HRW. Issue: July 2009
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10 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
ADB issued an assessment of its aid to the energy sector program of the GMS,
which includes Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and provinces in
southeastern China.
“The evaluation found that ADB’s GMS energy program has resulted in signi cant
economic bene ts to the participating countries,” ADB said. “An important apparent
bene t of the GMS energy program has been the demonstration effect. There is clear
evidence that investor con dence in undertaking power export projects in the region
has risen strongly in recent years.”
The bank said total energy investment costs under the GMS program are US$1.7 bil-
lion, 17 percent of the total GMS project costs of US$10.3 billion. It said, to date, ADB has
provided US$185.4 million additional and concessionary assistance for the GMS energy
sector, of which 95 percent is loans and the remainder is technical assistance grants.
Three of the loans nanced construction of hydropower projects in Laos aimed at
exporting power to Thailand. They include 60-MW Nam Leuk; 210-MW Theun-
Hinboun, which is being expanded by the 280-MW Theun-Hinboun Expansion proj-
ect; and 1,070-MW Nam Theun 2.
Philippines implements renewable energy incentives
Philippines Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes signed rules May 25 implementing legislation
to encourage investments in renewable energy including hydropower and ocean energy.
The rules implement the Renewable Energy Act enacted in December, providing
tax incentives to investors in hydropower and ocean, solar, geothermal, and biomass
energy. Incentives include a seven-year income tax holiday, duty-free importation of
equipment, and a zero percent value-added tax rate for power sales.
Although a third of the Philippines’ energy mix is renewable energy, including hydro and
geothermal energy, the government plans to increase that to 40 percent over 10 years.
Reyes told a news brie ng the government hopes to attract up to US$10 billion in
renewable energy investments over the next decade. Local news reports quoted him
saying the total renewable potential of the entire country is 200,000 MW, compared to
existing generating capacity of 15,000 MW.
On-Line Report
*N/A = Not available
Project
Name
Owner Country River
Capacity
(in MW)
On-Line
Date
Service/Product Suppliers
Cost
(US$ millions)
Notes
Kopswerk 2
Vorarlberger
Illwerke AG
Austria Ill 450 May-09
ABB AG, Adams Schweig AG, Andritz Hydro,
Arge Drukstollen Kops II (Swietelsky Bau
Tunnelbau GesmbH, Torno SA, and Torno
S.p.A.), Arge Kavernenkrafthaus Kops II
(Jager Bau GmbH, Beton und Monierbau,
Zublin, and Alpine Mayreder), COWA Remsc-
heid GmbH, Hans Kunz GmbH, VAM GmbH,
VA Tech SAT GmbH & Co., Voith Hydro
545
Pumped storage
using separate
pumps and
turbines
Laxiwa
Yellow River Hydro-
power Development
Co.
China Yellow 4,200 May-09 Voith Hydro 2,200
First two of six
700-MW units
start
Masparro
Corporacion Elec-
trica Nacional
Venezuela Masparro 25 May-09 N/A* 40
Built at existing
Masparro Dam
N.Z. studies
four Clutha River
hydro options
New Zealand utility Contact
Energy invites comments on
four options to develop hy-
dropower on the Clutha Riv-
er ranging from 86 MW to
350 MW.
Contact invited comments
on a special Internet site linked
to the utility website, www.
contactenergy.co.nz. Options
include 350-MW Tuapeka
Mouth, 185-MW Beaumont,
160-MW Queensberry, and
86-MW Luggate.
“Normally, developers se-
lect a preferred project upon
which they consult with the
community,” the Contact
website said. “We don’t yet
have a preferred option -- we
want to hear people’s views
more generally and on each
of the options that we are cur-
rently reviewing.”
The utility said it wants
people to tell Contact what
they think about the possi-
bility for new hydro devel-
opment and what ideas they
might have for possible hydro
schemes. It proposes to an-
nounce a preferred option in
2010, leading to further dis-
cussion of a more clearly de-
fined proposal.
The four hydro schemes un-
der consideration were inherit-
ed by Contact Energy from its
predecessor, Electricity Corp.
of New Zealand.
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Wind-Hydro Integration
www.hydroworld.com July 2009 / HRW 13
P
ublic awareness continues to increase re-
garding the environmental effects of green-
house gas emissions. As a result of this increasing
awareness, over the past 15 years there has been
substantial development throughout the world of
new electricity generating technologies that pro-
duce fewer greenhouse gas emissions.
Wind power is now included in the electricity
systems of many developed countries. In Spain,
more t han 13,800 MW of wind power is installed,
providing about 10 percent of the country’s elec-
tricity production.
While wind power can offer signi cant nan-
cial and environmental returns, this resource does
pose many challenges. Among these is the fact that
wind is an idiosyncratic “fuel,” due to its stochastic
nature and to the fact that it is impossible to store.
This idiosyncrasy poses dif culty for managing
energy systems, with a signi cant increase in the
resources required to establish a real-time balance
between generation and demand.
There are several existing generation technolo-
gies available to rm the variability of wind capac-
ity. At Iberdrola, we believe the best operational
option is pumped storage, which is always avail-
able and provides signi cant exibility with regard
to start ups and shutdowns. Iberdrola is building
the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant
for this purpose and is investigating construction
of three additional pumped-storage plants with a
total capacity of 1,640 MW.
Iberdrola’s wind resources
Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind energy
in the world. At the end of 2008, the company
had an installed wind capacity of 9,302 MW
around the world, including 4,526 MW in Spain,
665 MW in the United Kingdom, and 2,876 MW
in the United States. These plants produce nearly
17,000 gigawatt-hours of electricity each year. In
addition, Iberdrola is investigating potential new
wind plants around the world with a total capacity
of more than 54,000 MW.
By comparison, worldwide wind capacity at the
end of 2008 was nearly 121,200 MW, with pro-
duction of 260 terawatt-hours of electricity each
year, according to the World Wind Energy As-
sociation. More than 27,200 MW of this capacity
was added in 2008, the association reports.
Challenges with wind in
an electricity system
Wind is limited in quantity and cannot be stored.
Therefore, it is important to forecast wind speed
in order to estimate future production. However,
because wind is highly variable, this production
forecast has a large margin of error.
Wind imposes special requirements on the elec-
tricity system, both in the long and short term.
Long term
Over the long term, the challenge arises from the fact
that there are periods of time during which high de-
mand coincides with a low level of wind power gen-
eration, and vice versa. For example, for wind pro-
duction by the Spanish mainland power system, the
average load level between 2005 and 2007 was about
21 percent. During this same time period, the load
factor — the ratio between the net amount of elec-
tricity generated and net output capacity — varied
Fernando Perán Montero
and Juan Pérez are
electrical engineers in the
hydropower generation
division of Iberdrola. Mr.
Perán is coordinating
the electromechanical
engineering for the 852-MW
La Muela 2 pumped-
storage plant. Mr. Pérez
formerly was a trader in
the energy management
division of Iberdrola.
Spanish utility Iberdrola is building the 852-MW La Muela 2 pumped-storage plant to help
fi rm the variability of its more than 4,200 MW of wind capacity in the country. The utility sees
pumped storage as the best option for supporting other renewables.
By Fernando Perán
Montero and
Juan J. Pérez
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14 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
The 635-MW La Muela pumped-storage plant in
Spain is being expanded with the addition of a sec-
ond powerhouse, 852-MW La Muela 2. Iberdrola an-
ticipates that this plant will begin operating in 2012
to help fi rm the variability of the utility’s extensive
wind capacity.
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #7 Visit us at Waterpower XVI, Booth 2013
signi cantly, with values of 2.5 percent to
70 percent. Thus, wind power stations may
not be available at those times in which they
are most needed for the electricity system.
This requires the installation of additional
power based on other technologies, which
replaces wind during periods of low wind
electricity production.
generating company produces a weekly
operation schedule that plans the start up
and shutdown time for each plant (called
the “unit commitment”). Thermal sta-
tions have a high cost associated with
start ups and shutdowns, so utilities make
use of their most exible plants, such as
conventional hydro plants and pumped-
storage facilities. In this context, the
presence of substantial wind power pro-
duction has an important effect on the
weekly operation schedule. Because of
the stochastic nature of wind speed, the
uncertainty involved in weekly planning
is ±25 percent of installed capacity, with
a con dence level of 70 percent.
1
With
wind power in Spain of 13,836 MW, the
uncertainty level on a one-week horizon is
±3,460 MW. To absorb this uncertainty
would require shutting down or starting
up about nine 400-MW single-shaft,
combined-cycle plants.
On the daily horizon, auctioning of
production and demand of most of the
system’s energy occurs one day ahead.
Predictive uncertainty in wind power
production one day in advance is ± 15
percent.
1
Using the 13,836 MW of wind
power in Spain as an example, this un-
certainty represents about 2,075 MW.
Short term
Over the short term, the effect of wind
power production on the balance be-
tween the market and electricity system
is clear. The time horizons of interest in-
clude weekly, daily, and real time.
Due to the difference in demand
between work days and holidays, each
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________________________
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______________________________
16 HRW / July 2009 www.hydroworld.com
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This is equivalent to starting up or shut-
ting down ve 400-MW single-shaft,
combined-cycle plants.
A substantial portion of the work to
correct this imbalance may be performed
in markets organized less than one day
ahead (typically three to 24 hours). How-
ever, the remaining imbalance has to be
and/or decrease generation, which is
governed in real time by the system
operator’s secondary power/frequency
regulation loop; and
— A tertiary reserve mechanism,
which consists of the start up/shutdown
of a series of plants that receive remu-
neration for varying the load over a
maximum time of 10 minutes.
The role hydro can play in these two
mechanisms is discussed below.
Why pumped storage
is the best option
There are several types of electricity gen-
eration technologies that can be used to
help rm the variability of wind capac-
ity. These include conventional hydro,
pumped storage, conventional thermal,
gas, and combined cycle. To analyze the
regulation capacity of these technolo-
gies, Iberdrola considered:
— Start-up and shutdown capacity;
— Regulation velocity (in percent
load per minute); and
— Technical minimum load (in per-
cent of maximum load).
Conventional hydro
Hydro plants have several advantages.
First, they are the most exible of the
technologies in performing continuous
start ups and shutdowns without a sig-
ni cant detrimental effect on the equip-
ment’s service life. Second, their load
variation speed is high. For example, it is
possible to vary the power by about 100
percent per minute. Third, the minimum
load is low, often less than 10 percent of
the installed power. Fourth, their fuel
cost is zero. And last, they do not produce
any emissions of greenhouse gases.
The only limitation of this type of tech-
nology is its connection to the hydraulic
management of rivers. This is mainly
conditioned by the storage capacity of the
reservoirs in the basin in which each plant
managed in real time by other groups of
the system, which requires an increase in
the services dedicated to this objective.
Using the Spanish mainland power sys-
tem as an example, there are two principal
mechanisms to solve these imbalances:
— A secondary reserve system, in
which plants offer a range to increase
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________________________________
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