Кабышев А.В., Тарасов Е.В. Монтаж, наладка, эксплуатация электрооборудования. Часть 2. Силовые подстанции предприятий

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Ɋɢɫ. 1.13. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ:

ɚ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ; ɛ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɥɵɣ; ɜ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɞɭɬɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɥɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ; ɝ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɥɵɦɢ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ

ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ-

ɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɞɭɬɶɟ. ɉɨɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɟɧ ɞɭɝɟ. Ⱦɭɝɚ ɜɞɭ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɳɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ

(ɪɢɫ. 1.14). ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.14. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ

ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɨɪɝɚ-

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫ ɞɭɝɨɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɨɡ-

ɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɢɩɚ ȼȼ-15 ɧɚ 15,75 ɤȼ, 5500 Ⱥ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɰɟɩɹɯ Ʉɭɣɛɵɲɟɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.15. Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ

ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ:

1 – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ du/dt = f (di/dt) ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ

1,6 Ɇɉɚ; 2,3 – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ

ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ

ɧɟɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ. ɡ. ɛɟɡ ɲɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ

(ɩɪɹɦɚɹ 2) ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɒɊ ɫ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ,

ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 100 Ɉɦ (ɩɪɹɦɚɹ 3)

Ɋɢɫ. 1.16. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ ɜ

ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ

1 – ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɚ;

2, 3 – ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ;

4 – ɤɚɧɚɥ;5 – ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ;

6 – ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɭɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ Ⱦɍ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸ-

ɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ

ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ Ⱦɍ ɫ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.16) ɞɥɹ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼȼȻɄ. Ɇɟɠɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭ-

ɬɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɩɥɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ 2 ɢ 3.

ȼɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɩɶ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ

ɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɨɣ 1, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɧɟɜ-

ɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ɋ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɭɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɤɥɚ-

ɩɚɧ 6 ɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ 5 ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɧɚɥ 4. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɞɭɬɶɟ-

ɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɭɝɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭ-

ɯɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɤɨɜɟɞɭɳɟɦ

ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ, ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɞɭɬɶɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɟ

ɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɨɩɥɨ 3 ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ

ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɪɟɧɨ ɞɭɝɨɣ. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɭ

ɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ 3 ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɚ-

ɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ

ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ

ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤ. ɡ., ɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵ-

ɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ.

1.3.3. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ

ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 220 ɤȼ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ

ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɜ,

ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ

ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɤ. ɡ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹ-

ɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ

ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɬ-

ɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ i–ɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ

ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟ-

ɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɲɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ.

ɒɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ

ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ

ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɭɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɨɜ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɢ-

ɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɚɪɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ

ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ.

1.3.4. ɒɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ

ɒɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ (ɒɊ), ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɜ ɡɚ-

ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɥɟ-

ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

– ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤ-

ɬɚɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ;

– ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɧɟɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ;

– ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɧɟɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ;

– ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ-

ɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.

ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ Ɉɦ

ɞɥɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɞɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ Ɉɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-

ɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ɋɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ

ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɵɫɹɱ Ɉɦ.

1.3.5. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲ-

ɥɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ

ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟ-

ɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ-

ɪɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɭɤɪɭɩɧɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ) ɜ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚ-

ɡɨɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ – ɨɬ 110 ɞɨ 1150 ɤȼ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ.

Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 150–250

ɤȼ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ.

ɒɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ-

ɦɢ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɧɟ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɢ-

ɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬ-

ɜɢɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6,0-8,5 Ɇɉɚ. ȼɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ

ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ-

ɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ.

ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟ-

ɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ

ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ

ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ) ɫɧɚɛɠɚ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɲɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ.

ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɛɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼȼȻ ɢ ȼɇȼ (ɪɢɫ. 1.17–1.19)

ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 110–750 ɤȼ. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɜɭɯɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ

ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 110–150 ɤȼ. ȼ Ⱦɍ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ. ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ

ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦ Ⱦɍ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɩɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɨɜ, ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜɵ-

ɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ 110–220 ɤȼ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɒɊ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

50–100 Ɉɦ. ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ Ⱦɍ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɜ-

ɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.17. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼȼȻ ɧɚ 110Ʉɜ:

1 – ɲɤɚɮ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 2 – ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪ; 3 – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ Ⱦɍ;

4 – ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 1.18. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɜɵ ɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ

ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼɇȼ ɧɚ 330 ɤȼ

Ɋɢɫ. 1.19. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ

ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼɇȼ ɧɚ 500 ɤȼ:

1 – ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪ; 2 – ɨɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ;

3 – ɷɤɪɚɧ; 4 – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ Ⱦɍ;

5 – ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ȼɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼȼȻ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 750 ɤȼ – ɩɧɟɜɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ.

ȼ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ȼȼȻ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ 100–150 ɤȼ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɨɪ-

ɧɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ ɧɚ 750 ɤȼ – ɨɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɪɟ-

ɧɨɝɢ.

1.4. ɗɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ

ɒɟɫɬɢɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɟɪɚ SF6-ɷɥɟɝɚɡ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɦ» ɝɚɡɚɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ

ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɞ-

ɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ. ɗɥɟɝɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɟ (20°ɋ) ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 0,1 Ɇɉɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɚɡ ɛɟɡ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɡɚ-

ɩɚɯɚ. ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭ-

ɤɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 30°ɋ – 138,5 ɦ/ɫ (330 ɦ/ɫ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ). ɗɥɟɝɚɡ ɨɛ-

ɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɞɭɝɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɛ ɞɭɝɢ (2000 Ʉ). ɗɬɨ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɝɚɡ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢ-

ɦɢ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɢɹ (–64°ɋ) ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 0,1 Ɇɉɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɑɢɫɬɵɣ ɷɥɟɝɚɡ ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱ, ɢɧɟɪɬɟɧ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨ-

ɫɬɨɟɤ ɞɨ 800°ɋ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɹɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜ-

ɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɩɨɞ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ ɜ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɧɢɡɤɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ

ɬɨɝɨ

, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚ-

ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ. Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɧɢɡɲɢɟ ɮɬɨɪɢɞɵ ɫɪɟɞ SF

, SF

. ɏɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵ,

ɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɥɚɝɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɮɬɨɪɢ-

ɫɬɨ-ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɝɚ-

ɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɫɨɪɛɟɪɵ ɢɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ

ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ Ⱥl

, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɡ-

ɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɜ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɬɨɪɢɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɹ

ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ.

1.4.1. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ

ȼ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ

ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ

ɝɚɡɚ. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɜ 4–4,5 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭ-

ɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢ-

ɱɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ʉɚɧɚɥ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɞɭɝɢ ɜ

ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ

ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɤɚ – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ – ɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɟ

ɞɭɝɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɭɝɚ ɝɚɫɧɟɬ. əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ

ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɭɥɶ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɭɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ

ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɞɭɝɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ

ɩɪɨ-

ɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɛ ɞɭɝɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ

ɬɨɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɭɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ

ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ.

ȼ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ (Ⱦɍ) ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ

ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɭɝɢ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ

ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɚ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɢ

ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ Ⱦɍ:

– ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ

ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɠɚ-

ɬɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɚ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ (Ⱦɍ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ);

– ɚɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ ɜ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ-

ɜɨɦ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (Ⱦɍ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ);

– ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ

ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠ-

ɧɨɦ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚɦ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ (Ⱦɍ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝ-

ɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɞɭɬɶɟɦ);

– ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ

ɷɥɟɝɚɡɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɟ ɞɭɝɨɣ, ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ.

ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ

ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɧɚ

ɫɬɨɥɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ

ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ Ⱦɍ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ƚɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ

ɫɨɩɥɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 1.20) ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (0,5–0,6 Ɇɉɚ) ɤɚɤ

ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.20, ɚ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬ-

ɪɢɱɧɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 1.20, ɛ) ɝɚɡɨɜɨɦ

ɞɭɬɶɟ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ S

ɢɥɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ d

ɝɨɪɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɨɩɥɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ z

, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɨɪɨɜ ɞɭɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɩɬɢ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ-

ɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ

ɞɭɬɶɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɤɨɧɮɭɡɨɪɚ). Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ:

– ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ

ɞɨɥɠɧɚ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ;

– ɜ ɦɟɠɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɩɬɢ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ.

ȼ Ⱦɍ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɮɨɪɦɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ

ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɚ.

1.4.2. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ (ɜɵ-

ɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɩɟɲ-

ɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɦɢ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɩɭɫ-

ɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɈɊɍ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɬɚɤ

ɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ȽɊɍ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɸ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɰɢɸ, ɦɚɥɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɚɥɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɲɭɦɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵ-

ɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟ-

ɥɹɦɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ

ɪɚɡɪɵɜ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼ ɬɚ-

ɤɢɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɩɧɟɜɦɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ

ɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɨ-

ɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 % ɜɫɟɯ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10 %.

Ɋɢɫ 1.20. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ:

ɚ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ;

ɛ – ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɭɬɶɹ



Ɋɢɫ. 1.21. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ

ɮɢɪɦɵ Merlin Gerin

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.21 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɸɫ ɚɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚ-

ɬɟɥɹ ɮɢɪɦɵ Merlin Gerin ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ-

ɦɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ. Ɍɨɤ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦ 1, 2,

ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ 3, 4 ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵ. ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜ-

ɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɞɭɝɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ (CuW), ɬɨɤɨɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɨɛ-

ɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɹɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ,

ɤɚɤ

ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15–20 % Iɧɨɦ. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛ ɫɨɨɬ-

ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ 5 ɫɨɜɦɟ-

ɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɦ 1 ɢ ɫɨɩɥɨɦ 6 ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɱɚɝɨɜ 7, 8. ɗɬɢɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ.

Ɍɨɤ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ 1, 2 ɩɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ 3, 4. ɉɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ (ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ)

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ 3, 4 ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢ-

ɟɦ ɞɭɬɶɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ 3, 4 – ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɫɢɦ-

ɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɭɬɶɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬ

ɷɥɟɝɚɡ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧ-

ɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶ-

ɧɟɣɲɟɦ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ (ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝ) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ

ɦɟɠɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ.