Jan Lindhe. Clinical Periodontology
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INDEX • 1037
histopathology
(coutd)
cysts, 313, 314, 315-16
focal fibrous hyperplasia, 299
gingivitis, 155-7, 200
granulomas, 301, 302
malignant neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues, 311,
312
malignant neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues, 309,
310
necrotizing periodontal disease, 250-51
periapical cemental dysplasia, 303
periodontal abscesses, 261-2 symptoms
of periodontal disease, 403
Histoplasma capsulatum,
275
histoplasmosis, 275
HIV infection and AIDS, 107, 571
implants, 854
Kaposi's sarcoma and, 310
linear gingival erythema (LGE) and, 274
periodontal disease and, 68, 134 chronic periodontitis, 212
necrotizing periodontal disease, 244, 252, 253-4, 256
hoes, 433
hormonal changes, 179, 183-8
chronic periodontitis and, 212
contraceptives, 187-8
hormone replacement therapy, 68, 186, 187
menopause, 179, 183, 186-7, 212
menstruation, 184, 202
pregnancy, 179, 183, 184-6, 201-2
puberty, 179, 183, 184, 202
humoral immune response, 169-70
hydrogen peroxide, 474
hydroxyapatite, 665-6, 826
hygiene,
see
oral hygiene
hyperplasia
focal fibrous, 298-300
gingival, 204, 275-6
hypersensitivity
root dentin, 341-4, 651
to antibiotics, 500
see also
allergic reactions
hypertension, 537
immune system, 154-5, 163, 164, 165-75
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 206-7
adaptive defense system, 169-75 aggressive
periodontitis and, 226, 228-30, 235-7
cell mediated immune response, 170-71
chronic periodontitis and, 212 diabetes
mellitus and, 182-3 humoral immune
response, 169-70 innate defense system,
165-9, 172, 175 necrotizing periodontal
disease and, 253 overcoming host defense
mechanisms, 137
protective role, 172
regulation processes, 172-5
specific antibody responses, 172
tobacco smoking and, 190-91
implants, 809-18, 821
angulated abutments, 970
anterior single-tooth replacement, 917-18, 919-31
basic concepts, 915-18, 945-50
bone regeneration adjacent to, 879
cantilever units, 952-4
cemented multiple-unit posterior implant prostheses,
968-70
clinical applications, 965-75
clinical reality, 817-18
combination of implant and natural tooth support, 954
development, 809-10
distally shortened arch, 950-57
early tissue response, 810-13
esthetics of, 766-8, 915-40
excessive load, 1014
failures, 1014
future, 818
high-strength all-ceramic implant restorations, 970-71
immediately after extraction of teeth, 853, 879-80, 889
-92, 975-6
impressions, 968
indications for, 947-50
load carrying, 945-76
excessive load, 1014
maintenance, 1024-9
cumulative interceptive supportive therapy (CIST),
1026-9
diagnostic process, 1024-6
goals, 1024
mechanical and biologic viewpoints, 813-17
mucositis, 1014, 1015-16
multiple-unit anterior fixed implant restorations, 931-4
multiple-unit tooth-bound posterior implant restora-
tions, 958-61
orthodontics and, 766-8, 971-5
anchoring, 1004-12
peri-implantitis, 1015, 1016-19
microbiology, 1020-21
treatment, 1019-20
posterior single-tooth replacement, 961-5
radiography and, 838-50
postoperative, 847-50
preoperative, 838-47, 855
rehabilitation and, 980-1003
cross-arch bridge restoration, 991-6
fixed restorations on implants and teeth, 984-7
restoration of mandible function, 980-83
restoration of maxilla function, 987-90
solving restorative problems during maintenance
therapy, 997-1002
solving root fracture problems, 1002-3
scalloped implant design, 936
screw-retained implant restorations, 965-8
segmented fixed implant restorations, 936
sites with extended horizontal deficiencies, 925-8, 934,
954-5
sites with limited vertical bone volume, 964 sites
with localized horizontal deficiencies, 925 sites
with major vertical tissue loss, 928-31, 934
sites without significant tissue deficiencies, 921-5, 932-4
surgery, 852-63
abutment selection, 863
bone drilling, 858-9
cortical stabilization, 861-2
flap design, 857-S
healing time, 862-3
implant direction, 860-61
implant position, 859-60
implant selection, 862
preoperative examination, 852-7
1038 • INDEX
implants
(contd)
titanium, 821-8, 829, 879
transmucosal attachment, 829-37
normal peri-implant mucosa, 829-36
probing gingiva and peri-implant mucosa, 836-7
impressions, 968
inferior alveolar nerve, 48
inflammation
assessment of, 51
periodontopathogens and inflammatory reaction, 163,
175
inflammatory cells, 11, 21
inflammatory paraental cysts, 314
infrabony pockets, 752-4
infraorbital nerve, 48
initial therapy,
see
cause-related therapy
initial treatment plan, 416-17
innate defense system, 165-9, 172, 175
instruments
scaling and root planing, 433-41
hand, 433-9
laser, 441
reciprocating, 440-41
rotating, 439-40
ultrasonic and sonic, 439
surgical, 540-43
interdental cleaning, 454-7, 465, 466
interproximal brushes, 455-7
intrabony defects, guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 674-
83
intraseptal artery, 43
intrusion of single teeth, 759-62
irrigation devices, 457, 470, 481
irritation fibroma, 298
Kaposi's sarcoma, 310
keratinocytes, 11, 12, 14, 15
keratocysts, 314-15
Klebsellia
oxytoca,
121
Klebsellia
pneumoniae,
107, 121
knives, surgical, 541-2
Lactobacillus
spp.,
319
lactoferrin, 165, 169
lamina propria, 19-24
cells, 19-21
regenerative capacity, 658
fibers, 21-3
matrix, 23-4
Langerhans cells, 11, 12, 170, 175
Langerhans cell disease, 311-12
laser instruments, 441
lateral periodontal cysts, 313-14
Legionella pneumophilia,
107
leukemia, 203, 212, 250, 287-9, 538
leukocytes
endothelial cells and, 169
polymorphonuclear (PMN), 21, 167-9, 175, 182, 191, 212
lichen planus, 275, 277-80, 854
lidocaine, 538-9
linear gingival erythema (LGE), 274-5
lining mucosa, 5
liver insufficiency, 514
load carrying implants, 945-76
excessive load, 1014
local anesthesia, 538-40
localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP), 58, 60-61, 217-18,
234, 235, 502-3
long sphenopalatine nerve, 48
loss of teeth
dental caries and, 61
periodontal abscesses and, 266
periodontal disease and, 61, 213
risk assessment and, 791
lungs
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 380
see also
respiratory infections
lupus erythematosus (LE), 284
lymphatic system
necrotizing periodontal disease and, 246, 248
periodontium, 47
lymphocyte signaling cytokines, 167
lymphocytes, 21
lymphogranulomatosis, 538
lymphoma, malignant, 310
macrophages, 20
maintenance
implants, 1024-9
cumulative interceptive supportive therapy (CIST),
1026-9
diagnostic process, 1024-6
goals, 1024
see also
supportive periodontal therapy (SPT)
malnutrition
chronic periodontitis, 212
gingivitis and, 202-3
necrotizing periodontal disease and, 254
mandible function restoration, 980-83
mast cells, 19-20
masticatory mucosa, 5 see also
gingiva
matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), 166
maxilla function restoration, 987-90
medication
chronic periodontitis and, 212, 213
drug induced mucocutaneous disorders, 284-6
gingivitis and, 203-5
implants and, 855
melanocytes, 11, 14
membrane barriers, grafting procedures and, 601-3
menopause, 179, 183, 186-7, 212
menstruation, 184, 202
mental nerve, 48
mepivacaine, 538-9
Merkel's cells, 11, 12
mesiodital enamel reduction, 771-2
metal salts, 474
metastatic tumors, 309
metronidazole, 499, 500, 501, 503, 504-5, 566-8, 571
microbiology;
see
bacteria
mineralization of dental
calculus, 100, 101
minocycline, 504
mobility of implants, 1026
mobility of teeth, 731-43, 793-4
assessment of, 409
clinical
assessment, 733-4
initial and secondary, 731-3
treatment, 734-43
modified flap operation, 524
INDEX • 1039
motion tomography, 842
mouthrinses, 466, 470, 478
mucogingival junction/line, 6, 8
mucogingival therapy, 576—644
crown lengthening procedures, 619-30
ectopic tooth eruption, 628—30
excessive gingival display, 619-22
exposure of sound tooth structure, 622—8
deformed edentulous ridge, 630—44
correction of ridge defects with soft tissue grafts,
631—44
prevention of soft tissue collapse following tooth ex-
traction, 630—31
gingival augmentation, 577—92
healing after, 589—92
indications for, 586—7
procedures, 587—9
interdental papilla reconstruction, 616—19
root coverage procedures, 592—616
clinical outcome, 610—16
grafting procedures, 597—610
healing after, 613—16
mucositis, 1014, 1015—16
multiple sclerosis, 538
multiple-unit anterior fixed implant restorations, 931—4
multiple-unit tooth-bound posterior implant restorations,
958—61
Mycobacterium chelonae,
269
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
106, 107
myocardial infarction, 537
necrotizing periodontal disease, 243—57
clinical characteristics, 244—9
acute and recurrent forms, 249
development of lesions, 244
fever and malaise, 248
interproximal craters, 244, 246
involvement of alveolar mucosa, 246
oral hygiene, 248—9
sequestrum formation, 246 swelling
of lymph nodes, 246, 248 diagnosis,
249—50
histopathology, 250—51
microbiology, 251—3
nomenclature, 243
predisposing factors, 253—5
prevalence, 243—4
treatment, 255—7
acute phase, 255—7
maintenance phase, 257
necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG/ANUG), 108-9,
110, 111, 130, 189, 205—7, 243
Neisseria gonorrhea,
269
Neisseria meningitidis,
106
neoplasia, see tumors
nerves
gingiva, 48, 49
periodontium, 48—9
Neumann flap, 522—3
neutrophil collagenase, 166
neutrophilic granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes),
21, 167—9, 175, 182, 191, 212
nevus, 304
non-specific plaque hypothesis, 82, 110
nutritional deficiencies,
see
malnutrition
occlusal therapy, 731—43
occlusion
trauma from, 352—65
clinical symptoms, 731
definitions and terminology, 352
furcation involvement and, 712
jiggling-type trauma, 359-64
orthodontic trauma, 356—9
orthodontics and, 763—6
octopenol, 475
odontogenic keratocysts, 314—15
odontogenic tumors
peripheral, 305—6
squamous, 307—8
oestrogen (estrogen), 183, 186, 187
opportunistic infections, 82
oral epithelium, 8—15
oral hygiene, 82, 150, 189, 201, 213—14, 788—9
adjunctive aids, 457—9
allergic reaction to materials, 286—7
antiseptics, 464—87
agents, 471-5
approaches, 468-9
chlorhexidine, 473, 475, 476—81, 506
clinical trial design, 485—7
evaluation of, 481—5
history, 466—7
rationale for, 467—8
vehicles for delivery, 469—71
brushing, 450—53, 465—6
electric toothbrushes, 453, 466
frequency and effectiveness, 452—3
interproximal brushes, 455—7
methods, 451—2
toothbrush wear and replacement, 453
contraindication to surgery of poor oral hygiene, 537
effects of incorrect use of devices, 459 effects on
microbiota, 569—70
healing after cause-related therapy and, 441—2, 443
instruction and motivation, 459—61 interdental
cleaning, 454—7, 465, 466
necrotizing periodontal disease and, 248—9, 254, 255, 257
orthodontics and, 749, 751
postsurgical care, 550, 553—5
root coverage procedure outcome and, 611
status, 412
supragingival plaque removal, 450—61
trauma from, 289—91, 459, 579, 580 oral
mucosa, 5
see also
gingiva
organ transplantation as contraindication for surgery, 537—8
ornidazole, 499
orofacial granulomatosis, 287
orthodontics, 744—78
in adults with periodontal tissue breakdown, 744—52
esthetic finishing of treatment results, 751
legal aspects, 752
orthodontic treatment considerations, 748—51
possibilities and limitations, 752 retention,
751—2
chlorhexidine use and, 480
esthetics and, 751, 766—8
extrusion of single teeth, 756—9
gingival recession and, 583—6, 768—72
1040 • INDEX
orthodontics
(contd)
interdental recession, 771-2
labial recession, 768-71
implants and, 766-8, 971-5
anchoring, 1004-12
intrusion of single teeth, 759-62 minor
surgery associated with, 772-8
molar uprighting with furcation involvement, 766
regenerative procedures and, 762-3
specific factors
associated with, 752-68
tooth movement into compromised bone areas, 754-6
tooth movement into infrabony pockets, 752-4
tooth movement through cortical bone, 756
trauma from, 356-9
traumatic occlusion and, 763-6
osseointegrated implants,
see
implants
osseous surgery, 534
ostectomy, 534
osteoblasts, 21, 39, 40, 866
osteoclasts, 41
osteocytes, 38-9, 40, 858, 866
osteopenia, 68
osteoplasty, 534
osteoporosis, 68, 186-7, 212, 853, 855
osteoradionecrosis, 854
osteosarcoma, 311
oxygenating agents, 474
oxytalan fibers, 22
ozena, 513
pain
local anesthesia, 538-40
postoperative, 539, 550
palatal implants, 1011-12
pancreatic insufficiency, 514
papilla, 6-7
interdental gingival recession, 771-2
papilla preservation flap, 530-31
reconstruction, 616-19
papilloma, 304-5
papillomavirus, 121, 304
Parkinson's disease, 538
pemphigoid, 280-82
pemphigus vulgaris, 282-3
penicillins, 499, 500
Peptostreptococcus micros,
107, 120, 127, 129, 134, 262, 266,
319, 1020
perforated roots, 328-9
periapical cemental dysplasia, 302-3
peri-implant plaque, 98
peri-
implantitis, 1015, 1016-19
microbiology, 1020-21
treatment, 1019-20
periodontal disease, 82
abscesses, 240-66, 333
adult, 54-7
aggressive,
sec
aggressive periodontitis
children/adolescents, 57-61
chronic, see chronic periodontitis
combined endodontic and periodontal lesions, 346-7
composition of dental plaque and, 127-9 development
and progression, 150-63, 175
initiation, 150-55
prerequisites for, 132-5
stages, 155-63
diagnosis, 410-12, 416
aggressive periodontitis, 233-7
necrotizing periodontal disease, 249-50
periodontal abscesses, 262-4
examination of patients, 50-52, 403-13, 798
alveolar bone, 409-10
diagnosis of periodontal lesions, 410-12
gingiva, 404-6
oral hygiene status, 412
periodontal ligament and root cementum, 406-9
genetics and, 387-97
aggressive periodontitis, 231-2, 237, 388
chronic periodontitis, 213, 388
cytokine gene polymorphisms, 392-6
evidence, 388-90
FCy gene polymorphisms, 396-7
gene modification, 392
major gene associated with, 392
twin model, 388-90
host-parasite interactions, 163-76
diabetes mellitus and, 182-3
influence
on condition of pulp, 339-40
microbiology, sec bacteria
necrotizing periodontal disease, 243-57
non-specific plaque hypothesis, 82, 110
orthodontics and, 744-52
prevention, 782-4
risk factors, 61-70, 387
chronic periodontitis, 211-13
diabetes mellitus, 67-8, 134-5, 180-83, 791
HIV infection, 68
hormonal changes, 179, 183-8
longitudinal studies, 68-70
multiple factors, 61, 63-4
other factors, 68
patients at risk without supportive therapy, 784-5
tobacco smoking, 64-7, 70, 135, 189-92, 792
screening, 415-16
aggressive periodontitis, 221-5
similarity to
other infectious diseases, 106-7
symptoms, 403-4
systemic disease and, 70-73, 74, 366-83
aggressive periodontitis, 234
atherosclerosis,
70-72, 370, 375 cardiovascular disease, 70-
72, 370-76, 382-3
chronic periodontitis, 212-13
diabetes mellitus, 67-8, 73, 134-5, 180-83, 212, 378-80
gingivitis, 203
history of belief that oral infection caused systemic
disease, 366-7
necrotizing periodontal disease, 253-4
periodontal abscesses, 266
preterm birth,
72-3, 376-8, 381-2
respiratory
infections, 380-81
risk concept, 367-70
tooth loss and, 61, 213
trauma from occlusion and plaque-associated periodon
tal
disease, 352-65
unique features, 107-8
Periodontal Disease Index, 51, 57
Periodontal Index, 51
periodontal ligament, 3, 27-31, 46, 49, 166
examination of patients, 406-9
regenerative capacity of cells, 659
periodontal plastic surgery, see mucogingival therapy
INDEX • 1041
periodontium
anatomy, 3—49
blood supply, 43—6
embryonic development, 3—5, 24, 34, 37
endodontic lesions in marginal periodontium, 323—6
impact of endodontic treatment on, 326—33
influence of pathologic conditions in the pulp on the
periodontium, 319—24
lymphatic system, 47
nerves, 48-9
root cementum, 3, 31—4
see also
alveolar bone; gingiva; periodontal ligament
peripheral giant cell granuloma, 301—2
peripheral inflammatory root resorption (PIRR), 337—8
peripheral odontogenic tumors, 305—6
peroxyborate, 474
peroxycarbonate, 474
phenols, 473—4
phenytoin sodium (epinutin), 203, 204
picks, 455
planning treatment, 414—31
additional (corrective) therapy, 420—22
case presentation, 418—19
case reports, 422—31
diagnosis, 416
implants, 857
initial (cause-related) therapy, 414, 419
initial treatment plan, 416—17
re-evaluation, 419—22
screening for periodontal disease, 415—16
single tooth risk assessment, 417—18
supportive therapy, 415, 422
Plaque Index, 51
plaque,
see
atheromatic plaque; dental plaque
plasma cells, 21
plastic surgery,
see
mucogingival therapy
pneumonia, 380
polymers, 666
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, 21, 167—9, 175, 182,
191, 212
polyvinylmethyl ether maleic acid, 473
Porphyrornonas endodontalis,
513
Porphyromonas gingivalis,
64, 66, 70, 71, 73, 82, 107, 113, 116
—
17, 126, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 164, 166,
169, 172, 182, 319, 375, 389, 494, 497, 681
aggressive periodontitis and, 217, 227—8, 235
antibiotics and, 499, 502
breath malodor (halitosis) and, 513
coronary heart disease and, 375—6
effects of therapy on, 563, 564, 565, 568, 571
linear gingival erythema (LGE) and, 274
peri-implantitis and, 1020
periodontal abscesses, 262
pregnancy complications and, 377
posterior single-tooth replacement, 961—5
posterior superior dental nerve, 48
postnasal drip, 513
postoperative pain, 539, 550
postsurgical care, 550
povidone iodine, 475
pregnancy, 179, 183, 184—6, 201—2
periodontal disease and complications in, 72—3, 376—8,
381—2
preterm birth, periodontal disease and, 72—3, 376—8, 381—2
preventive measures
implant maintenance, 1026—9
periodontal disease, 782—4
Prevotella
spp.,
319
P.
intermedia,
64, 107, 119, 127, 134, 135, 136, 137, 182,
184, 185, 375, 389
aggressive periodontitis and,
225, 227
antibiotics and, 502
breath malodor (halitosis) and, 513
effects of therapy on, 563, 565, 571
linear gingival erythema (LGE) and, 274
necrotizing periodontal disease and, 252
peri-implantitis and, 1020
periodontal abscesses, 262
P.
loeschii,
513
P.
melaninogenica,
135, 137, 262
P.
nigrescens,
107, 119, 127
prilocaine, 538—9
primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (PHG), 249—50, 270—72
progesterone, 183, 185, 187
proinflammatory cytokines, 167
prostaglandins, 167
proteinase inhibitors, 166
proteinases, 165—6
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
121, 380
psychological diseases, 854
puberty, 179, 183, 184, 202
pulp, 318
furcation involvement and, 711
influence of pathologic conditions in the pulp on the
periodontium, 319—24
influence of periodontal disease on condition of, 339—40
influence of periodontal treatment measures on, 340—44
necrosis, 319—23
pus, 795
pyogenic granuloma, 301
pregnancy, 185, 202
quaternary ammonium compounds, 473
cetylpyridinium chloride, 471, 473
race, necrotizing periodontal disease and, 255
radicular cysts, 315—16
radiography, 838—50
aggressive periodontitis, 223—4
alveolar bone, 52, 409—10
assessment of periodontal regeneration, 652
basic principles, 838
digital intraoral radiography, 850
evaluation of periodontal disease progression, 796
furcation involvement diagnosis, 711
implant
maintenance, 1025—6
intraoral and panoramic, 838—40
periodontally compromised patient, 838
postoperative, 847—50
preoperative evaluations, 838—47, 855—6
root resorption, 334, 335
symptoms of periodontal disease, 403
radiotherapy, 309, 854
recall system, compliance with, 787—8
reciprocating instruments, 440—41
reduced dental epithelium, 16
refractory periodontitis, antibiotic therapy, 502
regenerative therapy, 650—95
access therapy, 531
1042 • INDEX
regenerative therapy
(contd)
furcation defects, 683-9, 723-6
indications, 650-51
orthodontics and, 762-3
procedures, 651, 661-9
reliability of assessments of regeneration, 652
wound healing, 652-61
see also
guided tissue regeneration (GTR)
rehabilitation
implants and, 980-1003
cross-arch bridge restoration, 991-6
fixed restorations on implants and teeth, 984-7
restoration of mandible function, 980-83
restoration of maxilla function, 987-90
solving restorative problems during maintenance
therapy, 997-1002
solving root fracture problems, 1002-3
renal insufficiency, 275, 514
respiratory infections
breath malodor (halitosis) and, 513
periodontal disease and, 380-81
rete pegs, 10
reticulin fibers, 22
rheumatic endocarditis, 537
ridge augmentation, 631-44, 767-8, 880-83, 885-9, 897-913
risk, 367-70
assessment process, 62-3
single tooth risk assessment, 417-18
continuous multilevel risk assessment, 787-97
periodontal disease risk factors, 61-70, 387
chronic periodontitis, 211-13
diabetes mellitus, 67-8, 134-5, 180-83, 791
HIV infection, 68
hormonal changes, 179, 183-8
longitudinal studies, 68-70
multiple factors, 61, 63-4
other factors, 68
patients at risk without supportive therapy, 784-5
tobacco smoking, 64-7, 70, 135, 189-92, 792
roll flap
procedure, 633-4
roots
coverage procedures, 592-616
clinical outcome, 610-16
grafting procedures, 597-610, 613-16
healing after, 613-16
dentin hypersensitivity, 341-4, 651
endodontic lesions, 318, 323-6
fractures, 201, 330-33, 1002-3
impact of endodontic treatment on periodontium, 326-
33
perforations, 328-9
periodontal abscesses and root morphology alterations,
261
resorption, 201, 333-9, 659, 660-61
clinical manifestations, 334-5
external inflammatory resorption (EIRR), 337, 339
forms of, 335-9
mechanisms, 333-4
peripheral inflammatory resorption (PIRR), 337-8
replacement resorption, 336
surface, 336
treatment, 338
root cementum, 3, 31-4
examination of patients, 406-9
scaling and planing, 240-41, 432-41, 563, 712
separation and resection (RSR), 344, 714-23
surface conditioning/biomodification, 546 50, 667-8
surface instrumentation, 545-6
see also
furcation involvement
rotating instruments, 439-40
rotational flap procedures, 597
Salmonella typhi,
107
sanguinarine, 474, 475
scalers, 542
scaling and root planing, 240-41, 432-41, 563, 712
scalloped implant design, 934-6
screening
periodontal disease, 415-16
aggressive periodontitis, 221-5
screw-retained implant restorations, 965-8
scurvy, 202-3
segmented fixed implant restorations, 936
Selenomonas
spp., 121, 252
self-inflicted injuries, 291
semilunar coronally repositioned flap, 597-8, 600
sequestrum formation in necrotizing periodontal disease,
246
Shigella dysenteriae,
107
sickles, 433
single tooth risk assessment, 417-18
sleep patterns, 254
smoking,
see
tobacco smoking
sodium chlorites, 475
sodium
lauryl sulphate, 474
sonic
instruments, 439
sounding, 410
specific plaque hypothesis, 82
spirochetes, 108, 110, 111, 118-19
sprays, 470, 479
squamous cell carcinoma, 308-9
squamous odontogenic tumor, 307-8
staining, chlorhexidine and, 477-8
Staphylococcus
spp., 1021
S. aureus,
380, 471
S. epidermidis, 82
steroid medication, 855
stitches/suturing, 546-9
stomach,
see
gastro-intestinal diseases
Streptococcus spp.,
109, 121, 127, 269
S. anginosus,
121
S. constellatus,
121, 127
S. intermedius,
107, 121
S. mitis,
136
S. prreumoniae,
107, 380
S. sanguis,
71, 83, 129, 133, 136, 137, 375
S. uberis,
133
stress, 68, 213, 254
subgingival plaque, 82, 90-98
removal, 434-8
sublingual nerve, 48
superior alveolar plexus, 48
support
assessment of loss of, 51-2
see also
mobility of teeth
supportive periodontal therapy (SPT), 781-801
basic paradigms for prevention of periodontal disease,
782-4
continuous multilevel risk assessment, 787-97
in daily practice, 797-801
INDEX •
10
43
supportive periodontal therapy
(SPT)
(contd)
definitions, 781
gingivitis and, 786
implants solving restorative problems during
maintenance therapy, 997—1002
objectives, 797
patients at risk of periodontitis without SPT, 784—5
periodontitis patients, 786—7
planning, 415, 422
supragingival plaque, 82, 85—90
removal, 433, 449—61
chemical control, 464, 465—87
effects of, 568—71
importance of, 449—50
self-performed, 450—61
surgical treatment, 519—58, 576—644
anesthesia, 538—40
chronic periodontitis, 214—15
comparison with non-surgical therapy, 552—8
contraindications for, 537—8 crown lengthening
procedures, 619—30
ectopic tooth eruption, 628—30
excessive gingival display, 619—22
exposure of sound tooth structure, 622—8
deformed edentulous ridge, 630—44
correction of ridge defects with soft tissue grafts,
631—44
prevention of soft tissue collapse following tooth
extraction, 630—31
distal wedge procedures, 531—4
dressings, 549—50
flap procedures, 522—31, 544—5
furcation involvement
plasty, 712—13
root separation and resection, 714—17
tunnel preparation, 713—14
general guidelines, 535—46
gingival augmentation, 577—92
healing after, 589—92
indications for, 586—7
procedures, 587—9
gingival hyperplasia, 276
gingivectomy procedures, 520—22, 543—4, 550—51, 776—8
healing after, 550—52, 589—92, 613—16
implants, 852—63
abutment selection, 863
bone drilling, 858—9
cortical stabilization, 861—2
flap design, 857—8
healing time, 862—3
implant direction, 860–61 implant
position, 859–60
implant selection,
862
preoperative examination,
852—7
indications for, 535—7
instruments, 540—43
interdental papilla reconstruction, 616—19
necrotizing periodontal disease, 257
objectives, 535
orthodontics and, 772—8
osseous surgery, 534
outcome, 550—58
post-surgery periodontal abscesses, 261
postoperative pain, 539, 550
postoperative radiography, 847—50
postsurgical care, 550
preoperative
procedures
chlorhexidine rinsing,
480—81
examination for implants, 852—7
radiographic evaluations, 838—47, 855—6
regenerative therapy, 650—95
access therapy, 531
indications, 650—51
orthodontics and, 762—3
procedures, 651, 661—9
reliability of assessments of regeneration, 652
wound healing, 652—61
see also
guided tissue regeneration (GTR)
ridge augmentation, 631—44, 767—8, 880—83, 885—9, 897
—
913
root coverage procedures, 592—616
clinical outcome, 610—16
grafting procedures, 597—610, 613—16
healing after, 613—16
root surface conditioning/biomodification, 546—50, 667—
8
root surface instrumentation, 545—6
selection of technique, 543—5
suturing, 546—9
suturing, 546—9
symptoms
diabetes mellitus, 180
of periodontal disease, 403—4
trauma from occlusion, 731
systemic diseases
gingival lesions, 277—89
lupus erythematosus (LE), 284
periodontal disease and, 70—73, 74, 366—83
aggressive periodontitis, 234
atherosclerosis, 70—72, 370, 375
cardiovascular disease, 70—72, 370—76, 382—3
chronic periodontitis, 212—13
diabetes mellitus, 67—8, 73, 134—5, 180—83, 212, 378—80
gingivitis, 203
history of belief that oral infection caused systemic
disease, 366—7
necrotizing periodontal disease, 253—4
periodontal abscesses, 266
preterm birth, 72—3, 376—8, 381—2
respiratory infections, 380—81
risk assessment, 791—2
risk concept, 367—70
T-helper cells, 167, 170, 174
tape (floss), 454—5
tartar,
see
dental calculus
telangiectatic granuloma, 301
tetracyclines, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 505—6, 537
thermal injuries, 291
tin salts, 474
titanium implants, 821—8, 829, 879
measurement of surface topography, 821—3
surface roughness, 823—8
tobacco smoking, 179, 188—92
cessation, 192
implants, and, 854
osteoporosis and, 187
periodontal disease and, 64—7, 70, 135, 189—92
aggressive periodontitis, 232
chronic periodontitis, 211—12
1044 • INDEX
tobacco smoking
(contd)
necrotizing periodontal disease, 254—5
risk assessment, 792
surgery and, 538
tongue scrapers, 457—8, 516
toothbrusing,
see
brushing
toothpastes,
458—9, 466—7, 469—70, 479
toothpicks, 455
transmission
periodontal disease, 129—31
necrotizing
periodontal disease, 252
transmucosal attachment of implants, 829—37
normal peri-implant mucosa, 829—36
probing gingiva and peri-implant mucosa, 836—7
transplantation as contraindication for surgery, 537-8
trauma
from brushing, 459, 579, 580
from occlusion, 352—65
clinical symptoms, 731
furcation involvement and, 712
jiggling-type trauma, 359—64
orthodontic trauma, 356—9
orthodontics and, 763—6
from oral hygiene, 289—91, 459, 579, 580
gingival lesions, 289—91
treatment
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 207
aggressive periodontitis, 237—8
assessment of needs, 52
benign neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues, 307, 308
benign neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues, 303, 304,
305—6
breath malodor (halitosis), 516
cause-related therapy, 432—47
evaluation of effects, 446—7
healing after, 441—6
methods, 432—41
objectives, 432
planning, 414, 419
chronic
periodontitis, 213—15
combined endodontic and periodontal lesions, 346—7
cysts, 313, 314, 315, 316
diabetic patients, 183
during pregnancy, 186
effect on microbiota in dentogingival region, 561—72
focal fibrous hyperplasia, 300
fungal gingival lesions,
274, 275
furcation involvement, 712—26
guided tissue regeneration (GTR), 683—9, 724—6
granulomas, 301, 302
influence of periodontal treatment measures on pulp,
340—44
malignant neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues, 311, 312
malignant neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues, 309,
310
mobility of teeth, 734—43
necrotizing periodontal disease, 255—7
acute phase, 255—7
maintenance phase, 257
occlusal
therapy, 731—43
periapical
cemental dysplasia, 303
peri-implantitis, 1019—20
periodontal abscesses, 264—5
planning, 414—31
additional (corrective) therapy, 420—22
case presentation, 418—19
case reports, 422—31
diagnosis, 416
implants, 857
initial (cause-related) therapy, 414, 419
initial treatment plan, 416—17
re-evaluation, 419—22
screening for periodontal disease, 415—16
single tooth risk assessment, 417—18
supportive therapy, 415, 422
plaque induced gingivitis, 201
post-therapy periodontal abscesses, 240—41
root resection, 344
root resorption, 338
supportive therapy (SPT), 415, 422, 781—801
systemic gingival lesions, 279—80, 282, 283, 284, 287, 289
tobacco smokers, 192
viral gingival lesions, 271—2
see also
antibiotics; antiseptics; orthodontics; surgical
treatment
Trench mouth,
see
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
(
ANUG)
Treponema
spp., 107, 119, 251, 252, 262
T. dent/cola,
66, 118, 126, 129, 137, 513, 563, 564, 565
T. pallidti in,
118, 119, 269
triclosan, 473—4
tumors, 298—312
benign neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues, 306—8
benign neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues, 303—6
malignant neoplasms of periodontal hard tissues, 310
12
malignant neoplasms of periodontal soft tissues, 308—10
oral lichen planus and, 278
reactive processes of periodontal hard tissues, 302—3
reactive processes of periodontal soft tissues, 298—302
ulceration, 480
ultrasonic and sonic instruments, 439
vaccines, 109
varnishes, 470, 479
vasoconstrictors, 539
Veillonella
spp., 84
verruca vulgaris, 305
vertical root fracture, 330—33
vestibular/gingival extension procedures, 588, 589—92
Vihrio cholera,
107
Vincent's infection,
see
acute necrotizing ulcerative
gingivitis (ANUG)
viruses, 121
gingival lesions, 269—72
herpes viruses, 121, 269—72
papillomavirus, 121, 304
vitamin deficiency
chronic periodontitis and, 212
gingivitis and, 202—3
Widman flap
modified, 528, 529, 551—2
original, 522
wound healing,
see
healing
X rays,
see
radiography
zinc citrate, 473
zinc salts, 474