Кабышев А.В., Тарасов Е.В. Монтаж, наладка, эксплуатация электрооборудования. Часть 2. Силовые подстанции предприятий

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ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 4

ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɌɈɊɕ ɌɂɉȺ ɌɆɁ

(ɌɊȿɏɎȺɁɇɕȿ ɆȺɋɅəɇɕȿ ɋ ɁȺɓɂɌɈɃ ɆȺɋɅȺ)

ɋɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɯɨɛɦɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɝɟɪ-

ɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɫ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 630 ɞɨ 2500

ɤȼȺ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ 10 ɤȼ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ-

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.



ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ

ɌɆ – ɏ/10 ɍ (ɏɅ)1

Ɍ – ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɣ,

Ɇ – ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɟ ɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɚ,

Ɂ – ɫ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ,

ɏ – ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼȺ,

10 – ɤɥɚɫɫ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ȼɇ, ɤȼȺ,

ɍ (ɏɅ)1 – ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ

ȽɈɋɌ 15150-69,

ɏ – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ

ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ.

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ

ɋɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɌɆɁ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ) ɞɨ 10 ɤȼ ɜɤɥɸ-

ɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ (ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ) – 0,4; 0,69 ɤȼ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɜɵɫɨ-

ɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ

ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɩɨ 2,5 % ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ +2 ɯ 2,5 % ɨɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɫɟɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɇɇ

ɢ ȼɇ.

162

Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɯɨ-

ɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ:

– ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ Ⱥ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɍ ɍ 31.1-00213440-024-2006;

– ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ȼ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɍ ɍ 3.49-05758084-016-2000.

ɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɤ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȽɈɋɌ 16555, ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:

– ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ± 10 %;

– ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ + 10 %;

–

ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ + 15 %;

– ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ + 10 %.

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ

ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɨɪɹ – ɞɨ 1000 ɦ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ:

– ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ –45

ɋ ɞɨ +40

ɋ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɍ»);

– ɞɥɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ –60

ɋ ɞɨ +40

ɋ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɏɅ»).

Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80 % ɩɪɢ +25

ɋ.

Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ:

– ɜɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɝɚɡɵ, ɢɫɩɚ-

ɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɵɥɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.);

– ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɹɫɤɟ;

– ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ 10 ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ

Ȼɚɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɚɪɧɵɟ, ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɜɟ-

ɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɵ.

ɉɨɞɴɟɦ ɛɚɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɪɸɤɢ,

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɪɚɦɨɣ ɛɚɤɚ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɚɤɚ

ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɦɚɫɥɚ, ɤɪɚɧ (ɩɪɨɛɤɚ) ɞɥɹ ɜɡɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɛɨɥɬ

ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɯɨ-

ɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɨɥɶɬɧɨɝɨ

ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨɞɴɟɦ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɭɲɤɢ

, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɨɜɚ. Ɉɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɟɜɵɟ.

ȼɜɨɞɵ ȼɇ ɢ ɇɇ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɫɴɟɦɧɵɟ, ɢɡɨɥɹɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ-

ɧɵɟ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɤɟ ɜɜɨɞɚ 1000 Ⱥ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɨ-

ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɤɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɠɢɦ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɬ-

ɤɨɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɲɢɧɵ. ȼɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-

ɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɛɚɤɚ.

ɇɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɫɥɨɚɡɨɬɨɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɥɨɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ

ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɚɫɥɚ. ɇɚ ɦɚɫɥɨɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ-

163

ɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪ-

ɦɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ:

–45

ɋ, +15

ɋ, +40

ɋ – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɍ»;

–60

ɋ, +15

ɋ, +40

ɋ – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ «ɏɅ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ

ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ⱥɡɨɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦ-

ɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɚɫɥɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. ɉ4.1. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɌɆɁ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 630 ɞɨ 2500 ɤȼ·Ⱥ

164

Ɇɚɫɫɚ, ɤɝ

2150

2725

4150

6450

Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɦɚɫɥɚ,

ɤɝ

435

660

975

1680

860

1116

1124

1080

1286

1530

1805

1080

1286

1530

1930

120

130

120

130

170

1465

1580

1985

2305

1180

1185

1255

1420

Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɦɦ

1820

1955

2160

2290

ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɨɬ-

ɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, %

5,5

6,0

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ

ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ, ȼɬ

6750

7600

10500

10800

17000

16500

26500

28000

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ

ɯɨɞɚ, ȼɬ

800

1150

1100

1650

1700

2050

2500

3750

ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ

Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 4ɉ4.1

Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɌɆɁ

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤȼ•Ⱥ

630

1000

1600

2500

165

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ ɛɚɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ-

ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ

ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɧɨɜɚɤɭɭɦɦɟɬɪɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ ɢɥɢ

ɪɟɥɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɛɚɤɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

0,75 ɚɬɦ ɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɭ.



166

ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ 5

ɉȿɊȿȽɊɍɁɈɑɇȺə ɋɉɈɋɈȻɇɈɋɌɖ ɋɂɅɈȼɕɏ ɆȺɋɅəɇɕɏ

ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɌɈɊɈȼ ɆɈɓɇɈɋɌɖɘ 25–2500 ɤȼ·Ⱥ

ɉɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ

ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ȽɈɋɌ 11677 ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ Ɍɍ ɍ3 49-05758084-

016-2000 ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ

ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ. ɉɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ

ɫɥɨɟɜ ɦɚɫɥɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ 65 ºɋ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ

ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ Ⱥ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɟɫɥɢ

ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ +40 ºɋ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ

ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɢɠɟ +40 ºɋ ɢ

(ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 100 % ɨɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ), ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ

ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ,

ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ

ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ

ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȽɈɋɌ 14209 (ȾɋɌɍ 3463).

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬ 25 ɞɨ

2500 ɤȼ·Ⱥ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ȽɈɋɌ 14209-97,

ɆȿɄ 354-91).



167



Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ ɉ5.1

Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɥɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ

Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ,

Ʉȼ·Ⱥ

ɇɨɪɦɚ ɩɨ

ȽɈɋɌ

12.2.024

ɊȺ

.ɞȻȺ

ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ

ɧɚ 0,3 ɦ ɞȻȺ

Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨ-

ɜɟɧɶ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɞȻȺ

100 59 47 55

160 62 48 57

250 65 50 59

400 68 55 65

630 70 55 65

1000 73 55 67

1250 75 55 67

1600 75 57 69

2500 76 57 72



168

ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ

ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɟ ....................................................................................................3

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ɋɂɅɈȼɕȿ ɄɈɆɆɍɌȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ȺɉɉȺɊȺɌɕ......................4

1.1. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɭɝɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ .............4

1.1.1. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɝɚɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɭɝ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ......6

1.2. ȼɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɠɢɞɤɢɦɢ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ ..........................8

1.2.1. Ƚɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɞɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ................................12

1.2.2. Ⱦɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɵɯ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ .........................................................................14

1.3. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ................................................................15

1.3.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ,

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ .......................15

1.3.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ .........................................................................18

1.3.3. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɦ

ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ.....................................................23

1.3.4. ɒɭɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ .....................................................24

1.3.5. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ.............................24

1.4. ɗɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ.................................................................26

1.4.1. Ⱦɭɝɨɝɚɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ .........................................................................27

1.4.2. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ.................29

1.4.3. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ

ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ...........................................................32

1.5. ȼɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ.................................................................32

1.5.1. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ................32

1.5.2. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ .............36

ȽɅȺȼȺ 2. ȼɋɉɈɆɈȽȺɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɄɈɆɆɍɌȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ

ȺɉɉȺɊȺɌɕ..................................................................................................38

2.1. Ɋɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɢ...................................................................................38

2.2. Ɉɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɵɤɚɬɟɥɢ ..................................................44

2.3. Ɍɨɤɨɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ......................................................................46

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. ɂɁɆȿɊɂɌȿɅɖɇɕȿ ɌɊȺɇɋɎɈɊɆȺɌɈɊɕ...............................48

3.1. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɬɨɤɚ ...............48

3.2. Ɉɩɬɢɤɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɨɤɚ..................................56

3.3. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ .........................................................59

3.3.1. Ɉɩɬɢɤɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.............61

169

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑɂȼȺɘɓɂȿ ȺɉɉȺɊȺɌɕ .........................................65

4.2. ȼɢɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤɨɜ ............................................................................67

4.2.1. Ɍɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤɢ...........................................................67

4.2.2. ȼɟɧɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤɢ ........................................................69

4.2.3. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɜɟɧɬɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤ............................................71

4.2.4. Ɋɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤ ɞɥɢɧɧɨ-ɢɫɤɪɨɜɨɣ..................................................71

4.2.5. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ...........................................78

4.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ..........................80

4.4. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɨ-ɫɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ Ɉɉɇ ..............81

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5. ɆɈɇɌȺɀ ɈȻɈɊɍȾɈȼȺɇɂə ɉɈȾɋɌȺɇɐɂɃ ........................84

5.1. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ...............................................................84

5.1.1. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ....................................................84

5.1.2. ɏɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ..................................................86

5.1.3. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ......................................................88

5.1.4. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɭɡɥɨɜ

ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ......................................................................89

5.1.5. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ,

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɛɟɡ ɦɚɫɥɚ ................................................92

5.1.6. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ..................................................94

5.2. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ................95

5.2.1. ɒɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ..................................95

5.2.2. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ...................................................97

5.2.3 ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ

ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ................98

5.2.4. Ɂɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.......................................................99

5.2.5. Ɇɨɧɬɚɠ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ .....101

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6. ɗɄɋɉɅɍȺɌȺɐɂə ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɈȻɈɊɍȾɈȼȺɇɂə...................105

6.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ........................105

6.2. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ

ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.......................108

6.3. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ...........................112

6.4. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ....................................113

6.4.1. Ɉɫɦɨɬɪ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ....................................................113

6.4.2. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ......................................114

6.4.3. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ .................................116

6.4.4. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ..........................119

6.4.5. ɏɪɨɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ

ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɥɟ .................................................125

6.4.6. Ɋɟɦɨɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ.....................................................127

6.4.7. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ..........................................................130

6.4.8. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ...........132

170

6.5. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ....133

6.5.1. Ɉɫɦɨɬɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ...........................133

6.5.2. ɒɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ................................135

6.5.3. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ.................................................136

6.5.4. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ .......................................139

6.5.5. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.................................................142

6.5.6. Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ..............................143

6.5.7. Ɂɚɡɟɦɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.....................................................145