Henslin James M. Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach

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Subject Index S-13

Rural rebound, 611–13

Russia

capitalism in, 245, 406–7, 502

crime in, 245

economy of, 245, 406–7, 414

and education, 502, 518

and G8, 455, 655

and Georgia, 457

and NATO, 184, 656

and Poland, 655

population, 603

and religious persecution, 528

revolution in, 244, 406

social stratification in, 244

and Ukraine, 655

and wars, 449, 457

Rwanda, 303, 330, 344, 451, 656

Sacred, defined, 524

“Saints,” the, 119, 206–7

Samples, 129–31, 132, 139, 143

Sanctions, 46, 200

“Sandwich generation,” 90, 484

Saneros, 542

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 46

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome), 584

Satanists, 636

SATs, 501, 513–14, 515, 519

Saudi Arabia, 256, 416, 452

Scapegoats, 340

Schools. See also College;

Education

as agent of socialization, 83–85

and caste in India, 235

cheating by administrations of,

516

class rings, 506

correspondence principle of,

509–10

and cultural lag, 59

functions of, 83, 503, 504, 505,

508

funding of, 509, 510

and gender, 85

graduation/dropout rates, 119,

352, 499–500, 501, 516,

519

in inner city, 508–9

and mate selection, 505

parental involvement in, 506, 515

preschools, 276

private, 276, 507, 510, 515

segregated, 20, 232–33

as stabilizers of the social system,

504

tracking in, 504–5, 511–12

violence in, 9, 10, 107, 516–17,

519

Science. See also Experiment(s);

Research

and common sense, 9, 10

as a core value, 52

defined, 5

fraud in, 132

gender and doctorates in, 315

goals of, 8

misuse of, 583–84

and morality, 208, 552

natural sciences, 6

and religion, 552

as a social institution, 103

social sciences compared, 5–8

and theory, 8

vs. tradition, 8–9

Scientific method (the), 9, 10

Sears, 210–11

Second estate, 235–36

Second Life, 153, 518

“Second shift,” the, 466–68

Secondary analysis, 134

Secondary groups, 155–57

Sects, 541, 542–43, 549

Secularization

of culture, 529, 550–51

of religion, 549–51

Segregation. See also Apartheid;

Caste

defined, 345

in education, 20, 232–33

extent of, 345

in housing, 338–39, 355, 356

in regions, 349, 359

in the South, 20, 23, 235, 351,

353

and the split labor market,

341–42

Selective perception, 342, 617

Self (the). See also Identity

and decision making, 57

defined, 68

development of, 68–71

as dynamic, 91

and emotions, 74–75

global aspects of, 71

and labels, 205–6

presentation of, 111–16

and primary groups, 155

socialization into, 68–71

as a symbol, 24, 157

Self control, 203–5

Self-administered questionnaires,

131

Self-fulfilling prophecies

and the cargo cult, 639

and corporate inner circle,

187–88

and education, 511–12

in marriage, 493

and stereotypes, 342

Self-fulfilling stereotypes, 110, 342

Self-fulfillment, as emerging value,

Semiperiphery nations, 253

Sensorimotor stage, 70, 71

September 11th, 157, 422, 452,

529, 634

Serial fatherhood, 489

Serial murder, 220, 222

Sex. See also Gender; Masculinity;

Women

and culture, 199, 468–70

defined, vs. gender, 294

Sex change, 298–99

Sexism

and beauty/“looksism,” 108

and death, 310–11, 367

and diversity training, 188–89

in everyday life, 309–10

and infanticide, 604

in medicine, 310–11, 312,

571–72

in sociology, 16–18

and violence, 125, 490, 491–92

at work, 316–21, 422

Sex-selective abortion, 604

Sexual assault. See Rape

Sexual attraction, 54, 468–70

Sexual behavior, 56, 153, 199,

662

Sexual harassment, 320–21

Shamans, 148, 558

Shaming, 204

Shell Oil, 670

Shunning, 531

Sick role, the, 559–60

Sick Societies (Edgerton), 40–41

Sign vehicles, 113–14

Significant others, 68, 69

Single mothers

births to, 285, 289, 475, 478

and child rearing, 472, 473

and poverty, 282, 283, 285,

478

Sinkyone, the, 674

Sioux Manufacturing, 213

“Six degrees of separation,” 160

Skywalk, 360

Slavery

buying freedom from, 231–32,

234

causes of, 150, 231

conditions of, 19, 231–32

defined, 231

in earlier societies, 150, 231–32,

537

ideology of, 232

and religion, 534

today, 233, 234

in the United States, 19,

232–33, 280, 333, 534

Slums, 248–49, 605–7, 616. See

also Dump people

Small towns, 412–13

Small world phenomenon, 160

Smiling, cultural diversity in, 111

Smith College, 308

Smoking, 308, 582, 588

Snake handling, 104

Social change, 650–68. See also

Social movements

among the Amish, 107

and the automobile, 661–63

and the computer, 663–66

and deviance, 208

gender relations, 301

and gender relations, 58–59,

466–68

implications of, 399

in India, 467, 469

in Iran, 301

natural cycles of, 657

Ogburn’s processes of, 658–60

and religion, 13–14, 527,

534–35, 549–50

and social revolutions, 148–54,

652

and sociology, 29–30

and technology, 58–60, 151–54,

181, 586–87, 658–68

theories of, 656–60

and value contradictions, 54

and voluntary associations, 186

women and smoking, 308

Social class, 260–91. See also Social

stratification; specific classes

and advertising, 261

among African Americans, 280,

475, 612

capitalist (See

Capitalist class)

and child rearing, 81–82, 276,

473

class system, defined, 236

and college attendance, 271,

272, 510

components of, 238–39,

262–68

and conflict, 11, 27–28, 238,

240–41

consequences of, 273–77

contradictory locations in, 270

and crime, 201, 210–12,

213–14, 219, 223, 277

and crime statistics, 223

in criminal justice system, 119,

206–7, 213–14, 219, 277

and death, 274

and death penalty, 219

defined, 98, 262

and delinquency, 119, 206–7,

223

determination of, 237–39

and deviance, 119, 201, 206–7,

223

and divorce, 275

and education, 83, 210, 244,

271, 272–73, 276, 279,

507–9

and emotions, 74

and environmental injustice,

671

and the family, 81–82, 275–76,

473, 475

and gated communities, 619

and gender, 663

global superclass, 416–17

and health and health care,

274–75, 289, 567–68

of the homeless, 261, 273

of immigrants, 443

among Latinos, 349–50

and marriage, 275, 469, 473

and medical experiments, 584

and mental illness, 275, 567

models of, 270–73

and neighborhoods, 82

and opportunities, 119

and politics, 268, 276

of religious groups, 545–46, 548

reproducing, 507–10

and schools, 83, 119, 507–10

as social structure, 98

and socialization, 81–82, 473

and streetcorner men, 95–96

and technology, 277

and voting, 266, 441, 442

vs. race, 355

and work, 81–82

and workers’ revolution, 238,

241

Social construction of reality. See

Reality, social construction of

Social control

of citizens, 241, 242–43

conflict perspective on, 213–14

control theory, 203–5

defined, 199

as a function of religion, 524,

527

functionalist perspective on,

104, 207–12

and gender, 296

of information, 243

mass media, influence of,

102–3, 243, 641–42

and norms, 46–48, 103, 199

reactions to deviance, 214–26

of reproduction, 375, 603, 663

and self and emotions, 74–75

symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 201–7

of technology, 243

of workers, 191–92

Social Darwinism, 10–11

Social facts, 15–16

Social inequality, 228–91. See also

Gender stratification; Global

stratification; Social

stratification

in agricultural societies, 150–51

and computers, 668

in criminal justice system,

213–14, 218–21, 277

defined, 79

in different societies, 148–54,

398–400

in health care, 310–11, 312,

560–62, 567–68

and income, 262–65, 271, 352,

354

and industrialization, 151, 399

in marriage, 464

origin of, 148–51, 398–99

and plant/animal domestication,

149–50, 151

in preindustrial societies, 398

Social institutions, 102–7. See also

specific institutions

Social integration, 12–13, 441, 540

Social interaction, 94–123. See also

Communication; Community;

Social structure

animals deprived of, 67–68

children deprived of, 63, 64,

66–67

defined, 28, 96

importance of for elderly, 386

and microsociology, 96, 108–19

and roles, 69–70, 101, 111–16

Social inventions

bureaucracy, 176–84

capitalism, 175, 403–6, 653–54

citizenship, 436–37, 659

corporations, 188–89, 409, 411

democracy, 436–37, 438,

439–46

money, 401–3

and social change, 658–60

socialism, 405

Social isolation, 63, 64–65, 67,

384, 466

Social location, 4–5, 91, 96–98.

See also Social class

Social mirror, 69, 75

Social mobility

of African Americans, 280

defined, 236

and the family, 279

and gender, 278–79

myth of, 288

pain of, 84, 279, 280

and religion, 545–46, 550

types of, 277–80

and women, 278–79

Social movement organizations,

371, 638, 645–46

Social movements, 638–48

and abortion, 646–48

and animal rights, 640, 644

and authorities, 641

civil rights, 527, 626, 643

environmental, 672–75

and globalization, 639–40, 654

joining, reasons for, 643–45

and mass media, 641–43

and social construction of

reality, 641, 643, 646–48

stages of, 646

success or failure of, 645–46

tactics of, 640–41

types of, 639–40

Social networks, 159–60, 505. See

also Groups

Social order, 9, 199

Social placement, 505

Social promotion, 514

Social reform. See also Social

change; Social movements

role of sociology in, 9, 10–11,

14–15, 17, 18–19, 22,

29–30

of schools, 514–16

vs. research, 14–15, 22, 29–30

Social Register, 271–72

Social research. See Research

Social revolutions. See

Revolution(s)

Social sciences, 6–7

Social Security, 369, 378–81, 383,

393

Social setting, 113

Social solidarity, 105–7, 408–9,

525

Social status, 98–101

Social stratification, 228–91. See

also Gender stratification;

Global stratification; Power elite;

Social class

caste system, 233–35, 254, 345,

469, 534

and Communist Party, 244

comparative, 243–45

conflict perspective on, 240–42,

262

defined, 230–31

estate system, 235–36

functionalist perspective on,

239–40, 241

in Great Britain, 244

and ideology, 232, 242–43

in India, 467, 469

maintenance of, 255–57, 601

in Russia, 244

slavery, 231–33, 234

and social mobility, 236, 280

in South Africa, 235

systems of, 230–37

Social structure, 94–123

changes in, 105

components of, 98–103

culture as, 98

defined, 97

Gemeinshaft and Gesellshaft, 106,

598–99, 653

and globalization, 105

and macrosociology, 97–102

and microsociology, 96, 119

reproduction of, 83, 242–43,

507–10

social institutions, 102–7

and social mobility, 278, 279

sociological significance of,

97–98

Social work, and sociology, 17

Socialism, 244–45, 403, 405–8

Socialization, 62–93

agents of, 80–86

anticipatory, 85–86

of children, 4–5, 64–67, 75–80,

81–82, 82–85, 309, 473

and day care, 82–83

defined, 68, 101

into emotions, 73–74

into gender, 75–80, 89, 296,

297, 309

of immigrants, 84

into the mind, 68–71

and neighborhoods, 82

prisoners of, 91, 202–3

and religion, 82

in schools, 83–85

into the self, 68–71

and social class, 81–82, 473

and work, 85

Societies

defined, 4, 148

dependent on norms, 198–99

future of, 152–54

and industrialization, 151, 399,

653–54

medicalization of, 572

traditional, 174–75, 177, 463,

469, 654

transformation of, 148–54,

398–400, 652–56

types of, 106, 148–54, 174,

398–400, 652–53, 654

Society in America (Martineau), 19

Sociobiology, 57–58, 200

Sociological analysis, 97–123

levels of, 96

macrosociological perspective in,

28–29, 97–102, 119

microsociological perspective in,

28–29, 96, 108–19

Sociological imagination. See

Sociological perspective

Sociological perspective, the, 2–33

Sociological theory, 23–29. See also

Conflict, Feminist,

Functionalist, and Symbolic

interactionist perspectives

Sociology

applied, 21–22, 30, 138

basic (pure), 21–22, 30, 31

and biology, 57–58, 200,

294–99

careers in, 22, 680–81

and common sense, 9, 10, 126,

143

of death and dying, 388–90

defined, 9

early female sociologists, 17,

18–19

and the environment, 675–76

and feminists, 72, 105, 278–79

in the future, 29–31

and globalization, 30

and industrialization, 8–9

levels of analysis, 28–29,

97–123

in North America, 16–23

origins/development of, 8–14,

16–23

public, 30, 31

and research (See Research)

and revolution, 11

risks of, 8

rogue gang researcher, 135

sexism in, 16–18

and social reform, 9, 10–11,

14–15, 17, 18–19, 22,

29–30

and the social sciences, 6–7

and social work, 17, 18–19

stages in its development, 29–30

and study of medicine, 558

and study of religion, 524

as a subculture, 49

theory in, 23–29

and values, 14–15, 208

Soldiers, 299, 309–10, 320–21,

450–51, 454, 583–84. See also

Military

Soldiers, robotic, 667

Solidarity, 105–6, 408–9, 525

Sony, 193

Souls of Black Folks, The (Du Bois),

South Africa, 235, 334, 344, 345,

435, 498

Soviet Union, 268, 450. See also

Russia

Space

exploration of, 169

personal, 109, 111, 618

use of, 36, 109, 111

and war, 667

Space shuttle disasters, 169

Spain, Holy Week in, 532–33

Spanish, use of in U.S., 45, 84,

349

Special-interest groups, 444–45

“Spin doctors,” 642

Spirit of capitalism. See Capitalism

Split labor market, 254, 341–42

Sports

and academics, 513

as agent of socialization, 76, 81,

cheerleaders, 301

and cultural relativism, 39

and gender, 76, 78, 148,

309–10, 311

and social class, 240

as social structure, 99

as subculture, 51

and taking role of the other,

69–70

Spouse abuse, 125–37, 490,

491–92

Spurious correlations, 137

Sri Lanka, 598

St. Louis, Missouri, 557, 609

Stability of groups, 161–62

Standard Oil, 404–5

Star Wars weapons, 667

Staring, 35

Starvation, 595–96

State, defined, 433, 436, 457

State religions, 527, 543

State University of New York, 518

Statistics, interpreting

and chances of marital

success/failure, 484–88,

493

on crime, 222–23

means, medians, modes, 130

misuse of, 493

on social mobility, 279

Status, types of, 98–101, 103

Status inconsistency, 101, 268–69,

545

Status set, 98

Status symbols, 100, 267–68

Steam engine, 149, 151, 399

Stereotypes

of Asians, 357

and beauty, 110

and corporate culture, 187–88,

189

defined, 111

and discrimination, 342

of the elderly, 374, 376, 385

in everyday life, 109, 110

and gangs, 211

held by the police, 223

S-14 Subject Index

Subject Index S-15

and mass media, 78–80, 376

of Native Americans, 359

of the poor, 282, 286

self-fulfilling, 110

of suicide terrorists, 453

of women, 16, 78–80, 110, 309,

311, 319–20

Stigma, 198

Stock market crash of 1929, 278

Stock markets, 408, 414

Stockholders’ revolt, 411

Stored value, 401

Strain theory, 209–10

Stratification. See Gender

stratification; Global

stratification; Social

stratification

Stratified random samples, 131,

139

Street crime, 200, 210, 211–12,

214–18, 225

Streetcars, 662

Streetcorner men, 95–96, 97–98,

288. See also Homeless

Structural mobility, 278

Structured interviews, 131, 133

Students’ alcohol/drug use,

580–81

Studied nonobservance, 114

Subcultures

of children, 85, 89

of deviance, 143–44, 202, 206

ethnic groups as, 51

explained, 49, 52

military, 87

photo essay on, 50–51

in sports, 51

of terrorists, 529

Subjective meanings, 15

Suburban flight, 620

Suburbanization, 611, 620, 662

Suburbs, 611, 622

Sudan, 40, 234, 306

Suicide

of adolescents, 390

of the elderly, 390

medically assisted, 572–74

methods of, 13

and race–ethnicity, 13, 359

and social integration, 12–13

by soldiers, 450

Suicide terrorism, 452, 453

Superego, defined, 72

Superiority, 53, 157–58

Super-rich, the, 265, 268, 270–72

Support groups in elderly

neighborhoods, 386

Surgery, 310–11, 312, 450, 562,

569, 570, 571, 584, 651–52,

684

Surrogate mothers, 479

Surveillance, 138, 191–92, 243,

663–64

Surveys, 128–33

“Survival of the fittest,” 10–11

Survivalists, 49, 52

Sustainable environment, 668

Sweden, 405, 543, 632–33

Sworn virgins, 77

Symbolic culture, 42–49, 659

Symbolic interactionism

chart summarizing, 28–29

explained, 23–25, 28

and fossils, 552

as microsociology, 28, 96,

108–11

and social construction of

reality, 117–19

Symbolic interactionist perspective

aging, 372–75

births in Least Industrialized

Nations, 597–99

deviance, 198, 201–7, 208, 223

divorce, 24–25, 29

ecosabotage, 674–75

education, 511–12

eye contact, 111

gender roles, 466–68

gendered violence, 323

health and health care, 558–59,

564, 572

the homeless, 28

marriage and family, 24–25, 91,

466–68

medicalization, 572

micropolitics, 432

midwives, defeat of, 564

politics, 276

population growth, 597–99

prejudice, 342

religion, 528–31

and self concept, 157

sexual harassment, 320

statistics, 493

Symbols

defined, 23–24

and development of self, 70

Holy Week in Spain, 532–33

religious, 528, 530

Syphilis experiments, 329, 583,

584

Systems of descent, 464

Tables, how to read, 129

Taboos, 48–49, 56, 466

Taken-for-granted assumptions. See

Background assumptions

Taking the role of the other, 68,

69–70

Tarantism, 635

Tartars, 657

Tasmania, 59, 344

Tattooing, 51

Teacher expectations, 511–12, 515

Teamwork, 114, 190

“Tearooms,” 141–42

Techno Patriots, 349

Technological life, 388

Technology. See also Inventions;

New technology

and control of workers, 151,

191–92

as a core value, 52

and cultural leveling, 59–60

and death, 388

defined, 58, 660

and divorce, 661

doctors online, 586–87

and the elderly, 388, 392–93

and the environment, 675–76

and the family, 479

and gender, 659

and gender relations, 58–59

and global domination, 257

and global inequality, 257

and global stratification, 654

and the homeless, 277

and ideology, 661

and life span, 392–93

and religion, 547, 553

and Saddam Hussein’s capture,

159

and social change, 58–59,

151–54, 181, 658–68

and social class, 277

and social organization, 660–61

and social relationships, 661,

666

and surveillance, 138, 191–92,

243, 663–64

and values, 661

and war and terrorism, 452,

455, 667

Telecommuting, 424, 666

Telephone operators, 181

Televangelists, 547

Television, 78–79, 376

Televoting, 438

Teleworking, 424

Terror(ism)

and Al-Qaeda, 640, 658

bioterrorism, 452

and body language, 111

defined, 452

as dysfunction of religion, 528

and the future, 452, 455

international, 452, 455, 640

and NATO, 184

and religion, 528, 529

stereotypes, 453

as subculture, 50

suicide, 452, 453

and technology, 452, 455, 667

Testimonials, 642

Testosterone, 299

Thailand, 598

Theory in sociology, 23–29. See

also Conflict, Feminist,

Functionalist, and Symbolic

interactionist perspectives

Thesis and antithesis, 657–58

Thinness, 115, 580

Third estate, 236

Third parties, 440

Thomas theorem, 117–18

“Three-strikes” laws, 215, 216–18

“Tiny Brothers,” 243

Tiwi, the, 367

Tobacco, 308, 582, 588

Tomb Raider, 80

Torah, the, 536

Tornado photo essay, 120–21

Torture, 157–58, 169, 220, 431,

450–51

“Torture warrants,” 158

Total institutions, 86–87

Totalitarianism, 102, 437, 439

Toys, 60, 76

Tracking in schools, 504–5,

511–12

Trading blocs, 411, 455–56, 457

Tradition and science, 8–9

Traditional authority

and charismatic authority,

434–35

and industrialization, 433–34,

534–35, 654

and rationalization, 174–75

Traditional societies, 174–76, 177,

463, 469, 654

Trail of Tears, 359

Transcreation, 410

Transformation theory, 408

Transformative social movements,

639, 640

Transitional adulthood, 88, 89

Transnational social movements,

639

Transplants, 562, 566, 584,

651–52

Triads, 161–62, 162–63

Tsunami, the, 598

Tulsa, Oklahoma, 632

Tunisia, 293

Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 329,

583, 584

Tutsis, 330, 344, 451, 656

Twin studies, 65, 118

Twitter, 664

“U”-Curve of leisure, 424

Underclass, 273, 338. See also

Homeless

Underground economy, 420–23

Unemployment, 352, 505

Union Bank of Monterey, 190

United Airlines, 190–91

United Arab Emirates, 635

United Fruit Company, 256, 415

United Nations, 595, 601

Universal citizenship, 437

University of Chicago, 19, 613,

626

University of Georgia, 513

University of Michigan, 363

Unobtrusive measures, 138

Unstructured interviews, 133

Upper middle class, 272, 277

Upward social mobility, 267, 278,

279, 280

Urban flight, 620

Urban legends, 637–38

Urban renewal, 621–22

Urban revolts, 353

Urban sprawl, 615, 662

Urban Villagers, The (Gans), 617

Urbanization, 605–22. See also

Cities

and industrialization, 608, 616

in the Least Industrialized

Nations, 605–7, 616

models of growth, 613–15

process of, 608–9

in U.S., 610–11

U.S. Department of

Transportation, 189

U.S. Justice Department, 169

U.S. Postal Service, 179

U.S. Public Health Service, 329,

332, 583

Utah, 585

Vaginal examinations, 118–19

Validity, 127, 139

Value clusters, 54, 55

Value contradictions, 54

Value free sociology, 14

Value judgments, and sociology,

14–15, 208

Values, 52–56

of the Amish, 107

Confucian, 477

contradictions in, 54

core, 52–54, 56, 501, 503–4

cultural transmission of, 502,

503–4

defined, 46

and deviance, 209–10

as distorting lenses, 56

Values (Continued )

and education, 53–54, 499,

501, 502, 503–4

emerging, 54–55

and the environment, 55

and home schooling, 506

and individualism, 52, 54, 56

and religion, 82

in research, 14–15

in social institutions, 103

and subcultures, 50

and technology, 661

transformation of, 661

universal, 56–57

in U.S., 52–56

and work, 309

Variables, 127, 136, 138

Verstehen, 15, 16

Veterans, drug tests on, 584

VFW (Veterans of Foreign Wars),

186, 187

Video games, 79, 80, 153

Vietnam, 169, 175, 299, 380, 449,

450, 451

Vietnam Veterans Study, 299

Violence. See also Murder; Rape

and authority, 432–35

in the family, 125–37, 323,

490–92

female circumcision as, 306

and feminists, 323

and gangs, 135, 147–48, 202, 211

and husband’s achievement, 129

and male identity, 78, 202

in nursing homes, 387

and religion, 528

riots, 353, 629–30, 632

in schools, 9, 10, 107, 516–17,

519

against women, 220, 303, 306,

307, 320–23, 490,

491–92, 604

by women, 125, 212, 220

Virgins, sworn (“social men”), 77

Virtual reality, 153

Volkswagen, 424

Voluntary associations, 185–87

Voodoo, 542

Voting

and alienation, 441–42

and apathy, 441–42

in early democracies, 436–37

in early U.S., 437

and education, 458

electronic/Internet, 437, 438

and employment, 441, 442

and gender, 18, 19, 307, 442,

444, 458

and ideology, 266

patterns in U.S., 441–44

and race–ethnicity, 351, 441,

442, 444

and social class, 266, 276, 441,

442

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 353

War, 448–55. See also Genocide;

Military; Soldiers

and arms sales, 452, 455

child soldiers, 454

and computers, 667

costs of, 449–50

defined, 448

and dehumanization, 450–51

as dysfunction of religion, 528

and ethnic conflicts, 655–56

and the future, 452, 455

and groupthink, 169

Gulf Wars I and II, 449

Iraq War, 60, 169

and politics, 448–55

reasons for, 449, 457–58

and slavery, 231

in space, 667

and starvation, 596

and technology, 452, 455, 667

universality of, 448

War of the Worlds (Wells), 631–32,

635

Warfighter I, 667

Washington, D.C., 95–96, 274

WASPs, defined, 347

“Water boarding,” 451

Wealth, 237, 238–39, 262–65,

268–69, 270–72, 407, 416–17,

425–27

Weapons of mass destruction, 452

Webster v. Reproductive Services, 647

Weight, body, 115, 580, 588

Weightlifting, 148

Welfare

conflict perspective on, 287–88

corporate, 670

myths about, 9, 10, 282

reform of, 287–88

Welfare (state) capitalism, 404–5

Welfare socialism, 405

“Wellness,” 585–86

Westerns, 53

Whales, 676

White ethnics, 346, 347–48

“White flight,” 611

White-collar crime, 210–11,

213–14, 225, 571

Whites. See also Race–ethnicity

and AIDS, 579

background assumptions, 348

comparative well-being statistics,

352

and education, 284, 313, 352,

510

ethnic background of, 346,

347–48

family structure of, 475

interracial marriage of, 470, 494

numbers of, 346, 362, 363

and politics, 441, 442, 443

and poverty, 282, 283, 284, 352

and voting, 442, 444, 458

WASPs, defined, 347

Widowhood and widows, 303,

384, 433, 474, 539

Wilberforce University, 18

Witches, 528

Women. See also Gender; Sexism;

Single mothers

and abortion, 646–48

and AIDS, 578, 579

circumcision of, 306

and death penalty, 219, 220,

221

discrimination against,

300–306, 307–15, 367,

422

early female sociologists, 16–19

and education, 16, 19, 303,

311–15, 325, 512

elderly, among the Tiwi, 367

in the estate system, 236

female infanticide, 604

and gynecology, 118–19

health care of, 312, 571–72, 574

impression management for

executives, 116

in the military, 320–21

as a minority group, 300–302,

334

and pay gap, 303, 314, 316–19

in politics, 233, 303, 324, 325

in poverty, 283–84, 388, 393

and power, 241

in prostitution, 293

and the “quiet revolution,” 420

smoking by, 308

as “social men”/taking men’s

roles, 77

social mobility of, 278–79

social stratification of, 237

and stereotypes, 16, 78–80, 110,

309, 311, 319–20

violence against, 220, 303, 306,

307, 320–23, 490,

491–92, 604

violence by, 125, 212, 220

and voting, 18, 19, 442, 444

and work (See under Gender)

Women’s movement, 307, 309. See

also Feminism; Women

Woolworth’s, 353

Work and workers. See also

Division of labor

affirmative action, 361–63

bonded laborers, 232, 305, 374

by children (See Child labor)

conflict perspective on, 191,

237–38, 241, 254,

287–88, 341–42

control of, 151, 191–92, 254,

341–42

in the corporation, 197–93

and credential societies, 503

discrimination in, 31

and diversity, 188–89

exploitation of, 11, 27–28, 238,

241, 341–42, 406, 658,

661

and gender, 116, 296, 300–302,

304–5, 309, 316–21,

419–20, 421, 427, 564

global division of labor, 408–9

and globalization, 253–54, 256,

411

and identity, 86, 182, 268–69,

424

and illness, 568

and Industrial Revolution, 8,

151

in Japan vs. U.S., 193

and leisure, 422–24

maquiladoras, 253

motivation of, 239–40

in new economic system,

425–27

prestige of, 266–67, 300, 303,

545

reserve labor force, 287–88, 341

revolution of, 238, 241, 661

sex typing of occupations, 302

and social class, 81–82

and socialization, 85–86

and split labor market, 254,

341–42

stock ownership plans, 190–91

and struggle for rights, 151

teleworking, 424–25

in types of societies, 174,

398–400

in underground economy,

421–23

in U.S. society, 418–25

Work teams, 190

Worker empowerment, 190

Working class. See also Work and

workers

capitalists, thinking of selves as,

238

and child rearing, 276, 473

defined, 270, 272–73

and deviance, 206–7, 210, 223

exploitation of, 11, 238, 241,

341–42, 658, 661

law and oppression of, 213–14

marginal, 213

Marx on, 11, 237–38, 241, 270

and prestige of work, 266–67

and socialization of children,

81–82, 83, 276, 473

Working poor, the, 229, 271, 273,

277, 287

Workplace

alienation/isolation, 181–82,

190, 661

and anticipatory socialization,

85–86

computers in, 191–92, 665–66

cyberslacking, 192

cybersleuthing, 192

gender inequality, 316–21

humanizing of, 189–90

and new technology, 191–92,

277

racial–ethnic diversity in,

188–89, 341–42

racism in, 280

sexual harassment in, 320–21

subcultures in, 49, 50

World Bank, 672

World Court, 456

World system theory, 252–53, 654

World Trade Center, 422, 452,

529, 634

World Trade Organization, 455

World Wars I and II, 169, 449

World’s Fair, 343

Wounded Knee, 359

“XYY” theory, 200

Yanomamö Indians, 4–5, 197

Yearning for Zion Ranch, 523–24

Youthfulness, as a value, 55

YouTube, the pope on, 553

Yugoslavia, 344–45

Zapotec Indians, 199

Zero population growth, 604–5

Zimbabwe, inflation in, 402

S-16 Subject Index

Chapter 1: p. 2–3: Majority World/The Image Works; p. 4: Victor Engle-

bert/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; p. 7: Geoffrey Gove/Corbis Royalty

Free; p. 9: Roger-Viollet/The Image Works; p. 10: Huton-Deutsch Collec-

tion/Corbis; p. 11, top: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 11, bottom: Roger-

Viollet/The Image Works; p. 12, top: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 12, bottom

left: Fancy/Veer/Corbis Royalty Free; p. 12, bottom right: Xinhua/Lan-

dov; p. 13: The Granger Collection, New York; p. 15: Chris Hondros/

Newsmakers/Getty Images; p. 17 (Gilman): Hulton Archive/Getty Im-

ages; p. 17 (Cooper): The Granger Collection, New York; p. 17 (Wells-

Barnett): R. Gates/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; p. 17 (Kelley, Perkins

& Paul): Bettmann/Corbis; p. 17 (Webb): Mary Evans Picture

Library/The Image Works; p. 17 (Balch): Wellesley College Archives; p.

17 (Abbott & Talbott): The University of Chicago Library Special Collec-

source, NY; p. 18, bottom: The Granger Collection, New York; p. 19:

The Granger Collection, New York; p. 20: Corbis; p. 21: Photo by

Yaroslava Mills; p. 22: AP Images/Roberto Candia; p. 23: Jack Moebes/

Corbis; p. 24: University of Chicago Library; p. 26: Pictorial Parade/Getty

Images; p. 27: Alexander Burkatovski/Corbis

Chapter 2: p. 34–5: Martin Harvey/Alamy; p. 38: Gary Porter/Milwaukee

Journal Sentinel/Newscom; p. 39: AP Images/Daniel Ochoa de Olza; p.

40: B. Deconinck/The Image Works; p. 41 (Ecuador): John and Lisa Mer-

rill/Corbis; p. 41 (New Guinea): Danita Delimont/Alamy; p. 41 (Thai-

land): Jean-Pierre Lescourret/Corbis; p. 41 (China): Panorama/The Image

Works; p. 41 (Cameroon): Bill Bachmann/The Image Works; p. 41

(Tibet):

Picture Finders Ltd./eStock Photo; p. 41 (Kenya): Keren Su/The

Image Bank/Getty Images; p. 41 (United States): Helen King/Corbis; p.

42: James M. Henslin; p. 43 (3 hands): David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit;

p. 43 (dog): Steve Hamblin/Alamy Royalty Free; p. 43 (plant): Tony Free-

man/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 43 (girl): Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p.

44: Richard Lord/The Image Works; p. 45: Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit, Inc.;

p. 47: Sonda Dawes/The Image Works; p. 48, top: Tiffany Warmowski/

The Image Works; p. 48, bottom: REUTERS/Dan Riedlhuber/Landov;

p. 50: Peter Morgan/Reuters; p. 51 (cabbie): David R. Frazier Photolibrary,

Inc./Alamy; p. 51 (rodeo): Journal-Courier/Steve Warmowski/The Image

Works; p. 51 (model): Kokyat Choong/The Image Works; p. 51 (dancer):

Bonnie Kamin/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 51 (tattoos): NNS/The Oregonian/Lan-

dov; p. 51 (weight lifter): Pat Thielen/Alamy; p. 51 (roller derby): Uli

Seit/The New York Times/Redux; p. 51 (sports fan): Kansas City

Star/MCT/Landov; p. 53: RKO Pictures/Getty Images; p. 54: Mark Peter-

son/Redux; p. 55: Clarke Memorial Museum, Eureka, California; p. 58:

PhotoAlto/Alamy Royalty Free; p. 60: Peter Kneffel/dpa/Landov

Henslin; p. 65: Frank Siteman Photography; p. 66: Zoriah/The Image Works;

p. 67: Nina Leen/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; p. 69: Ariel Skelley/Cor-

bis; p. 70, top: Syracuse Newspapers/H. Bragman/The Image Works; p. 70,

bottom: Bill Anderson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; p. 72: Mary Evans/The

Image Works; p. 74a: James Marshall/The Image Works; p. 74b: Elie

Bernager/Digital Vision/Getty Images Royalty Free; p. 74c: AP Images/Mary

Altaffer; p. 74d: AP Images/Laurent Rebours; p. 74e: Tim Graham Picture

Library/Getty Images; p. 76, bottom: Gavriel Jecan/www.DanitaDelimont

.com; p. 77: Stuart Freedman/Corbis; p. 79: Courtesy Everett Collection; p.

80, left: Vince Maher/WENN/Newscom; p. 80, right: SHNS photo cour-

tesy Eido via Newscom; p. 81: Lannis Waters/The Palm Beach Post; p. 83:

AsiaPix/Getty Images Royalty Free; p. 84: Bob Daemmrich/The Image

Works; p. 85: Ellen Senisi/The Image Works; p. 87: Norm Rowan/The Image

Works; p. 88: The Gallery Collection/Corbis; p. 89: Michael MacIntyre/The

Hutchison Library; p. 91: AP Images

Chapter 4: p. 94–5: Ryuhei Shindo/Getty Images; p. 97: Bett-

mann/Corbis; p. 98: Picture Contact/Alamy; p. 100: UPI Photo/Landov;

p. 102: Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 104: Mike Maple/Woodfin

Camp & Associates; p. 106, left: Michaela Rehlem/Reuters/Landov; p.

106, right: Gero Breloer/dpa/Landov; p. 107: ClassicStock/Alamy;

images GmbH/Alamy; p. 110, left: Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, Inc.;

p. 110, right: Roy Hsu/Jupiter Images; p. 111: Joson/zefa/Corbis; p. 112:

Empics/Landov; p. 115, right: Mike Blake/Reuters/Corbis; p. 116: Ian

Waldie/Getty Images; p. 120–1, all: James M. Henslin

Chapter 5: p. 124–5: Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images; p. 126: Barry

Batchelor/PA Photos/Landov; p. 131: David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, Inc.;

p. 132: fotoshoot/Alamy Royalty Free; p. 134: Dinodia/The Image Works;

p. 135: Paresh Gandhi Courtesy of Sudhir Venkatesh, Columbia Uni-

versity; p. 136: Jim West/Alamy; p. 138: How Hwee Young/epa/Corbis;

p. 139: Diez, Cherie/St. Petersburg Times/Rapport Press via Newscom; p.

142: Drew Crawford/The Image Works

Chapter 6: p. 146–7:

Paulo Fridman/Corbis;

p. 148: RIA

Novosti/Topham/The Image Works; p. 150: John Warburton-Lee/www

.DanitaDelimont.com; p. 153: Friedrich Stark/Alamy; p. 154: Stock-

byte/Getty Images Royalty Free; p. 156 (secondary groups): Andrew

Fox/Corbis; p. 156 (aggregates): Alex Segre/Alamy; p. 156 (primary

groups): Lee Snider/The Image Works; p. 156 (category, a): Ben

Molyneux/Alamy; p. 156 (category, c): Matt Henry/Stone/Getty Images;

p. 156 (category, b): Image Source/Corbis; p. 158: AP Images; p. 159,

left: AP Images/www.imagesource.com; p. 159, right: Michael New-

man/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 161: AFP PHOTO/Toru YAMANAKA via

Newscom; p. 162: Christina Kennedy/Jupiter Images; p. 164: Pictorial

film OBEDIENCE, distributed by Penn State Media Sales.

Chapter 7: p. 172–3: Lauren Salkin/Zuma/Corbis; p. 175: Daniel

Rooney/Alamy; p. 177: AFP/Getty Images; p. 179: The Granger Collec-

tion, New York; p. 180: Bill Bachmann/Alamy; p. 181, top: Bett-

mann/Corbis; p. 182: Michael Reynolds/epa/Corbis; p. 183: REUTERS/

Seth Wenig/Landov; p. 184, left: AP Images; p. 184, right: March of

Dimes; p. 187: Sacramento Bee/Brian Baer/ZUMA Press; p. 188: Rachel

Epstein/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 190: AP Images/Wade Payne; p. 193: AP Im-

ages/Eugene Hoshiko

Chapter 8: p. 196–7: Ed Kashi/Corbis; p. 198: James M. Henslin; p.

199: Robert Estall photo agency/Alamy; p. 200: REUTERS/Babu/Lan-

dov; p. 201: ROBERTO SCHMIDT/AFP/Getty Images; p. 202: Jeff

Greenberg/The Image Works; p. 203: REUTERS/Stefano Renna-

AGN/Landov; p. 204: AP Images; p. 205: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 206: Jay

Paul/Bloomberg News/Landov; p. 208: Roman/AgeFotoStock; p. 210:

Pam Francis/ Liaison/Getty Images; p. 211: A. Ramey/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p.

213: Corbis; p. 217: Albrechtsen Foto; p. 220: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 222:

REUTERS/ Rebecca Cook/Landov; p. 223: AP Images; p. 224: Lee

Snider/The Image Works.

Chapter 9: p. 228–9: Jack Kurtz/The Image Works; p. 230: Shawn G.

Henry; p. 231: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; p. 232–3: James M.

Henslin; p. 234: AP Images/Jean-Marc Bouju; p. 236: Bettmann/Corbis;

p. 238, left: Jacob Riis/Bettmann/Corbis; p. 238, right: Bettmann/

Corbis; p. 239: Business Wire via Getty Images; p. 240: Xinhua/Landov;

p. 242: Jacques Louis David/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images;

p. 244: ANDREW WONG/Reuters/Corbis; p. 247, 250-1, all: James M.

Henslin; p. 253: Bob Daemmrich/Corbis; p. 254: Les Stone/Zuma; p.

255: REUTERS/David Mdzinarishvili/Landov

Chapter 10: p. 260–1: Walter Bibikow/DanitaDelimont.com; p. 262:

Yves Herman/Reuters/Corbis; p. 265: Brian Smith/Corbis Out-

line; p. 268: KARIM SAHIB/AFP/Getty Images; p. 269: Doral Cheno-

weth III/Columbus Dispatch/Corbis Sygma; p. 271: Dan Levine/AFP/

Getty Images; p. 272, a: Peter Andrews/Corbis; p. 272, b: Nathaniel S.

Butler/NBAE via Getty Images; p. 272, c: Allstar Picture Library/Alamy;

p. 272, d: Francis Specker/Landov; p. 275, left: Animal Fair Media/Getty

Images; p. 275, right: Mario Tama/Getty Images; p. 278: Bettmann/

Corbis; p. 279:

Najlah Feanny/Corbis; p. 280: JUPITERIMAGES/Com-

stock Images/Alamy Royalty Free; p. 281: Library of Congress Image

PHOTO CREDITS

PC-1

#USF34-T01-009095-C; p. 283: Steven Rubin/The Image Works; p. 288:

Photo provided by James M. Henslin

Chapter 11: p. 292–3: Picture Contact/Alamy; p. 295 (Mexico): Greg

Vaughn/Alamy; p. 295 (Jordan): Franz Lemmens/Getty Images; p. 295

(Kenya): Frans Lanting/Corbis; p. 295 (Ethiopia): Rob Howard/Corbis;

p. 295 (Brazil): Reuters/Corbis; p. 295 (Chile): Art Wolfe/Getty Images;

p. 295 (India): Jon Arnold Images Ltd/Alamy; p. 295 (Tibet): Jeremy

Horner/Corbis; p. 296: Courtesy of Cynthia Fuchs Epstein; p. 297: Photo

by Mitchell Meltzer, courtesy of Steven Goldberg; p. 298: Thomas

Dallal/SIPA PRESS/girlboy.06/0405170300; p. 299: Bettmann/Corbis; p.

300: Jeremy Horner/Corbis; p. 301: Ulla Kimmig/laif/Redux; p. 302, top:

Hamid Sardar/Corbis; p. 302, bottom: PETER PARKS/AFP/Getty Im-

ages; p. 303: Kazuyoshi Nomachi/Corbis; p. 304–5, all: James M. Hens-

lin; p. 306: Louise Gubb/SABA/Corbis; p. 307: Hulton-Deutsch

Collection/Corbis; p. 308: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 310: Woods Wheat-

croft/Aurora Photos; p. 311: REUTERS/Jeff J Mitchell/Landov; p. 312:

FURGOLLE/Image Point FR/Corbis; p. 315: Peter M. Fisher/Corbis;

p. 319: Ben Baker/Redux; p. 321: AP Images/Gautam Singh; p. 323:

Xinhua/Landov

331: Reuters/Mike Blake/Landov; p. 332, left: Time Life Pictures/Getty

Images; p. 332, right: AP Images; p. 333: David R. Frazier/PhotoEdit,

Inc.; p. 334: Jim Hollander/Reuters/Landov; p. 336. top middle: A.

Ramey/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 336, top right: AP Photo/Lincoln Journal Star,

Ken Blackbird; p. 336, bottom left: Rob Crandall/The Image Works;

336, bottom right: Natalie Fobes/Corbis; p. 336, top left: AP Photo/Jes-

Society; p. 344: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; p. 345: Jim West/Photo-

Edit, Inc.; p. 346: Digital Vision Ltd./SuperStock Royalty Free; p. 348:

Adrianne Starnes/Landov; p. 350: A. Ramey/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 351: U.S.

Coast Guard/HO/Landov; p. 353: Fred Blackwell; p. 354: AP

Images/Charles Dharapak; p. 355: Ted Thai/Time Life Pictures/Getty Im-

ages; p. 356: AP Images; p. 358: Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 359:

Zogbaum/North Wind Picture Archives; p. 363: Steve Chenn/Corbis

John Launois/Black Star; p. 369: Karen Kasmauski/Corbis; p. 373: AP

Images/Damian Dovarganes; p. 374: James M. Henslin; p. 375: Dennis

Cox/Alamy; p. 376: Samir Hussein/Getty Images; p. 377: Joe

McBride/Stone/Getty Images; p. 383: Digital Vision/Getty Images Roy-

alty Free; p. 385: Claire Artman/zefa/Corbis; p. 386: AP Images/Kentucky

387, right: Steve Prezant/Corbis Royalty Free; p. 391: Jeff Greenberg/

PhotoEdit, Inc.

Chapter 14: p. 396–7: Spencer Platt/Getty Images; p. 398: Cindy Miller

Hopkins/www.DanitaDelimont.com; p. 400, top: AP Images; p. 400,

bottom: Kevin Schafer/www.DanitaDelimont.com; p. 402, all: James M.

406: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 407: Xinhua News Agency/Zuma/eyevine via

Newscom; p. 409: REUTERS/Crack Palinggi/Landov; p. 410, top:

PUFF GIRLS and all related characters and elements are trademarks of an

Jo Yong-Hak/Landov; p. 422: Image Source Black/Alamy Royalty Free; p.

425: AP Images; p. 426: Andrew Holbrooke/Corbis

Chapter 15: p. 430–1: EMMANUEL DUNAND/AFP/Getty Images; p.

432: AP Images; p. 433: Picture Contact/Alamy; p. 434: Time Life Pic-

tures/Mansell/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; p. 435: AKG London; p.

436: H. Armstrong Roberts/ClassicStock/The Image Works; p. 437: AP

Images; p. 438: Photos 12/Alamy; p. 439: Anchorage Daily News/MCT/

Landov; p. 443: AP Images; p. 445: Universal Press Syndicate; p. 448: AP

Images/Efrem Lukatsky; p. 450: AP Images/Charles Dharapak; p. 451:

Courtesy Wikepedia.com/Zuma Press Photos; p. 453: AP Images/Iraqi

Police, HO; p. 454: Nic Bothma/epa/Corbis; p. 456, left: Galerie Bilder-

welt/Contributor/Hulton Archive/Getty Images; p. 456, right: Photos

12/Alamy; p. 457: Zurab Kurtsikidze/epa/Corbis

PC-2 Photo Credits

Chapter 16: p. 460–1: Gary Roebuck/Alamy; p. 462: Courtesy of the Na-

467 & 469: James M. Henslin; p. 471: AP Images/Beth Hal; p. 474: AP

Images/Jupiter Images Royalty Free; p. 476: Jeff Greenberg/The Image

Works; p. 477: John Berry/Syracuse Newspapers/The Image Works; p. 479:

AP Images/Hillcrest Hospital; p. 480: Kimberly White/Corbis; p. 486:

HO/AFP/Getty Images via Newscom; p. 487: GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/

Getty Images; p. 488, both: Courtesy of the National Parenting Association

(NPA), N.Y.; p. 491: Lannis Waters/The Palm Beach Post

Chapter 17: p. 496–7: Commercial Appeal/Nikki Boertman/Landov; p.

498: Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; p. 499: Corbis; p. 500: James Marshall/The

Image Works; p. 502: David Snyder/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 505: Bob Daemm-

rich/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 506: AP Images/Jim Mone; p. 507: GoGo Images

Corporation/Alamy Royalty Free; p. 508: Ellen B. Senisi/The Image Works;

p. 511: World History/Topham/The Image Works; p. 515: Bob Daemm-

rich/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 517: AP Images; p. 518: Courtesy of Sarah “Intella-

girl” Robbins, Ball State University, Director of Emerging Technologies,

Kelley Executive Partners at Indiana University

Chapter 18: p. 522–3: REUTERS/Jayanta Shaw/Landov; p. 524: James

M. Henslin; p. 525: Robin Nelson/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 526: ColorBlind/

Granger Collection, New York; p. 536: Fred Mayer/Contributor/Hulton

Archive/Getty Images; p. 538: AP Images/Gautam Singh; p. 542: Les

Stone/The Image Works; p. 543: James M. Henslin; p. 548:

©Ethel

Wolvovitz/The Image Works; p. 552: AP Images/The Standard Examiner,

Robert Johnson; p. 553: Friedrich Stark/Alamy

Chapter 19: p. 556–7: Barros & Barros/The Image Bank/Getty Images;

p. 558: James M. Henslin; p. 560: AP Images/David Longstreath; p. 562:

REUTERS/Asim Tanveer/Landov; p. 564: Angela Hampton Picture Li-

brary/Alamy; p. 567: James M. Henslin; p. 569: AP Images/Rob Grif-

fith; p. 571: AP Images/The Daily Southtown, Art Vassy; p. 573: SAM

MOOY/AFP/Getty Images; p. 577: AP Images/Dale Sparks; p. 578: AP

Images/Tsvangirayi Mukwazhi; p. 580: Los Angeles Times Photo by Mark

Boster; p. 583: David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 584: Bettmann/

Corbis; p. 586: REUTERS/Viktor Korotayev/Landov; p. 587: Newscom

Chapter 20: p. 590–1: Xinhua/Landov; p. 592: Russell Lee/Getty Im-

ages; p. 596, left: REUTERS/Radu Sigheti/Landov; p. 596, right: David

Paul Morris/Getty Images; p. 598: John Russell/AFP/Getty Images; p.

602: AP Images/Steven Senne; p. 603: Louise Gubb/The Image Works;

p. 604: AP Images/Manish Swarup; p. 605: Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis; p.

606–7: James M. Henslin; p. 612: AP Images/Shiho Fukada; p. 616: AP

Images/Rajesh Nirgude; p. 617: James Henslin; p. 618: Ethel Wolvovitz/

The Image Works; p. 619: Mark J. Barrett/Alamy; p. 620: City Image/

Alamy; p. 622: Cameron Davidson/Stone/Getty Images

Chapter 21: p. 624–5: Fort Worth Star-Telegram/MCT/Landov; p. 626:

Bettmann/Corbis; p. 629: AP Images/Akili-Casundria Ramsess; p. 631:

A. Ramey/PhotoEdit, Inc.; p. 632: Corbis; p. 633: Images.com/Corbis; p.

635: Bettmann/Corbis;

p. 636:

AP Images/Lennox McLendon; p. 637: Ra-

dius Images/Alamy Royalty Free; p. 638: RAVEENDRAN/AFP/Getty Im-

ages Via Newscom; p. 640: Cesar Rangel/AFP/Getty Images; p. 642, left:

LHB Photo/Alamy; p. 642. right: UPI Photo/Landov; p. 644: MICHAEL

SAMOJEDEN/AFP/Getty Images; p. 647, left: Zuma Press Photos via

Newscom; p. 647, right: Kurt Rogers/San Francisco Chronicle/Corbis

Chapter 22: p. 650–1: Michele Falzone/Alamy; p. 652: Bettmann/Cor-

bis; p. 653: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; p. 655: Xinhua/Landov; p.

656, both: James M. Henslin; p. 657: Transit Leipzig/Sovfoto; p. 659: Bill

Bachmann/The Image Works; p. 662, left: Hulton Collection/Liaison/

Getty Images; p. 662, right: Iain Masterton/Alamy; p. 664: David Paul

Morris/Getty Images; p. 665, ENIAC: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 665, iPhone:

YM YIK/epa/Corbis; p. 666: AP Images; p. 667: David Bathgate/Corbis;

taker/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 668, c: Anup Shah/Animals Animals/Earth

Scenes; p. 668, d: Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc; p. 670: Aerial

Archives/Alamy; p. 672: Solent News/Splash News via Newscom; p. 673:

Leonid Plotkin/Alamy; p. 675: REUTERS/Beawiharta /Landov; p. 674:

tos003379/Newscom); p. 676: Reuters/Bruno Domingos/Landov