Jones D.S.J., Pujado P.R. Handbook of Petroleum Processing
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1347
gave the basic economic trend for this configuration and also described the yields of
major products for each parametric case.
The charts shown are meant only as an example and the figures are fictitious or have
been purposely deleted. However, it can be seen that Fig. E.3 describes the result in
terms of the processes that must be built to satisfy the premise. Figure E.4 shows
why such a configuration is the optimum, and what the ultimate product slate would
look like. Such a chart also gives the client’s management an opportunity to assess
quickly the effect of changing a basic premise such as maximum return on investment
or minimum capital investment.
Bibliography
1. Hearn. J.: “GAMMA—A General Description”, Bonner and Moore Publication. Document
C 139–1.
2. Hearn. J.: “GAMMA Primer”, Bonner and Moore Publication. Document M G1-1.
3. Romberg, F. A.: “OMEGA—A General Description”, Bonner and Moore Publication, Doc-
ument C 74–2.
4. Romberg, F. A.: “Dart Systems for Larger Computers”, Bonner and Moore Publication.
Document C 55–2.
5. Romberg, F. A.: “Dart 2—A General Description”, Bonner and Moore Publication. Docu-
ment C 53–2.
Index
Abel flash points, 718, 1071
Absorption units, 1071
Acid gases, 417
Acid rain, 636
Air coolers and condensers, 1016, 1072
Air pollutants, 64
Alkane isomerization, 400
Alkylate properties, 370
Alkylation, 56, 357, 1075
Amine absorbers, 430, 1081
Amine solvents, 1077
Amine stripper, 429
Amine treating, 417
Amine units, 1080
Amines handling, 681
Ammonia (anhydrous), 1082
Anhydrous hydrofluoric (HF) acid, 1072
API codes, 1083
API gravity, 7, 24, 1084
API separator, 567, 625, 672
Aqueous wastes, 611, 1138
Arithmetic progressions, 873
Aromatics production, 508, 1084
Ash content, 1085
ASME, 1085
Asphalt, 62, 494, 1085
Asphalt blowing, 498
Asphalt oxidation, 496
Assay, 6, 1087
ASTM, 1088
ASTM D1159 test–bromine number, 733
ASTM D1266 test–sulfur content, 735
ASTM D1298 test–density, specific gravity, 715
ASTM D1322 test–smoke point (kerosene and
jet fuels), 727
ASTM D156 test–distillation of atmospheric gas
oils, 717
ASTM D1837 test–LPG volatility, 726
ASTM D189 test–Conradson carbon residue, 731
ASTM D323 test–Reid vapor pressure, 724
ASTM D446 test–kinematic viscosity, 721
ASTM D56 test–tag closed cup (Abel) flash
point, 718
ASTM D86 test–distillation of naphthas and
kerosenes, 716
ASTM D93 test–Pensky-Marten closed cup
flash point, 718
ASTM D97 test–pour and cloud points, 720
ASTM distillation, 10, 716
Atmospheric distillation, 28, 111, 1089
Atmospheric emissions, 631
Atmospheric pollution, 631
Average rate of interest, 875
Aviation turbine fuel specifications, 708
Axial compressors, 954
Barrels of oil, 1091
Base lube oils, 1092
Benfield process, 423
Bimetallic catalysts, 218, 233
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 613
Bitumen, 1092
Bitumen oxidizer, 512
Blending facilities, 542
Blowdown and slops, 553
Boiling points, 1092
Boiling ranges, 1092
Bottom of the barrel, 447
Bpsd and bpcd, 1091
Bright stock lubes, 61, 484, 1092
1349
1350 INDEX
Bromine number, 1093
Bubble point, 1093
Burners, 1051, 1095, 1171
Capital cost estimates, 775
Capitalized construction period loan interest, 1132
Catalyst diesengagement, in FCC units, 253
Catalyst regeneration in FCC units, 256
Catalytic olefin condensation, 373
Catalytic reforming, 31, 55, 217, 1097
Caustic soda handling, 683
CCR, 218
Centrifugal compressor horsepower, 951
Centrifugal compressor specification, 968
Centrifugal compressor surge control, 963
Centrifugal compressors, 954, 1099
Centrifugal pump specification, 937
Centrifugal pumps, 924
Cetane number, 72
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 613
Clean Air Act, 631
Cloud point, 8, 21, 73, 1102
CO boilers, 263
CO combustion, 263
Coke, 1103
Coking, 450, 1104
Cold flash separator, 1106
Component balances, 1106
Compressed air systems, 1074
Compressor drives, 989
Compressors, 954
Condensers, 1025
Condensers, shell-and-tube, 1107
Cone roof tanks, 534
Conradson carbon, 260, 1113
Continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR), 218
Control valve sizing, 606
Control valves, 528, 1113
Conversion factors, 1331
Cost estimating, 1115
Cost plus contracts, 807
Crude oil, 1117
Crude oil assays, 1308 to 1329
Cut point, 9, 1119
Cyclic reforming, 218
Dearomatization process, 1119
Deasphalting process, 487, 1120
Debutanizer, 1121
Deep catalytic cracking (DCC), 272, 458
Deethanizer, 1122
Delayed coking, 450
Depropanizer, 1122
Dew point, 1122
Dewaxing process, 492
Diesel fuel, 71
Diesel fuel specifications, 712
Diethanol amine (DEA), 421
Diglycolamine (DGA), 421
Dimersol process, 391
Discounted cash flow, 784, 851
Distillate hydrocracking, 287, 1124
Distillation, 1127
Drums, 908, 1128
Dubbs process, 374, 1268
Economic analysis, introduction, 851
Economic evaluations, 1131
Edmister correlations, 1134
Effluent water treating facilities, 565, 1135, 11
End point, 10, 1144
Engineering flow diagrams, 1144
Environmental control, 611
Equilibrium flash vaporization curve, 17, 1151
FCC catalysts, 268
Feed injection systems in FCC units, 250
Finished lube oil, 484
Fire foam systems, 701
Fire prevention and fire fighting, 695
Fired heater specification, 1058
Fired heaters, 1040, 1158
Fixed fee contracts, 807
Flares, 559
Flash point, 17, 29, 73, 718, 1160
Flash zone, 1161
Flexicoking, 452
Floating roof tanks, 535
Flow resistance of valves and fittings, 1300
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), 33, 56, 239, 1153
Fractionation, 1161
Fractionation towers, 878
Fractionation trays, 878
Friction loss for viscous liquids, 1291–1299
Fuel oil specifications, 713
Furfural extraction, 490
Furfural handling, 687
Gaps and overlaps, 1166
Gas oil, 58, 1167
Gas oil cracking, 250
Gas oil specifications, 711
INDEX 1351
Gas sweetening, 417
Gas treating, 36, 1168
Gasoline, 63, 1167
Gasoline quality specifications, 707
Geometric progressions, 873
Grids, 1169
Guarantee test runs, 829
Handling of hazardous materials, 675
Hazardous materials, 675
Heat exchangers, 999, 1173
Heat of combustion of fuel gases, 1068
Heat of combustion of fuel oils, 1067
Heat transfer, 1002
Heated storage tanks, 537
Heater efficiencies, 1172
Heaters, 1040, 1170
Heavy oil cracking, 1178
Heptenes, 385, 386
HF alkylation, 360, 1075
Hot and cold flash separators, 1185
Hot potassium carbonate process, 423
Hydraulic analysis, 1187
Hydrocodimers, 383
Hydrocracking, 34, 287, 1193
Hydrocracking catalyst deactivation, 306
Hydrocracking catalyst regeneration, 308
Hydrocracking catalysts, 298
Hydrocracking reactors, 308
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) handling, 675
Hydrogen, 1201
Hydrogen sulfide handling, 690
Hydrotreating, 32, 321, 1202
Hydrotreating catalyst activation, 341
Hydrotreating catalysts, 336
Hydrotreating reactors, 345
i-Components (isomers), 1212
Immediate oxygen demand (IOD), 615
Impeller speeds in pumps, 1213
InAlk process, 393
Indices, 1214
Initial boiling points (IBP), 1214
Instrumentation, 1215
Internals, 1215
Ipatieff, V.N., 374
Isomerization, 400, 1216
Isomerization catalysts, 404
Jet fuels, 708, 1218
Jetties and docks, 549, 1219
K factor, 1274
Kerosene, 57
Kerosene specifications, 708, 1224
Kettle reboilers, 1030
Kinematic viscosity, 1221
Leaded gasolines, 1221
Light ends 191, 1229
Linear programming, 1223, 1333
LMTD correction factors, 1066
Loan repayment, 871
LPG specifications, 706
Lube base stock, 484
Lube oil extraction, 490
Lube oil refinery, 483
Lube oils, 40, 1224
Lube slate, 484
Lump sum contracts, 807
Marine terminals, 549
Mass spectrometry, 1225
Material balances, 1226
Mechanical flow diagram (MFD), 1147, 1226
MEK dewaxing, 492
Mercaptan oxidation, 623
Merox process, 1263
Metals in crude oils, 1226
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) handling, 693
Mid boiling points, 10, 1227
Monoethanol amine (MEA), 417
Mortgage formula, 871
Motor fuel alkylation, 355
Naphtha, 1227
Naphtha hydrotreater, 221
Naphtha isomerization, 400
Naphtha splitter, 1260
Naphthenic lube oils, 484
Net present value, 866, 1118
Neutral lubes, 484
Noise pollution, 646
Nonenergy refineries, 1228
Nonenes, 388
Octane numbers, 7, 1229
Offsites, 533, 1230
Olefin condensation, 373
Olefins, 1235
Operating manual, 822
Overflash, 1236
Oxygenated gasolines, 37
1352 INDEX
Packed towers, 898, 1236
Paraffin isomerization, 401
Paraffinic lube oils, 484
Par-Isom process, 411
Penex process, 407, 410
Petrochemical refinery, 508
Petrochemicals, 47
PetroFCC, 275
Petroleum coke, 60
Planning refinery operations, 1237
Plant commissioning, 822, 1238
Platforming process, 217, 233
Polymer gasoline, 379
Pour point, 8, 21, 73, 1240
Predicting product properties, 1240
Preheat exchangers, 1242
Pressure relief valves, 590
Pressurized tanks, 536
Process configurations, 1244
Process equipment, 877
Process flow diagram (PFD), 1145
Process guarantee (example), 844
Process guarantees, 1242
Process specification (example), 842
Product blending, 1245
Product streams, 52
Project duty specifications, 1245
Project execution, 799
Pulsation drums or pots, 1131
Pump drivers, 946
Pump performance, 934
Pumparounds, 1246
Pumps, 924, 1247
Quality control, 705
Reboilers, 1029, 1249
Reciprocating compressor controls, 979
Reciprocating compressor specification, 982
Reciprocating compressors, 954, 1250
Reciprocating pumps, 925
Refineries, 1251
Refinery compressed air system, 585
Refinery configuration (example), 76
Refinery control systems, 521
Refinery economic analysis, 752
Refinery fuel gas, 1167
Refinery fuel systems, 570
Refinery planning, 739
Refinery safety, 587
Refinery water systems, 575
Reflux drums, 523
Reformate properties, 223
Reforming catalysts, 227
Reforming reactions, 224
Reformulated gasolines, 1252
Reid vapor pressure, 1253
Relief valve sizing, 606
Relief valves, 1253
Rerefined base stocks, 484
Resid cracking, 258
Residues, 1257
Residuum hydrocracking, 469
Road and rail loading facilities, 545
Rotary compressors, 955
Rotary pumps, 925
Safety systems, 1257
Saybolt seconds (SSU), 485
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 1000
Side stream stripping, 1258
Sinking funds, 871
Smog, 634
Soak volume, 453, 1259
Solid phosphoric acid (SPA), 375
Sour water stripper design, 667
Sour water strippers, 617
SPA catalysts, 375
Specific gravity test, 715
Specific gravity vs. temperature, 1302
Speciifc gravity, 1259
Sponge coke specifications, 714
Stacks, 1260
Steam and condensate systems, 569, 1268
Steam turbines, 950
Storage facilities, 533
Storm ponds, 628
Stratco sulfuric acid alkylation, 366
Suction head (NPSH), 932
Sulfide oxidation, 621
Sulfinol process, 424
Sulfur content, 8, 18, 1264
Sulfur removal, 1262
Sulfur specifications, 711
Sulfuric acid alkylation, 364, 1077
Surge volume, 522
Tank heaters, 602
Tar, 1264
Tar sands, 1265
Tetraethyl lead, 1266
Thermal cracking, 34, 448, 1266
INDEX 1353
Thermal reforming, 1269
Thermofor, 1269
Thermosyphon reboilers, 1030
Topping, 1269
Tower fractionation, 1270
Triethanol amine (TEA), 417
True boiling point (TBP) curve, 6,
1273
UOP K, 1274
Urea dewaxing, 1275
Utility systems, 568
Vacuum distillation, 30, 111, 169, 1275
Vessels, 877
Virgin base lube oils, 484
Visbreaking, 449, 1276
Viscosity, 8, 19, 73, 1277
Viscosity index, 486
Viscosity vs. temperature, 1301
Waste disposal, 552, 1278
Water systems, 1280
Watson characterization factor, 1274
Xylene isomerization, 509
Xylenes, 1281
Z factor, 1282
Zeolite catalysts, 1283