OC06bIX KJIeTOK, HaSbIBaeMblX

paaUa/lb1ibtMU Z/lUa/lb1ibtMU

K/leTKaMU

(pHC.

11.10).

TaKHM o6pasoM, paJJ.HaJIbHble rJIHaJIbHble

HapYlKHasr

nosepXHOCTb

il:;n~.

Wi ~ .

BI·ry-rpCHHH51

nOIlePXHOCTb

PRC. 11.10. CxeMa. HJIJIIOCTpHpYIOn.t:aSl nOJIOlKeHHe pai\HaJIbHblX rJIHaJIbHblX KJIeTOK H HX CB5I3b

C MHrpHpylOn.t:HMH K nepHcPepHH HeilpoHaMH B npo"ecce pa3BHTHSI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra (no [54]).

/- KpaeBoll CJIoll;

11-

KOpTHKaJIbHaSl nJIaCTHHKa;

/11-

npoMelKYTOQHblil CJIoll;

/V -

cytJBeHTpH-

KYJI5IpHblll CJIoll;

V -

BeHTpHKYJISlPHbIIl CJIoll;

1 -

pai\HaJIbHaSl rJIHaJIbHa51 KJIeTKa; 2 - MHrpHpylO'

n.t:Hil HellpoH;

3 -

BeAyn.t:HIl OTpOCTOK HeilpoHa;

4 -

OTpOCTOK pai\HaJIbHOil rJIHaJIbHoll KJIeTKH.

KJIeTKH, KOTOpble B ~aJIbHeiiIlIeM CTaHOB5ITC5IOJJ.HOHHS epOpM aCTpOUH-

TOB, HrpalOT Ba2KHYIO POJIb B rrepHO~ aKTHBHOH MHrpaUHH HepBHbIX

KJIeTOK. TeJIa 9THX KJIeTOK HaXOJJ.5ITC5IB HerrOCpeJJ.CTBeHHOH6JIHSOCTH

OT rrpOCBeTa JKeJIYJJ.OqKOBMosra, a JJ.JIHHHbIHOTpOCTOKKaJKJJ.oHKJIeTKIi

rrpOCTI-ipaeTC5I BrrJIOTb ~O HapyJKHOH rrOBepXHOCTH rOJIOBHOrO Mosra.

CJIeJJ.OBaTeJIbHO,paJJ.HaJIbHble OTpOCTKH «opHeHTHpyIOT» MIIrp au.mo

HeHpOHOB.

MHOrOCJIOHHOHKope rOJIOBHOrO Mosra 60JIbIlIIie HeHpOHbI,

COCTaBJI5IlOmHeHaH60JIee BHyTpeHHHH CJIOH, MIirpHpYIOT nepBbIMII.

CJIeJJ.YlOmIie CJIOHceporo BemeCTBa o6pasyloTC5I 60JIee MeJIKHMII Heir-

pOHaMII, MIIrpIIpylOmIIMII qepes JJ.pyrIIe yJKe CepOpMIIpOBaHHble CJIOH K

rrepHepepHH. KaKOBO 6bI HH 6bIJIO qHCJIO CJIOeBceporo BemeCTBa KOpbI,

HaH60JIee BHyTpeHHHH CJIOH epopMHpyeTC5I rrepBbIM, a HapyJKHbIH-

rrOCJIeJJ.HHM

[1].

PEn10HAJlbHA5I ,D,HCbCbEPEHLI,HPOBKA

CnHHHOrO H rOJlOBHOrO M03r A

CnHHHoii: M03r. IToCJIe OKOHtIaHH5IcaMoro paHHero nepHO)l.a .mCTO-

reHeTHtIeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH KJIeTKH-npe)l.WeCTBeHHHKH HatIHHaIOT )l.Hq,-

¢epeHlI.HpOBaTbC5I B HeHpaJIbHble H rJIHaJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbl H npOHCXO)l.HT

06pa30BaH~e cnHHHOMosrOBbIX HepBOB: no O)l.HOHnape )l.JI5I Ka.lK)l.OrO

cerMeHTa TeJIa. HeMHoro nOS)l.Hee, a HMeHHO B nepHO)l. )l.Hq,q,epeHUH-

pOBKH HeHpOHOB H 06paSOBaHH5I 060JIOtIeK HepBHblX BOJIOKOH,nOJIO-

PHC.

11.11.

CarHTTaJlbHblll cpe3 'Iepe3 3apoAbllll CBHHbH AJlHHoll

MM. 061l\ee paCnOJlOlKeHlle

BHyTpeHHHX opraHOB CXOAHO C paCnOJl9lKeHHeM HX Y 6-HeAeJlbHOrO 3apoAblllla '1eJlOBeKa.

1 _

cpeAHHll M03r;

2 -

tuberculum posterius;

3 -

BopoHKa; -4- KapMaH PaTKe;

5 -

npeOpaJlb-

Ha51 KHlllKa;

6 _

3pHTeJlbHblll nepeKpecT; 7 - 3pHTeJlbHOe yrJly6J1eHHe;

8 -

TepMHHaJlbHa51 nJla-

CTHHKa;

9 _

lKeJlTo'lHblll MelllOK;

10 -

BHeaapoAblllleBblll l.\eJlOM;

11 -

nOJloBoll 6yropOK;

12-

npoKToAeyM;

13 _

KJlOaKa;

14 -

np5lMa51 KHlllKa;

15 -

cTe6eJleK aJlJlaHTOIICa;

16 -

aopTa;

17-

l.\eJlOM;

18 _

neTJlH KlIllle'lHIlKa;

19 -

cy6KapAIlHaJlbHblll aHaCTOM03;

20 -

lKeJlTO'lHaH (BopoTHa>t)

BeHa;

21 _

lKeJlTO'lHa51 (BepXHH5I 6pbllKee'lHaH) apTepHH;

22 -

AopCaJlbHaH 3aKJlaAKa nOAlKeJlY-

AO'lHoll lKeJle3bl;

23 _

lKeJlYAoK;

24 -

ne'leHb;

25 -

BeH03Hblli npoToK;

26 -

3aAH5IH nOJla51 BeHa;

27 _

nO'IKa JlerKOrO;

28 _

npaBoe npeAcepAHe;

29 -

nHll\eBOA;

30 -

TpaxeH;

31 -

nepHKapAHaJlb-

Ha51 'IaCTb l.\eJlOMa;

32 _

6-51

lI.yra aOpTbI;

33 -

4-51

lI.yra aopTbI;

34 -

ropTaHb;

35 -

H3b1K;

36-

xOPAa;

37 _

6a3HJlHpHaH apTepHH;

38 -

3all.Hee COCYII.HCTOe CnJleTeHHe;

39 -

3all.HHll M03r;

40-

np0.Il.OJlrOBaTblfI

M03r.

PHC.

11.12.

HaMeHeHH5IB OTHOllleHH5IX KaYAaJlbHblX OTlI.eJlOB nOaBOHO'lHHKa H cnHHHoro M03ra,

'06ycJloBJleHHble pasJlll'lHoll CKOpOCTblO HX pOCTa.

()THOllleIlH5I I-ro KpeCTI.\OBOrO HepBa H raHrJlH5I y sapolI.bIlllell lIa pasHblx CTall.lIHX pa3BHTH5I:

A - 30

MM;

E -

67 MM;

B -

III MM; r -

221

MM II.JlHllbI (no streeter,

1919,

Am.

Anat. vol.

25);

j], -

CHJlyST lO-Hell.eJlbllOrO SapOlI.blllla;

E -

CHJlyST nJlOAa nepeA p0)KAeHHeM. OT'IeTJlHBO BHAIIO

KpaHHaJlbHOe CMell\ellHe KaYAaJlblloll 'IaCTH nOSBOIIO'lHHKa (no Schultz C H3MelleHH5IMH).

1 - l.\eHTpaJlbllblll KallaJl;

2 -

loll KpeCTI.\OBblil raHrJlHll;

3 -

YII.JlHHeHllblli KopellloK l-ro KpecT-

1.\0BOrO Hepaa; 4 - TepMHHaJlbHa51 IIHTb - perpeccHPYlOll\a51 KaYAaJlbHa51 'IaCTb cnHHHoro Mosra;

5 -

KOn'lHK •

.lKeHHe CnHHHOrO MOSra B TeJIe 3apO)l.bIWa SHatIHTeJIbHO HSMeH5IeTC5I.

paHHHX SapO)l.bIWeH HepBHa5I Tpy6Ka T5IHeTC5Ino Bceii: )l.JIHHe TyJIO-

BHJll,a H XBOCTa (pHC.

11.11). C

o6pasoBaHHeM nOSBOHOtIHHKa pacTy-

Jll,He HepBHble )l.Y.lKKH SaKJIIOtIaIOT cnHHHoii: Mosr B

cnUJiHoMo3Z080U

lWHaA.

ITpHMepHo )1.0 Tpex MeC5IueB cnHHHoMosroBoii: KaHaJI H cnHH-

HOH Mosr COBrra)l.aIOT B pa3Mepax, H cerMeHTapHo pacnOJIO.lKeHHble

HepBbI BbIXO)l.5ITHapy.lKy tIepes Me.lKrrOSBOHKOBbleoTBepCTH5I Herrocpe.u.-

CTBeHHO rrpoTHB MeCT CBoero 06paSOBaHH5I. IToCJIe Tpex MeC5IueB POCT

tIaCTeii: 3apO)l.bIWa HSMeH5IeTC5ITaK, tITO HH rrOSBOHOtIHHK,HH HepBHa5I

Tpy6Ka He rrocrreBaIOT sa pOCTOMKay)l.aJIbHOH tIaCTH TeJIa (pHe.

11.12).

ITpHtIeM crrHHHOH Mosr OTCTaeT B pOCTe B 3HatIHTeJIbHO 60JIbweii: CTe-

VII

IX.

-XII

;::::::'<:~:}f

:>.-28

PMC. 11.13. nHTb CTa.ll:llll pallHero p

JIll'lHblX llCTO'lHllKOB B OCHOBHOM no aaBllTllH rOJIOBHOrO Moara II '1epenHbIX HepBOB.

(Ms

pas·

A. 20

COMHTOB (Ha' OCHOBe SapO.ll:bIWa S~~~~~a)~ no peKOH~TPYK~llllM Hs KOJIJIeK~Hll Carnegie.~

peHHlI.

3apO.ll:bIW .ll:JIHHoll 4 MM npH6JIHSH

BepO;THbl BoapaCT 3.5 He.ll: nOCJIe OnJIO.ll:OTBO-

3apO.ll:blW .ll:JIHHOll

MM' n HO ' T JIbHbI BospacT 4 He.ll: nOCJIe OnJIO.ll:OTBOpeHHlI

P0.ll:bIW MHHOl! 17 MM; nPH6JI1f:lHT~~~~~;:b:o"~lIpa~OS?aCT 5,5 He.ll: nOCJIe OnJIO.ll:OTBOpeHHlI. r. 3a:

.ll:JIHHoll

50-60

MM. T He.ll: nOCJIe OnJIO.ll:OTBOpeHHlI.

p,.

3apo.ll:b1wlII

1 - Cpe.ll:HHl! MosroBoll nysblpb' 2 - a II tI

nysblpb; 5 _ nepe.ll:HHtI Mosr' i;_ ce s .ll:H~ MosrOBO nysblpb; 3 - CJJyxoBali lIMKa; 4 - rJIaSHo!h

10 _

KOHe'lHblll Mosr' 11 _ ~nHHHoil p~~e,. 7 - .ll:yra

8 -

.ll:yra

II;

9 - npoMemyTo'lHbIII Mosr;

14 _

MOCT (sa.ll:HHII ifoar)'

osr,

12 -

nYSblpb KOHe'lHOrO Mosra;

13 -

Cpe.ll:HHl! Mosr'

SpHTeJIbHbltI nejleKpecT;

/8 _

~o~~~~JI~~BaTbll! M.oaJJ

16 -

nOJlywap~lI rOJlOBHOrO Moara;

17--:.

n. maxillaris (V 2-1I B ). 21 b 1I P.OJIlI,. - n. ophthalmlclls (V, I-ll BeTBb);

20-

HIDKHHe l5yrOPKH' oopas:~~H' - n. mandlbulans (V, 3-1I BeTBb);

22 -

BepxHHe H

23-

25 _

MOame'lOK'

'26 _

e Kpblllly Cpe.ll:Hero Moara;

24 -

npoeK~HlI npoMemyTo'lHoro Moara;

~H<ppaMH 060a~a'leHbl ~~O:~JIrOBaTblil Moar;

27 -

6apa6aHHall CTpyHa;

28 -

ropTaHb. PHMCKHMUi

lIabIKOrJIOTO'lHbllI; X _ l5~y;b~'io HeP:~I·X~ - TPOl!HH'IHbltI; VII - JlH~eBoll; VIII - cJlyxoBoll; IX-

nO.ll:1>lIabl'lHblll. .ll: lUH, - cnHHHOMoarOBall '1aCTb .ll:OoaBO'IHOrO HepBa; XII-

'PYlC. 11.14. Tonorpaq,HlI rOJlOBHOrO Moara cpaay noCJIe 06paaoBaHHlI 5 MOSr08b1X nysblpell.

A. CarHTTaJlbHbllI paapea. YCJJOBHble rpaHH~bl Mem.ll:Y MoarOBblMH nysblpllMH 060SHaQeHbI WTpH-

xOBoll JlHHHell.

BH.ll: Ha nOBepxHoCTb Moara C60KY. YKaaaHO nOJlOmeHHe raHrJlHeB H Kopew-

f{OB '1epenHblx HepBoB.

CxeMaTH'IeCKOe Ha06pameHHe q,pOHTaJlbHOrO cpesa rOJIOBHOrO Iwara

npH YCJlOBHH CnpllMJleHHlI HarH60B BO Bcex ero 06J1aCTlIX. .

1 _ cnHHHol! Moar; 2 _ nOJlOCTb np0.ll:OJlrOBaTOro Moara' (IV meJlY.ll:O'leK); 3 - TOHKall Kpblwa

npO.ll:OJlrOBaTOro Moara; 4 _ nOJlOCTb aa.ll:HerO Mosra (nepe.ll:HHl! OT.ll:eJI IV meJlY.ll:O'lKa); 5 - Me-

sO-MeT3H~eljJaJlH'IeCKall CKJla.ll:Ka; 6 _ nOJlOCTb Cpe.ll:HerO Moara (cHJlbBHeB BO.ll:onpOBo.ll:); 7 - no-

JIOmeHHe sa.ll:Hell cnallKH;

8 _

sa.ll:HHlI 6yropoK; 9 - nOJlOCTb npoMemyTO'lHOrO Mosra (III meJlY-

J\O'leK); 10 _ nonepe'lHblll napyc; 11 - cpe.ll:HHHall 06J1aCTb nOJlOCTH KOHe'lHOrO Mosra (nepe.ll:-

tlHlI oT.ll:eJl III meJlY.ll:O'lKa); 12 - TepMHHaJlbHall nJlaCTHHKa; 13 - SpHTeJlbHOe yrJIyOJIeHHe;

14 _

SpHTeJlbHbill nepeKpecT;

15 _

BopOHKa;

16 -

JlaTepaJlbHbllI nysblpb KOHe'lHOrO JolOara;

17-

npoMemYTo'lHbIl! Moar;

18 _

rJlaSHall '1awa;

19 -

COcY.ll:HCTall lUeJIb rJlasa;

20 -

rJIasHoll cTe6e-

JIeK;

21 _

.ll:06aBO'lHbllI HepB (XI);

22 -

KopewoK nO.ll:'bllSbI'IHOrO HepBa (XII);

23 -

raHrJIHlI

oJlym.ll:aIOlU

erO

HepBa (X);

24 _

raHrJlHlI lISbIKOrJIOTO'lHOrO HepBa (IX);

25 -

cnyxoBoll nyablpeK;

26 _ raHrJIHlI JIH~eBOro (VII) H CJIyxoBoro (VIII) HepBoB; 27 - raHrJlHlI TpollHH'IHOrO (V)

HepBa;

28 _

aa.ll:HHlI Mosr;

29 -

cpe.ll:HHlI Moar;

30 -

JlaTepaJIbHble oT.ll:eJIbI nOJIOCTH KOHe'lHOrO

"wara (I H II meJlY.ll:O'lKH); 31 - MOHpoeBo oTBepCTHe; 32 - nOJlOmeHHe CJIyxOBoro nyablpbKa.

rreHII, IJ:eM rr03BOHOIJ:HIIK. ITOCKOJIhKY HepBhl 06pa30BaJIIICh,lI.0 3TIIX

I13MeHellIlll, OHII CMemaIOTC5I B KaY,lI.aJIhHOM HarrpaBJIeHIIM

rrpOXO,lI.5IT

~~ CrrIlHHOM03rOBOMY KaHaJIy ,lI.0 TOrO MeCTa, r,lI.e paCrrOJI02KeHhI Me2K-

TII~BOHKOBhl~ OTBepCTII5I, KOTOphIe rrepBOHaI.JaJIhHO HaXOJI.I1JIIICh liarrpO-

HH5I MeCTa 0 pa30BaHH5I HepBOB (pIlC. 11.12,

A -

T). CTeneHh CMeme-

06JI 3TIIX CHCTeM OTHOCIITeJIhHO ,lI.pyr ,lI.pyra B03paCTaeT 01" rOJIOBHOH

M03~CTII rro HarrpaBJIeHYlIO K KaYJI.aJIhHoMY KOHlI.Y 3ap0,lI.hIIlla. CIIIIHHOHl

IIJIO,lI.a IJ:eJIOBeKa K MOMeHTy p02K,lI.eHH5I OKaHI.JHBaeTCH IIpH6JIH3H-

TeJlhHO Ha ypOBHe TpeThero rr05ICHHI.JHOrO II03BOHKa (He CI.JHTaH TOH-

I;{oro py,lI.HMeHTapHoro TH2Ka - filum terminale, - rrpe,lI.CTaBJI5IIOm

erO

W60H perpeccIIpyIOmyIO KOHlI.eBYIO l.JaCTh rrepBIII.JHOH HepBHOH Tpy6KH)

(pHC. 11.12,

P).

ITocJIe p02K,lI.eHII5I 3TOT ,lI.I1<p<pepeHlI.I1aJIhHhIll pOCT IIPO-

/I.OJI2KaeTCH, TaK I.JTO y B3pOCJIOro l.JeJIOBeKa KOHell. CIIHHHoro M03ra

paCIIOJIaraeTCH Y2Ke Ha ypOBHe rrepBoro II05ICHIII.JHOrO II03BOHKa. ITo-

.9TOMy KpeCTlI.OBhle H KOlIl.JIIKOBhle HepBhI, BhIH,lI.H H3 CIIHHHoro M03ra,

HanpaBJI5IlOTC5I BHH3 Ha .LI:OBOJIbHO3HalJHTeJIbHOe paCCT05IHHe.

Eha

rpynna HepBOB, 3arrOJIH5IlOrua5I H~2KHlOlO .:aCTb CnHHHOM03r~BOrO

KaHaJIa, o6pa3yeT TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH KOHCKHH XBOCT

Scauda

eq~ma).

npO,Il,OJIrOBaTbIH M03r (myelencephalon). 3a,nHHH M03rOBOH ny-

3bIpb 3ap0.LI:

bIIIIa

CTaHOBHTC5I

npooolleoBaTblM M03eOM

y B3pOCJIOro op-

raHH3Ma (pliC. 11.13 H

11.18,}f().

Bo MHOrHX OTHOIIIeHH5IXero cTpoe-

HHe CXO.LI:HOco cTpoeHHeM cnHHHoro M03ra. rJIaBHOe pa3JIHlJHe SaKJIlO-

lJaeTC5I B cTpoeHHH u:eHTpaJIbHOrO KaHaJIa H KpbIIIIH. ,B OlJeHb paHHHH

rrepHO.LI:pa3BHTH5I rrpocBeT 3TOH 'IaCTH HepBHoH Tpy6KH pacIIIHpHeTcH

H rr032Ke npe06pa3yeTC5I B 60JIbWYlO nOJIOCTb npo,nOJIrOBaTOro Mosra,

li3BecTHylO KaK

tteTBepTblU OICellyoOttel\,

M03ra (pHC. 11.14,

B).

O,nHO-

BpeMeHHO KpbIwa 3Toro OT,neJIa Mosra CHJIbHO' HCTOH'IaeTCH

(pHC. 11.14,

A),

H MeJIKHe KpoBeHocHbIe COCy,nbI M5IrKOH MosrOBOH

060JIOlJKH, B,naBJIHBa5ICb B TOHKylO KPbIWY, CY2KalOT npocBeT 'IeTBep-

Taro 2KeJIy,nOlJKa. 06pasylOrueecH TaKHM 06pasOM BeTBHrueeC5J cocy-

,nHCToe CnJIeTeHHe BMeCTe C IIOKpbIBalOruHM era 3IIeH,nHMHbIM 3IIHTeJIH-

eM Ha3bIBaeTCH

COCYOUCTblM cnlleTeliueM tteTBepToeo OICellyoO'll\,a

(plexus choroideus posterior) (pHC. 11.11 H

11.18,}f().

BMecTe C co-

cy,nHCTbIMH CIIJIeTeHH5IMH B KpbIwe TpeTbero 2KeJIy,nOl:J.KaH B CTeHKax

60KOBbIX 2KeJIy,nOlJKOBKOHelJHOrOMosra COCY.LI:HcToeCIIJIeTeHHe 'IeTBep-

Taro 2KeJIy,nOlJKa BbIpa6aTbIBaeT npOSpalJHyIO

Lfepe6pocnUlia.l1.bliY1O

OICUOI\,OCTb

,co crreU:HaJIbHbIM COCTaBOM,OMbIBalOruylO TKaHli roJrOBHoro

H cnHHHoro M03ra.

B CTeHKax HepBHOR Tpy6KH B 06JIaCTH rOJIOBHOrO M03ra IIpOHCXO-

.LI:5ITCXO.LI:HbIerHCTOJI,OrHlJeCKHeHSMeHeHH5I H CTOJIb 2Ke paHO, KaK B

CTeHKax CIIHHHoro M03ra, 'ITa rrpHBO.LI:HTK B03HHKHOBeHHlO 3IIeH,nHM-

HOro, IIJIarueBoro H KpaeBoro CJIOeB. 8neH,nHMHbIR CJIOHsa,nHero MOS-

rOBoro IIy3bIpH IIpeBparuaeTC5I B 3IIHTeJIHOH.LI:HylOBbICTHJIKY'IeTBepToro

2KeJIY.LI:OlJKa.ITJIarueBoR CJIOR.LI:aeTHalJaJIO CTpyKTypaM ceporo Beme-

CTBa, IIpo,nOJI2KalOmHM TaKHe 2Ke CTpyKTypbI ceporo BemeCTBa CIIHH-

Horo M03ra, a TaK2Ke 06pa3yeT 60JIee HJIH MeHee OOOC06JIeHHbIe KJIe-

TOlJHbIe MaCCbI (

.LI:pa), CBH3aHHbIe C KopeilIKaMH 'IepeIIHbIX HepBOB

(pHC. 11.24). B KpaeBoH CJIORBpacTalOT npO.LI:OJIbHOpaCIIOJI02KeHHbIe

MHeJIHHH3HpoBaHHbIe BOJIOKHa,. COe.LI:HH5I5ICIIHHHOR M03r H HepBbI C

paCIIOJI02KeHHbIMII: 60JIee pOCTpaJIbHO 'IaCTHMH rOJIOBHOrO M03ra

(pHC. 11.2). Sulcus Iimitans oco6eHHo xopowo 3aMeTHa Ha 3THX paH-

HHX CTa.LI:H5IXpa3BHTHH IIpo,nOJIrOBaTOro M03ra. IT03.LI:HeeOHa MaCKH-

pyeTcH B HeKOTopbIX YlJaCTKax pOCTOM no,nJIe2KamHX 5I,nep, HO TaM,

r,ne 3Ta 60p03,na BbIpa2KeHa, aHa CJIy2KHT BeCbMa IIOJIeSHbIM opHeHTH-

paM ,nJIH OIIpe,neJIeHH5I JIOKaJIH3aU:HH5I,nep H TpaKTOB HepBHbIX BOJIO-

KOH. B rOJIOBHOM,TaK 2Ke KaK H B CIIHHHOM M03ry, a<p<pepeHTHbIeu:eHT-

pbI pa3BHBalOTC5I ,nopCaJIbHee, a 3<p<pepeHTHbIeu:eHTpbI - BeHTpaJIbHee

sulcus Iimitans (pHC. 11.1.H 11.24).

3a,Il,HHH M03f (metencephalon) • .II:0pCOJIaTepaJIbHbIe CTeHKH HepB-

HOR Tpy6KH B 06JIaCTH 3a,nHero M03ra CHJIbHOpa3paCTalOTCH H o6pa-

SYlOT

M0301CettOI\,.

<l>oPMHpoBaHHe KOPbI M032KelJKa Ha'IHHaeTC5I cpaBHH-

TeJIbHO II03,nHO H Y MHOrHX BH,nOB 2KHBOTHbIX npo,nOJI2KaeTC5I nOCJIe

: I 1

I I I

" I

1 l I

46----

45 _.--

44---

/10

··11

-12

---13

_.14

~15

:!~-17

-18'19:'

~1Q:2'l

-'-22

( 1

:2~

bUlla (AJIHHa 10 MM) qeJIOBeKa; X 13

PHC. 11.15. PeKoHcTpy~HlI HepBHoil, cH~TeMbI 3apOA

(no

[63).

II paa (V), 3-0TBOAlILU.HlI HepB (VI);

1- 3aAHHil M03r; 2 - nOJIYJIYHH(~flf:H~JI~\~~~o=~~H~~~b~;eK; 6 _ ~epxH"lI raHL'lHil H3b'KOrJlO'

4 - raHrJlHlI CJIyxoBoro HepBa 'HrJlHil H3b'KOrJlOTOqHOrO HepBa (IX); 8 - HpeMHblli ram-

TOqHOrO HepBa (IX); 7 - KaMeH~CTblil ra rJlH'! <I'>opHna' 10 _ nOA'bH3blqllblil HepB (XII); 11-

~lHil 6J1Y)\{AalOLU.erO HepBa 1~X), 96-B~~~blii Hept (XI)" 13 _ Y3J10BaTb,ii raHrJlHi'I 6JIY)\{AalOLU.er~

iDepBblli wellHblil raHrJlHlI; - AO

a II HepB' 15 _ nOA'bH3bIQHaH BeTBb; 16 _ MbIWeQHO'KO)\{Hbl

lIlepBa (X); 14 - HHCXOAHLU.HlIl;Ue8".'::. aepp~rMaJIbHblil HepB; 19 _ cpeAHHHb'lI HepB;

20 -

JlYQe:

He B' 17 - nOAMblWeQHblll HepB, 1 AH Holl raHrJlHlI' 23 _ AOpCaJIbHaH BeTBb; 24 _ Jlare.

flO~ 'HepB' 21 - JIOKTeBOli HepB; 22 - I-li rp~~lKHaH BeTBb.' 26 _ nepBbIJ1 n05JCHHQHblli raHrJlHlI,

paJIbHa5J 'KO)\{Ha5J BeTBb; 25 - BeHT~aJIb~;~llI H nOAB3Aow~0-noA',peBHb'lI HepBbl; 29 ,_ ~anHpa:

27 - Me30Heeppoc; 28 - nOAB3AOWHO ~ax 1 _ ne Bblll K eCTIIOBblll raHrmli\; 32 _ KHWKa, 3 - Ma

TeJIbHbli\ HepB; 30 - 6eApeHHblll HepB, 3 He B~ 35 _ gePBblil KOnqHKOBblll raHrJIHlI; 36 -: neQeHb,

JI06epIIOBbi1l HepB; 34 - 60JIbWe61110Bb11l ,P 39 __ 6apa6aHHaH cTpyHa (chorda tympanI) JIHlle-

37 - nOnepeqHaH neperopoAKa; 3 - cePAll~ JIHlleBoro HepBa (VII); 41 _ HHlKHeqeJIlOCTHaH BerB~

~~~~H~~BC:ro(~I;J~a~(V) ~o:2e~ff~~H~~~~~1~~~~H~~~~ T:e;~~j:iHY~~

~~;'~~5J

4~;-B~o~~r:H~:H;~o

HepB - BeTBb rJIa3Horo HePB(a

)'- 4/'::~~a30ABHraTeJIbHbIlI Hep~ (III),

HepBa; 45 - 6JIOKOBblil RepB •

p0:>K.u.eHlUl. [IiCTOreHe3 M03:>KelJKa CJIO:>KeH, II 3TO He rr03BOJIHeT pac-

CMOTpeTb ero 3.u.eCb 60JIee rro.u.p06HO. O.u.HaKo M03:>KelJOK OCTaeTCfl

BeCbMa Ba:>KHOll CTpyKTypOll, IICCJIe.u.yeMoll OlJeHb IIHTeHCHBHO, .u.JIH TO-

ro lJT06~ rrOHHTb CTaHOBJleHlIe HellpoHH~X cBH3ell B ~eHTpaJIbHOH

HepBHOll CIiCTeMe. [Jla.u.KaH Ha paHHIIx cTa.u.IIHx pa3BIITliH 06J1aCT~

M03:>KelJKa (pliC. 11.13,

II 11.15) rr03.u.Hee B pe3YJlbTaTe II3MeHeHIIll

BO BHyTpeHHell cTpyKType CTaH~BIITCH CIIJlbHO CKJIa.u.lJaTOR

(pliC. 11.13,

)1.

II 11.18,T,

)1.).

B 3TOll lJaCTII rOJlOBHOrO M03ra pa3-

BIIBaIOTCH ~eHTpbI, OTBeTCTBeHHble 3a Koop.u.IIHa~IIIO CJIO:>KHbIX MbIlllelJ-

HbIX .u.BII:>KeHIIll (pliC. 11.2, .u.yra 4).

B cpaBHIITeJIbHO rro3.u.HIIll rrepIIo.u. pa3BIITliH B rroBepxHocTHbIX CJlO-

HX CTeHOK 3a.u.Hero M03ra epOpMIIpyIOTCH rrpoBo.u.HillIIe nYTII, CBH3bIBaIO-

lilie M03:>KelJOK C .u.pyrIIMII lJaCTHMII HepBHoll CIICTeMbI. 8TH rrYTII 06pa-

, 3yIOT BeHTpaJIbHbIll BbICTyn, Ha3bIBaeMbIll

.MOCTO.M

(pHC.

11.18,)I(),

Ha JIaTepaJlbHbIX CTeHKax 3a.u.Hero M03ra -

flOOlCKU .M0301CettKa.

B rJlY-'

611He TKaHII JIe:>KaT MaCCbI KJIeTOK, B03HIIKlIIlle 113 nJIailleBOro CJIOH

3TOll lJaCTII HepBHOll Tpy6KII. 8TH KJleTKII o6pa3yIOT orrpe.u.eJleHHbIe

~eHTpbI (H.u.pa), KOTopbIe CBH3aHbI C lJeperrHbIMII HepBaMH B 3TOll

06JIaCTII M03ra (pHC. 11.24).

TIOJIOCTb HepBHoll Tpy6KII B 06JIaCTII 3a.u.Hero M03ra OCTaeTCH. OT-

HOCIITeJIbHO 1IIIIpOKOll. TIOCKOJIbKY Me:>K.u.y Hell II nOJIOCTbIO rrpo.u.OJIro-

BaToro M03ra HeT lJeTKO Bblpa:>KeHHOll rpaHH~bI, 3Ty 06illYIO nOJIOCTb·

rrpllHHTO Ha3bIBaTb rrepe.u.HIIM OT.u.eJlOM lJeTBepToro :>KeJIy.u.OlJKa

(pIIC. 11.14).

Cpe)l.HIIH

M03f

(mesencephalon). B .u.opCOJIaTepaJIbHbIX CTeHKax

cpe.u.Hero M03ra pa3BIIBaIOTcH .u.Be rrapbI oKpyrJIbIX B03BbIlIIeHHll, H3-

BeCTHbIe KaK

tteTBepOXOJl.Mue

(C<1rpora quadrigemina; pliC. 11.18,

$).

POCTpaJIbHaH rrapa B03BbIlileHIIll, Ha3bIBaeMaH colliculi superior,.

rrpe.u.cTaBJIHeT C060H CIIHanTIIlJeCKHll ~eHTp 3pIITeJIbH~X peepJIeKCOB

(pIIC. 11.2, .u.yra 56), .u.Ba Kay.u.aJIbHbIX B03BbIlIIeHlfH, Ha3bIBaeMbIe·

colliculi inferior - ~eHTpbI CJIyXOBbIX peepJIeKCOB (pHC. 11.2, .u.yra 5a).

n03BOHOlJHbIX :>KHBOTHbIX, He OTHOCHliHXCH K MJIeKOrrHTaIOillHM,

colliculi superior CIIJIbHO YBeJIIIlJeHbI H H3BeCTHbI KaK

3pUTeJlbflble-

OOJlu. Y

HII31IIIIX n03BOHOlJHbIX 3pIITeJIbHbIe .u.OJIH epYHK~HOHHPYIOT KaK:

rrepBIIlJHble 3pIITeJIbHbIe ~eHTpbI.

MJIeKOrrllTaIOillIIX B CBH311 C pa3BII-

TlleM nepe.u.Hero M03ra rrpo~ecc 3pIITeJIbHOrO BocnpIIHTHH rrepexo.u.HT K

3pIITeJIbHoMY 6yrpy II K 3pIITeJIbHbIM ~eHTpaM KOPbI rOJIOBHOrO M03ra,

HO colliculi superior OCTaIOTCH MeCTOM 3aMbIKaHHH 3pHTeJIbHbIX peep--

JIeKCOB.

BeHTpOJIaTepaJIbHbIe lJaCTII CTeHOK cpe.u.Hero M03ra COCTaBJIHIOT

OCHOBHOll npoBo.u.Hillllll nyn, B COCTaBe KOToporo IIMeIOTCH BOJIOKHa,

H.u.Yilllle B 60JIee pOCTpaJIbHbIe 06JIaCTH rOJIOBHOrO M03ra H BbIXO.u.H-

illIIe II3 3TIIX 06JIaCTell {pHC. 11.2, .u.ym 6 II 7). CJIe.u.yeT oc06eHHo,

nO)l.lJepKHyTb, lJTO BOJIOKHa 3TIIX TpaKTOB HBJIHIOTC5I upo.u.OJI:>KeHHeM

BOJIOKOH, pacrrOJIO:>KeHHbIX B rrpO)l.OJIrOBaTOM M03ry II npoxo.u.HillllX B-

BeHTpaJIbHOll CTeHKe Ha .u.He 3a.u.Hero M03ra. TIYlJKII 3TIIX BOJIOKOH"

rrpOXO)l.5IillIIe B BeHTpaJIbHOll CTeHKe cpe.u.Hero M03ra, 06pa3yIOT

flOOlCKU:.

.M03ca

(pedunculi cerebri).

PI1C 11 16 Tpil nOnepeqHblX cpesa sapO,l\bllIJa CBllllbll ,l\JllIlIoll 9,4 MM. OHII Bbl6paHbl 113

cepliH cpes~B, IICnOJIbSOBaHHblX,l\JllI peKoHcTpyKIl,1I1I .sap0,l\bllUa, npIIBe,l\eHHOH Ha pHC. 17.13.

PIICYHKIIC,l\eJlaHbl C nOMOrn;blOnpoeKIl,IIOHHoro annapaTa, X 15.

C es

96, npoxoil.lIrn;lIll 'lepes OOJlaCTb np0,l\OJlrOBaTOro Mosra.

Cpes

142, npoxoil.lI-

p JlOTKy

Cpes

159 Ha ypoBHe rJla3HblX 'Ia1lI.

~ ,l\~~~~~:HbIH Hep~

(XI); -

2 - 6J1Y>K,l\alOrn;HH

(X);

3 - BepxHHH raHrJlHH lISblKOrJlOTO:IHO~

He Ba

(IX)'

4 - raHrJlIIH CJlyXOBoro HepBa

(VIII);

5 - raHrJlIIH JlIIIl,eBOro HepBa

(VII),

ra~rJlII!\ TpO!\HII'lHOrO HepBa (V); 7 - rJla30,l\BllraTeJlbHblH HepB (III); 8 - BHyTpeHHlIli cOHHa~

Te IIlI' 9 _ cpeil.HII!\ M03r'

10 -

BeTBb nepe,l\HeH Kap,l\HHaJlbHOH BeHbl; 11 - 6a311J1l1pHali apTe

.a~lI' p 12'- npOil.OJlrOBaTbl!\ ";osr; 13 - cJlyxoBoll ny3blpeK; 14 - BepxHlI1l raHrJlII!\ 6J1Y>Kil.alOrn;erO

~e ~a

(X)·

15 - BOJlOKHa 6J1Y>K,l\alOrn;eroHepBa; 16 - I-H llIeHHbl!\ raHrJlH!\; 17 - nO,l\bllSblqHblll

-H pB

(XII)'

18 _ lISblKOrJlOTOqHbl!\ HepB

(IX);

19 - BTOpOH rJlOTOqHblH KapMaH;

20 -

nepBblll

T~gTOqHblll 'KapMaH' 21 _ HII>KHeqeJlIOCTHaliBeTBb TPOHHllqHOrO HepBa

(V);

22 - rJlaaHali qallIa;

.23 _ npOMe>KYTOqHbl!\Mosr; 24 - KapMaH PaTKe; 25 - rJlaSHali BeTBb TPOHHllqHOrO HepBa: 26

'Be XHeqeJlIOCTHali BeTBb Tp0!\HllqHOrO HepBa; 27 - JlIIIl,eBOH HepB; 28 - 3-lI ,l\yra aopTbl, 29 •

Y3~OBaTbIH (HII>KHIlil) raHrJlIIH OJlY>Kil.alOrn;ero HepBa;

30 -

nepe,l\HlIli Kap,l\IIHaJlbHali BeHa:

:31 _ 0p,l\a' 32 _ n03BoHoQHa51 apTepH51; 33 - HepnHa51 Tpy6Ka; 34-KopeHb ,l\opCaJIbHOH aopTbl,

.35 -~-lI ~aoepHali rn;eJlb; 36 - 2-lI >Ka6epHali rn;eJlb; 37 - rHOII,l\Hali ,l\yra; 38 - rIlOMaH,l\lIoy:

JllIpHali rn;eJlb' 39 - HII>KHeqeJlIOCTHaliil.yra;

40 -

BepXHeqeJllOCTHoH OTpOCTOK;41 - xpycTaJlIIK,

42 _ CeTqaTKa'· 43 _ nlirMeHTHblH 9nIlTeJlIIH; 44 - rJla3l1o!\ cTe6eJleK; 45 - Hapy>KHali cOHHali

apTepllll; 46 --: raHrJlHH 6J1Y>Kil.alOrn;eroHepBa; 47 - nO,l\bllSblqHblH HepB

(XII);

48 - nepBblH llIeH'

'Hblll HepB; 49 - BTopoll llIe!\Hbl!\ rallrJlII!\. •