Horace G. Lunt. Grammar of the Macedonian literary language. Грамматика македонского литературного языка

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Demonstrative

pronouns

r

efer

to

persons

or

things

whose

position-

in

space

or

time

is

related

to

the

speech

situation.

The

d

efinite

arti

cles

a

re

a

special

subdivision

of

the

demonstrative

pronouns

in

Mac

edonian.

_

I

nterrogative

pronouns

r

efer

to

persons

or

things

enquired

about.

They

serve

alone

or

as

attributes.

There

is

a

parallel

pronominal

adjective

qwj

'belonging

to

whom?'

Relative

pronouns

o

ccur

in

complex

sentences,

and

refer

back

to

a

person

or

thing

already

mentioned.

Formally

they

are

identical

with,

or

closely related

to,

the

interrogative

pronouns.

Indefinite

pronouns

r

efer

to

things

generally

known

or

completely

negated.

Related

forms

serve

as

adjectives.

E.

g.

HCKOJ

'someone'

CCKOJ

'everyone',

HHKOJ

'no

one'.

2.31

P

ersonal

pronouns

e

xpress

three

persons,

the

speaker

(first

person)

the

addressee

(second

person),

and

a

person

or

persons

who

is

(are)

neither

(third

person).

Each person

has

a

singular

and

a

plural

form,

and

the

third

person

singular

has

gender

forms

for

mas

culine,

feminine

and

neuter.

Besides

the

absolute

form,

personal pro

nouns

have

two

types

of

dependent

(non-subject)

forms,

one

of

which

we

shall

call

simply

d

ependent

a

nd

the

other

i

ndirect.

T

he

dependent

forms

have

two

different

shapes,

long and

short,

and

also

a

combi

nation

of

the

two,

doubled.

Absolute

Dependent

indirect

long

short

long

short

1st

sg

jac

Mene

Me

M6He

MM

I

(me,

t

o

m

e)

2nd sg

TM

'

re6e

re

ie6e

TH

you

3rd

se

m

roi/OH

1

i

h

e

(him.

to

him>

"

n

roa'/oHO

f

Hero

r

o

H

eM

y

MV{

it

v

"

"

'

f

raa/OHa

nea

ja

Hejse

H

she

(her,

to

her)

iSi

pi

HWe

riaC

H6

r53m

nii

\VC

(us)

2nd

pi

sue

sac

Be

BaM

BH

you

3rd

pi

Twe/OHH

HHB

TH

HHM HM

they

(them)

The

2nd

sg

is

normally

used

when

speaking

to

a

single

person, the

2nd

plura!

when,

speaking

to

more

than

one

person.

Many

inteliectua's

and

city-

dwellers

have,

however,

adopted

from

Serb

an

the

general

European

custom

of

using

the

2nd

plural

as

a

polite

form

of

address

when

addressing

one

person.

In

such

case,

the

2nd

singular

is

reserved

for relatives

and

intima-e

friends,

children

arm

social

mferiois.

37

The

forms

TOJ,

Taa,

Toa

are

used

by

some

speakers,

and

OH,

OHa,

OHO

by

others.

There

is

no

semantic

contrast.

1

2.31

1

The

short

forms

of

the

3rd

person

pronouns

must

always

be

used

when

there

is

a

definite

direct or

indirect

object

..Definite"

means:

a

proper

noun,

a

substantive

with

definite

article,

or

a

previously

mentioned

noun

modified

by

a

demonstrative

pronoun.

These

short

forms

thus

serve

to

make

clear

that

the

function

of

the

noun

is

that

of

direct or

indirect

object.

The

short

forms

are

normally

unstressed,

and

form,

with

the

verb

which follows

a

single

accentual

group.

If

the

verb

is

negated,

and

has

less

than

three

syllables,

the

stress

may

fall

on

the

pronoun.

The

pronouns

follow

imperatives

and

verbal

adverbs,

and

in

this

position

are

enclitic.

(Cf.

1

.421

1,

1.422).

2.31101

The

indirect

short

form

regularly

follows

the

direct,

if

they

occur

together.

The

particles

ne,

ice,

6n,

and

Aa

precede

the

short

forms,

and

so

do

the

forms

of

the

auxiliary

verb

'to

be*

when

used

with

the

1-participles

(cf.

24.02).

neBaqoT?

Do

you

understand

the

singer?

To.

r

Jie^aiu

MOJIHBOT?

Do

you

see

the

pencil?

ApyrapoTMHTpeHe_r6_rjieAaM.

\

d

on't

see

comrade

Mitre.

MH-ja-fleUoa

cMetKara.

They

gave

me

the

bill.

rUjTe_iviy_ja

Komy/iara,

Give

him

the

shirt,

3eMajtfn_ro

KHHBHCTO,

wajieae.

Taking

the

slip

of

paper,

he

left.

The

short

forms

are

also

used

with

ese,

ere,

ene.

Efie_ro

KpyMe(ia).

Here's

Krume.

EBe_rn_ro!

Here

it

is

(for

you)!

Kajiero

rope.

There's

the

fortress

up

there.

2.31102

The

long

forms

are

used

together

with

the

short

forms

when

particular

emphasis

is

desired,

and

may

stand

alone

when

the

verb

is

omitted.

^

Hero?

Do

you

untcrslar.d

h

im?

Koro

ro-6^paui?

Hero.

Who

are

you

looking

for?

Him.

1

Note

lhat

although

we

give

the

meaning

'he'

for

TOJ/OH,

'she'

for

Taa/oiia,

and

'if

for

roa/OHO,

the

translation

depends

on

the

situation:

h

e

i

n

English

means

'member

of

the

male

sex',

s

he

'

member

of

the

female

sex',

i

t

'

sexless

thing'.

Toj

OH,

however,

means

'object

represented

by

masculine

substantive'

e.

g.

CTO;I

(table),

paco;i

(cabbage),

jynaK

(hero)

—

English

would

say

i

t

f

or

the

first

two

and

h

e

o

nly

for

the

last.

Taa

ona

similarly

means

'object

represented

by-

feminine

noun',

e.

g.

necHa

(song),

jiaMoma

(spoon),

Kpaea

(cow).

But

of

course

when

referring

specifically

to

'person

of

the

female

sex',

one

uses

Taa/OHa:

even

Taa

e

nHJamma

'She

is

a

drunkard'

(although

nHjaHMua

is

a

masculine

noun).

Ona

e

oArOBOpHHor

pe^aKTOp

Ha

,,Hoea

MaKCAOHMja"

'She

is

the

editor-in-chief

of

N

ova

Makedonija.'

38

HeMy

My_ro_A^AOB.

1

gave

it

to

h

im.

My_ro_^aflOB

riHCMeHueio

I

gave

the

note to

h

im,

n

ot

HeMy,

a

n.e

Hejae.

to

h

er.

HaM

HHUJTO

He_HH_peqe.

He

said

nothing

to

u

s.

Eee-Me

Mene.

Here

1

a

m.

Cera

Ke_nouHeuj

M

Hero

Now

you're

going

to

start

,n,a_MH_ro_(})ajiHiij!

praising

h

im

t

oo

to

me!

rocruxne,

ja

HMB

3aHeMH_rn,

Lord, either

make

them

dumb

ja

weHe

orjiysH-Ate,

cawo

or

me

deaf,

only

let

rne

not

Aa_He_ja_c.riyLiiaM

oeaa

necHa!

hear

that

song!

The

long

forms

are

used

with

prepositions.

(Note

the

shift

of

accent.)

co_Hea

'with

her'

HH3_Hero

'through

it'

KOH_HMB

'toward them'

2.31201

There

is

also

a

set

of

dependent

forms

with

the

meaning

'subject

of

sentence',

i.

e.

'self,

myself,

yourself,

himself,

etc.

This

is

called

the

r

eflexive

pronoun.

T

he

dependent

forms

are

ce6e

and

ce,

indirect

ce6e,

en.

The

dependent

form

ce6e

may

be

replaced

by

the

emphatic

ce6ecn.

To]

sSopysa

caw

co

ceSecM.

'He

talks

to

himself.'

In

the

long

form

the

indirect

cede

normally

is

replaced

by

Ha

ceSecn.

To]

CM

peqe

Ha

ce(5ecH....

He

said

do

himself,...

2.31202

The

intensive

pronoun

caw

(caMa,

cawo,

caMH)

means

'self,

oneself,

himself,

herself,

yourself,

ourselves'.

It

is

adjectival

in

form,

and

normally

has

the

definite

article

(a

usage

impossible

in

English).

Caw

Kora

tfe

ce

ynnsi

HOBSK

He-

When

a

man

himself

hits

him-

KaKO

KaKO

noMajiKy

6o.nn

self

it

somehow

seems

to

OTKOJiKy

.npyr

Kora

ice

re

hurt

less

than

when

another

ynpH.

hits

you.

B

orjieflajio

aaKaqeno

na

SH^OT

In

a

mirror

hanging

on

the

MHJTC

ce

BMAG

caMHOT.

wall

Mile

saw

himself.

FloeroT

ce

onnra

na

onee

He-

The

poet

tried

to

sing

about

UJTO UJTO

ne

e

npe^KHBCHO

something

which

had not

MCKpeHO

oj,

caMHOT

Hero.

been

experienced

sincerely

by

him

himself

(i.

e.

which

he

himself

had

not

..

expe

rienced).

2.313

A

set

of

adjectival

forms

which

have

some

slight

irregu

larities

expresses

the

meaning

'belonging

to

the

speaker,

to

the

ad

dressees,

to

the

person

spoken

about'.

In

the

neuter

form

of

the

1st

and

2nd

personal

possessive

adjectives,

the

suffix

is

-e

(for

the

normal

39

-o),

and

in

the

masculine

form

of

the

3rd

p

rson

plural

possessive

adjective

there

is

always

the

suffix

-n.

(jac)

(TH)

(refl.)

m

MO]

TBOJ

CBOJ

HerOB

(Taa/OHa)

(HHC)

<Bne)

(THC/OHH)

Ham

Bam

HMBHH

1

Singular

f

MOja

TBOJa

CBOJa

HeroBa

H6J3HH3

Plural

Hama

Bauia

HHBH3

n

pi

Moe

MOM

TBOe

TBOH

CBO6

CBOH

HeroBo

HeroBM

H6J3HHO

H6J3HHM

Haaie

Baiue

HMBHO

HHBHM

2.3131

Normally

these

adjectives

are

definite,

and

take

the

article:

MOJOT

pe$epaT

'my

report',

Baniero

nepo

'your

P

en

'-

However

they

may also

be

used

with

phrases

which

are

in

themselves

a

definition,,

and

therefore

do

not

require

an

article:

Co

same

nepo

e

HanmuaHO

'It's

written

with

y

our

p

en

(not

just

with

any

pen,

but

with

a

pen

which

is

yours)',

7ne

wwaar

CBOH

noceoHH

uejin

They

have

their

special

aims

(i.

e.

aims

which

are

theirs,

which

have

not

yet

been

mentioned

or

explained

to

the

person

addressed)'.

2

2.31311

With

kinship

terms,

t

he

p

ossessive adjectives

may

be

replaced

by

the

short

indirect

personal

pronoun

forms

(MM,

TH,

CM^

etc),

which

follow

the

substantive

as

enclitics:

Mojara

MaJKa=

MaJKa

MM-

'my

mother',

Herosaia

Heeecra

=

KeBecra_My

'his

bride',

nejsMHMOT

CBar

-

CBar

H

'her

relative

by

marriage'.

The

longer

expressions

with

the

adjectives

emphasize

the

possession

somewhat

more

than

do

the

short

forms.

8

2.4

The

d

emonstrative

pronouns

a

re:

m'

f

n

pi

OBOJ

OBaa

OBa

OBMC

'this'

(close

to

speaker)

TO]

raa

roa

rue

'this,

that'

OHO]

onaa

OHa

OHne

'that'

(distant

from

speaker)

1

HMB6H

does

exist,

but is

avoided.

2

One

frequently

hears

jcytfara

MOja,

neporo

eauje

and

the

like,

but

this

word-order

is

considered

non-literary.

3

Note

that

with

the

short

pronouns

used

as

possessives,

the

noun

is

not

articulated.

Expressions

such

as

Kyka

MH

or

KyKara

MM

are

found

in

certain

dialects

(particularly

in

the

east),

but

in

the

literary

language

only

kinship

terms

can

be

used

in

this

construction.

4Q

Toj

is

general,

while the

other

two

have

more

explicitly

defined

meanings.

If

contrasted

to

OBOJ,

TOJ

indicates

'less

close

to

speaker',

while

in

contrast

to

OHO]

it

means

'less

distant

from

speaker'

Normally there

are

no

dependent

forms:

To

r;ie,nauj

JIH

OHOJ?

Do

you

see

that

one?

My_ro-A3Ae

«a

TOJ.

He

gave

it

to

that

one.

It

is

possible,

however,

to

use

the

dependant

forms

onera

and

oeera

for

the

masculine:

To

ruenaui

JIM

onera?

1

The

forms

Hero

and

Heiwy

of

course

belong

to

the

third

personal

pronoun,

one

form

of

which

is

TO).

*

*

These

same

forms

function

as

attributes:

OBOJ

MOCT,

Taa

uaMMja,

'this

bridge,

that

mosque,

OHa

(5pn,o

-

t

hat

mountain

there'

2.410

As

the'

personal

pronouns

have

short,

unstressed

forms

for

non-emphatic

use,

so

the

demonstrative

pronouns

have

short

forms

which

are

usually

called

d

efinite'articles-

T

hey

are

enclitics

and

can

be

termed

suffixes.

The

forms

are:

-(H)OB

-sa

-BO

-Be

'the'

(close

at

hand)

-(H)OT

-Ta

-TO

-re

'the'

-(H)OH

-Ha

-HO

-He

'the' (at

a

distance).

The

meaning

of

these

suffixes

is

that

of

the

three

demonstrative

pronouns,

but

weakened

-

that

is,

they

show

that

the

noun

which

they

accompany

is

identified

as

previously

mentioned

or

generally

known.

The

long

forms

(i.

e.

the

demonstrative

pronouns)

are

themselves

a

definition.

Sometimes

both

will

be

found

together:

OHHC

APBJCHO

'those

trees

over

there',

OBHe

naiUMBe

'these

fellows

of

ours',

Ce

o(5nji,OB

A3

ro

HacweaM

OHOJ

npOKJieT

6yA3Jia

—

onera

BO

npBMOH

pea

'I

tried

to

make

that

damn fool

laugh

—

the

one

there

in

the

first

row.'

2.411

The

short

forms

(the

definite

articles)

are

distributed

as

follows:

Adjectives

ending

in

-0

take

-noT/-noB/-HOH.

2

Masculine

substantives

in

-0

and

singular

adjectives

in

-H

take

-OT/-OB/-OH.

1

This

usage

is

not

infrequent

in

the

literature,

but

is

considered

a

dia-

lectism.

The

use

of

the

indirect

form

oneMy

is

extremely

rare,

and

oeeMy

is

a

decided

diaiectism.

2

It

would

be

possible

to

make

a

different

description:

masculine adjectives

could

be

defined

as

ending

in

-H,

which

disappears

except

after

-CK, -IUK,

-HK

or

before

the

definite

articles.

41

Feminine

substantives

in

-0

and

ail

nouns

in

-a

take

-Ta/-Ba/-Ha.

All

nouns

in

-e

or

-o

take

-TO/-BO/-H0.

1

All

numerals

not

ending

in

-a

and

all

substantives

and

plural

adjectives

in

-H

take

-re/-Be/-He.

Maji

'small'

Majiwor

MajiHOB

Ma/iHOH

aoop

'word'

aoopoT

aoopOB

adopOH

MaKe^oHCKM

'Macedonian'

MaKejxOHCKHOT

MaKejiOHCKHOB

MaKCAOHCKHOH

coji

'salt'

cojiia

co^sa

co-ina

HOtf

'night'

HOKta

HorfBa

no^na

jKCHa

'woman'

)KeHara

>KeHaBa

Kenana

cejia

'villages'

cejiara

cejiasa

ce.naHa

(m.)

'bourgeois'

fjyp>KoaTa

6yp>KoaBa

6yp>KO^Ha

'judge'

cy^wjara

cy^HJasa

cy^wjana

T3TKO

'father'

TaTKoro

TaiKOBo

raTKono

rare

'daddy

1

raieio

rareBO

Mpa^o

'lazy-bones'

Mpsnoro

MPSJIOBO

jiyfe

•

'people'

Jiyrero

JiyfeBO

roflHH>e

'years'

roflntt>ero

ro.n,HH>eBO

rojiHH>eHO

S^OpOBK,

HOf^H,

FOflHHM,

T3TKOBUM

—

SSopOBHTC,

HOKHT6,

TO

AHHHTC,

TaiKOBUHie

etc.

Thus

the

-OT/-OB/-OH

suffix

is

a

positive

indication

that

the

word

is

a

masculine

singular

substantive;

if

an

-H-

precedes

the

suffix,

the

word

is

m.

sg.

adjective.

The

-Te/-Be/-He

forms

specifically note

plural.

The

-ia

and

-TO

forms

are

ambiguous.

2.41101

Adjectives

whose

stem

differs

in

the

masculine from

other

forms

(cf.

2.211.

2.212)

add

the

-MOT

suffixes

to

the

non-mas

culine

stem.

"

'

apeH,

apna

—

apHHOT

KaMeneH,

KaMeHa

—

MCCTCH,

M6CH3

—

M6CHHOT

AOCTOCH,

AOCTOJH3

—

J1.OCTOJHHOT

2.41102

Very

few

substantives

undergo

a

change

in

stern

before

the

article.

Feminines

in

-CT

drop

the

-T:

pa^ocr,

pa^ocia,

pa^ocBa

(cf.

L224,

note).

Masculines

in

-CaC

may

drop

the

vowel:

reaiap

Tearpoi,

Merap

MetpOT,

1

The

new

loanword

HHxepajy

'interview'

may

have

HHTepajyTO

or

Bjyor,

but

both

forms

are

avoided

if

possible.

2

Although

the

new

suffix

-usaM

officially

should

lose

the

-a-

before

the

article,

common

usa^e

persistently

has

-H3amOT.

e.

g.

TypHsaMor

'tourism'.

42

Isolated

cases:

Beiap

'wind'

Berpor

(but

uerep

Berepor)

oraH/orOH

'fire'

OPHOT

(but

OPHH

OPMHOT)

jiaKOT

'elbow'

jiaKTOT

HOKOT

'fingernail'

HOKTOT

2.412

When

a

substantive

is

preceded

by

an

adjective

or

several

adjectives,

the

article

goes

with

the

first

word

in

the

group:

uejiara

eajia

'the

whole

room',

CBOHTC

upHH,

cneneHH

M

pacnyKaHH

K3KO

coMyH

pane

'his

dark

hands,

burned

and

cracked

like

a

loaf

of

rye

bread',

AOJirnse

ro,nHH>e

'the

long

years'.

2.413

In

translation

into

English,

the

-T-

forms

nearly

always

correspond

to

English

'the'.

With

the

-B-

and

-H-

forms,

the

context

determines

whether

the

element

of

pointing

is

sufficiently

strong

to

warrant

the

use

of

'this',

'that'

or

'that

over

there'

in

English.

Often

it

is

purely

a

matter

of

idiom.

For

instance

the-B-

forms

are

common

with

the

possessive

Haw:

BO

naiuaBa

Kytfa

'in

our

house'.

The

-H-

forms

are

often

best

translated

'the...

there':

cejiana

Ha

ropana

'the

villages

on

the

mountain

there'.

2.4J4

Macedonian

has

no

indefinite

article,

corresponding

to

English

"a,

an".

Occasionally,

however,

the

numeral

'one'

(ejxe.H,

eAHa)

is

used

in

a

weakened

sense

which

is

bestjranslated

by

means

of

the

English

indefinite

article.

2.51

The

interrogative

pronoun

KOJ?

'who'

refers

to

persons,

and

UJTO

'what?'

to

non-persons.

Koj

has

the

general

dependent

form

Koro

and

the

indirect

form

KOMy.

Both

are

.

normally

accompanied

by

the

short forms

ro

or

My

when

used

as

direct

or

indirect

object.

Koro

ro

BHAOBie?

Whom did

you

see?

KoMy

wy

ro

,na,n.oa?

Who

did

they

give

it

to?

Kaj

Koro

>KMBeeuj?

With

whom

(at

whose

home)

do

you

live?

LLJTO

MMam?

What

do

you

have?

Co

LLITO

nmjjyBaiiJ?

With

what

are

you

writing?

Sometimes

the

indirect

form

KOMy

is

replaced

by

Ha

KOPO:

Ha

KOFO

My

ro

jxa,aoa

?

Such

forms

are

admitted

as

literary,

but

considered

unnecessary.

Ha

KOJ

is

also

found,

but

is

a

dialectism.

2.511

The

combination

KOJ

Apyr?

'who

else'

may

be

considered

as

a

special

compound

interrogative.

The

dependent

form

is

KOPO

or

KOPO

jtpyrero,

but

the

absolute

form

may

be

used

instead.

Koj

,npyr

JbySaM

OCBCH

Te(5e?

Whom

else

do

1

love

except

you?

Ta

Koro

jac

MMa,\i

npyrero

And

whom

else

do

I

have

OCBCH

re(5e?

except

you?

AMa

3a

Koro

apyrero

aKO

ne

But

for

whom

else

if

not

for

you?

sa

Te6e?

43

2.511

The

forms

KOJ

xoja

KOB

(NB)

KOH

'which

one/s/?'

rrnay

also

function

as

adjectives

'which?':

Koja

e

eamara

Ky'tfa?

Which

one

is

your

house?

Koja

Kytfa

e

uauja?

Which

house

is

yours?

Koj

KeJinep

BH

cjiyjKw?

Which

waiter

is

serving

you?

Co

KOH

aeua

nrpaar?

With

what

children

are

they

playing?

2.522

So

also

the

forms

4wj

MHJa

qne

HUH

'whose?'

e

OBOJ

&yKaw?

Whose

is

this

store?

e

oea?

Whose

store

is

this?

2.53

The

invariable

form

UJTO

may

be

used

as

an

exclamatory-

qualifying

attributive,

modifying

substantives

or

adjectives:

UJTO

)Kena!

What

a

woman!

'

UJTO

y6aeM

OMH!

What beautiful

eyes!

2.60

The

two

interrogative

pronouns

KOJ

(KOPO,

KOMy)

and

IIJTO

function

also

as

relatives,

as

does

the

adjectival

interrogative

KOJ

Koja

Koe

KOM.

Besides

these

there

are

the

compound

forms

KOJUJTO

(KOrouJTo,

KOMyiiiTo) KOJaiiJTo,

KoeuiTo,

KOHIUTO

and

the

compounds

of

MHJ:

MHJUJTO.

HHiaujTo.

MHeuiTO,

HHHUJTO.

The

forms

KOJ.

UJTO.

MHJ

also

function

as

interrogatives;

only

the

compounds

KOJUJTO

etc.

are

specifically

relative.

2.601

Most generally

used

is

UJTO,

which

can

stand for

any

sort

of

antecedent:

>KeH3Ta

LUTO

6*eiue

oe^e

The

woman

who

was

here

left

a

ocTaBH

IIMCMO.

letter.

ACTBTO

UJTO

ro

cpeTHaeivie

e

The

child

whom

we

met

is

the

CHHOT

na

MOJOT

ftpyrap. son

of

my

friend.

OopMHTe

UJTO

TH

HMa

rJia-

The

forms

which

the

verb

pos-

roJiOT

ce

CJieAHHBe.

sesses

are

the

following.

Note

in

the'last

two

examples

that

since

the

UJTO

stands

for

a

definite

direct

object,

the

short

object

pronoun

is

required

before

the

verb.

2.602

With

a

preposition,

however,

the

forms

of

KOJ

are

preferred:

Toa

e

KHHra

6es

Koja

He

This

is

a

book

without

which

I

MO)K3M

&a

paSoTaw.

cannot

work.

OBOJ

ACM,

sa

KOPO

caxaw

This

day,

about

which

I

want

to

u,a

BH

pacKaKaiw

..

tell

you...

2.603

KOJUITO.

is

normally

employed

only

in

places

where

UITO-

alone

might

be

ambiguous.

MjiaflHHaTa

UJTO

MacoBO

ynecTBysame

Ha

KOH(J)epeHunjaTa,

UJTO

CBeflOMH

sa

HejsuHaTa

BwcoKa

CBecT,

HanpernaTO

J3

c^re-

aeuie

,HMCKyCHJ3Ta,

UJTO

oeuie

Mnory

44

In

the

latter

two

instances,

IIITO

is

ambiguous:

The

young

people

who

p

articipated

in

masses

in

the

conference,

w

hich

(

fact?

or

con

ference?)

testifies

to

their

high

conscience,

tensely

followed

the

dis

cussion,

w

hich

(

conscience

or

discussion?)

was

very

important.'

If

the

first

UITO

is

replaced

by

Kojauiio

(

-

Mjia^HHa),

the

second

re

mains

and

fairly

clear

ly

means

'the

fact

that',

and

the

third

is

then

replaced

by

KOjaiuro

(

-

flHCKyofja).

2.61

HHJUITO

indicates

possession:

CHrypno

ro

nosHaBaiu

nHca-

Surely

you

know

the

writerwhose

Te.noT

MHHUJTO

necHH

near"

songs

those

girls

are

singing.

.OBH6

A

6BOJKH.

2.62

In

adjectival

function,

only

KOJ

Koja

Koe

KOH

are

used:

He

3

H3M

BO

KOJ

<f)HJiM

Taa

I

don't

know

what

film

she

Hrpaiue.

played

in.

2.63

The

use

of

the

various

possible

relative

pronouns

has

given

rise

to

.much

discussion;

here

we

have

given

the

recommended

usage.

Tue

observant

reader

will

find

contradictory

examples

in

Macedonian

prose.

2.64

Note

that

KOJ

and

UITO

often

function

with

the

meaning

'he

who'

or

'that

which'

—

they

represent

someone

or

something

to

be.

defined

in

the

same

statement:

Koj

npB

ne

AOJAe,

npE

Ke

CBPUIH.

He

who

comes

first

will

finish

first.

Aa

e

3ApaB

KOJ

e

)KHB.

May

he

who

is

alive

be

healthy.

LLlTO

cyiw

KaMcaji

e

BHCTHHa.

What

I've

said

is

the

truth.

2.70

Under

the

heading

of

i

ndefinite

pronouns

a

re

included

sev

eral

forms

which

are

compounds

of

KOJ,

and

the

anomalous

definite

universal pronoun

CHOT

'all'.

The

prefix

ne-

gives

an

indefinite

meaning:

H6KOJ

'someone

7

Heuiro

'something'

The

prefix

HM-

is

a

negation:

HHKOJ

'no

one'

HHUITO

'nothing'

The

prefix

ce-

means

'every':

CCKOJ

'everyone'

ceuiro

'everything,

all

sorts

of

things'

The

suffix

-ro^e

1

or

the

particles

6njio

or

aa

e

indicate

gener

ality:

,

KO]

6n.no,

KOJ

na

e

'whoever'

1

Or

dialect

-roaep.

45

The

corresponding

forms

wTo-roAe,

QITO

6n.no,

UJTO

Aa

e

nor

mally

have

the

meaning

"nonsense":

To]

36opyea

uiro-roAe

(UITO_

OMJIO,

uiT6-,na_e)

'hie

says

whatever

(cornes

into

his

head)',

i.

e.

'he

talks

nonsense'.

2.701

These

pronouns

have

the

same

dependent

forms

as

Koj:

1

HCKOPO

HMKoro

ceKoro

Koro-rOAe

KOPO

6n.no

KOFO

Aa

e

HCKOMy

HHKOMy

ceKOjwy

KOMy-roAe

Kowy

6n.no

KOMy

Aa

e

HeKOro

BMAOB.

I

saw

someone.

CeKOMy

ro

Ka)KaB.

I

told

it

to

everyone.

Note

that

with

the

HH-forms

the

verb

must

be

negative

HHKOJ

He^Te-npauia.

No

one's

asking

you.

HMKOPO

He_BMAOB.

1

didn't

see

anyone.

HnKOMy

He_Ka)KaB

HMUITO.

I

didn't

tell

anyone

anything.

2.702

Used

as

attributes, these

pronouns

become

pronominal

adjectives

like

KOJ

Koja

KOC:

HCKOJ

HeKoja

HCKOC

HCKOH

'some,

of

some

(indefinite)

kind*

HHKOJ

HHKOja

HHKoe

HHKOH

'none,

of

no

kind'

CCKOJ

ceKOja

ceKoe

CBKOH

'every,

all

kinds

of

KOj-roAe

Koja-ro&e

'whatever,

of

whatever

kind*

Koe-rone

KOM-POAC

KOJ

6njio

Koja

SHJIO

KOC

6"mio

KOH

6HJIO

KOJ

Aa

e

Koja

Aa

e

KOC

Aa

e

KOH

aa

e

(ce)

HeKo]

accoVipanied

by

the

enclitic

CM

has

a

still

less

definite

meaning:

HCKOJ

en

npoopecop

on

Awe-

Some

professor

or

other

from

puna

AOIIIOJI

BO

CKOnje.

America

has

come

to

Skopje.

2.71

The

pronoun

'all'

occurs

only

in

definite,

articulated

form

in

the

singular:

m

f

n

pi

CMOT

cera

ceio

cure

CHOB

cesa

CCBO

CHBC

CMOH

cena

CCHO

CHHC

Only

the

neuter

form

may

occur

alone,

ce

(with

the

accent-

mark

to

distinguish

it

from

ce

'they

are'

and

ce

'self').

2

1

Parallel

to

Ha

KOFO

for

Komy,

we

find

Ha

HCKOPO,

Ha

HHKoro

etc.,

cf.

2.51.

2

In

fixed

adverbial

time

expressions

ca

occurs:

ca

SMMa

'all

winter',

canofc

'all

night',

ca

Jiero

'all

summer'.

Historically

this

is

the

feminine

accusative

46