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P
ground
sea level
h
h
P
Dg
Dg
harmonic

A
B
C'
C

P
Q
0
ellipsoid
earth's
Q
00
surface
parallel to
equator
'''
'
*
plumb line
ellipsoidal normal
normal

P
telluroid S
earth's surface S
ellipsoid E
±³
Q
changed telluroid S
c
³
c
Q
c
³