Hofmann-Wellenhof B., Moritz H. Physical Geodesy
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P
geoid
earth's surface
P
0
Q
0
telluroid
ellipsoid
N
actual level surface
normal level surface
WW=
0
UW=
P
UW=
0
WW=
P
P'
0
P''
0
Q
0
'
Q
0
''
Q
–±
"
"
actual plumb line
normal plumb line
(curved)
ellipsoidal normal
(straight)
"
0
³
P
parallel to
equator
P''
0
F
0
±'
F
geoid
ellipsoid
dN
"
0
ds
ellipsoidal normal
plumb line
"
0
N
earth's surface
ds
P
"
dh
@³
@s
ds
UW=
P
WW=
P
