Henslin James M. Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach

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Subject Index S-3

white-collar, 210–11, 213–14,

225, 571

Criminal justice system. See also

Prisoners

conflict perspective on, 213–14

death penalty, 198, 218–21,

301, 432

defined, 213

and race–ethnicity, 215, 219,

221

reaction to deviance, 214–26

and social class, 213–14, 219,

277

“three strikes” laws, 215,

216–18

women in, 212, 219, 220, 221

Criminal records, and

discrimination, 31

Crips, the, 147–48, 157

Crowds. See Collective behavior

Crusades, the, 528

Crying, 42

Cuban Americans, 349–50, 351,

352. See also Latinos

Cueva Indians, 673

Cults, 523–24, 541–42, 639

Cultural diffusion, 59–60, 659

Cultural diversity. See Diversity

Cultural evolution, 657

Cultural goals, 209

Cultural lag, 59, 659

Cultural leveling, 59–60

Cultural privilege, 348

Cultural relativism, 39–42,

91, 199

Cultural transmission of values,

502, 503–4

Cultural universals, 56–57

Culture, 34–61. See also

Countercultures; Subcultures

and beauty, 41, 115, 295

and biological explanations,

294–99, 300–302

and body image, 115

and business, 187–88,

410, 422

and childhood, 88–89, 400

of corporations, 187–88, 191

defined, 6, 36, 37, 98

in education, 59, 501

and emotions, 73–74

evolution of, 657

and gender changes, 77

and gestures, 42–43

and global capitalism, 410,

425

health, views on, 558

hidden, 187–88, 422

ideal, 54, 56, 199

internalization of, 36–39

and IQ testing, 507–9

and language, 43–46, 66

mainstream, 52–54

male, 422

material, 36, 58, 59, 659

and morality, 36, 39

and new technology, 58–59

nonmaterial, 36, 42–49, 58–59

and privilege, 348

real, 56, 199

and religious beliefs, 542, 544

secularization of, 529, 550–51

as social structure, 98

symbolic, 42–49, 659

and taken-for-granted

assumptions, 36–39

and values, 52–54, 54–56, 501,

502, 503–4

Culture clash (or conflict), 56, 544

Culture of poverty, 254, 255,

285–86, 289

Culture shock, 37, 38

Culture wars, 56

Currency, 401, 414, 456

Cyberloafing, 192

Cybersleuthing, 192

Cycle of poverty, 285

Dating, online, 465

Day care

in corporations, 190, 484

effects on children, 82–83

grade schools as, 505

and the Internet, 472

moral panic about, 634, 636

numbers of children in, 473

quality of, 472

Death. See also Murder

adjusting to, 388–89, 390, 474

in agricultural societies, 90

from AIDS, 560, 576, 578, 588

bureaucratic red tape, 180–81

contemplating, 90

euthanasia, 572–74

family roles in history, 26

and HMOs, 574

and industrialization, 388

infant mortality, 560–61

leading causes of, 561, 565,

569, 588

and medical errors, 569

in nursing homes, 384–85

and organ transplants, 651–52

process of, 388–89

and race–ethnicity, in

childbirth, 339

and religion, 526

at school, 517, 519

and sexism, 310–11, 367

and social class, 274

sociology of, 388–90

stages of, 388–89

by suicide, 12–13, 15, 359, 390,

572–74

and technology, 388

from tobacco, 582

from unsafe products, 210, 211

in wars, 449–50

Death penalty, 198, 218–21, 301,

432

Death rates, 592, 593, 594, 595,

601

Death row, 221

Death squads, 248–49

Debit cards, 403

Debts of poor nations, 255–56,

257

Declining Significance of Race, The

(Wilson), 355

Deferred gratification, 288

Definition of the situation. See

Reality, social construction of;

Thomas theorem

DEFYIT (Drug-Free Youth in

Town), 202

Degradation ceremony, 86, 204,

205, 223

Dehumanization, 343, 344,

384–85, 450–51

Deindustrialization, 620–21

Delinquents/delinquency

and differential association,

201–3

and labeling, 205–7

as separate type of crime, 221

and social class, 119, 206–7, 223

and techniques of neutralization,

205–6

and testosterone levels, 299

Democracy, 436–46

as a core value, 52

defined, 436

direct, 436, 438

in Europe, 440–41

and the mass media, 438

representative, 436–37, 438

Democracy in America

(Tocqueville), 185

Democratic façade, 266

Democratic leaders, 164, 165

Democratic socialism, 405

Democrats, 276, 439–40, 444, 458

Demographic equation, basic, 603

Demographic transition, 594–95

Demographic variables, 601–3

Demography, defined, 592

Denominations (religious), 544

Dependency, of the elderly, 384–88

Dependency ratio, 379

Dependent variable, 136, 138

Depersonalization, 570

Deposit receipts, 401

Deprivation theory, 643–44

Descent, systems of, 464

Deviance, 196–227. See also

Crime; Social control

conflict perspective on, 213–14

control theory of, 203–5

and differential association,

201–3

explanations of, 200–201

and the family, 202

and friends, neighborhoods,

subcultures, 202

functionalist perspective on,

207–12

functions of, 207–9

and the homeless, 224–25

and honor, 202, 303

humane approach to, 225

labeling theory of, 205–7

medicalization of, 222, 223–25

and mental illness, 223–25

and moral holidays, 47–48

neutralization of, 205–6

and peers, 202

and pornography, 208

reactions to, 214–26

relativity of, 198, 201, 202, 208

sexual, 199, 204, 208, 220

and social change, 208

and social class, 119, 201,

206–7, 213–14, 223

symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 198,

201–7, 208, 223

and values, 209–10

Dialectical process of history, 658

Dialysis, 577

Dictatorships, 437, 439

Differential association theory,

201–3

Diffusion

of culture, 59–60, 658, 659

of ideas, 658, 659

of inventions, 658, 659

of responsibility, 163, 619

Dinka tribe, 234

“Dirty work,” 157–58, 342, 451

Disabilities, people with, 100, 101,

504, 505, 659

Disabling environments, 583

Disasters, 120–21, 598

Discovery, defined, 658–59

Discrimination. See also Prejudice;

Racism; specific racial–ethnic

groups

defined, 337

ethnic cleansing, 330, 332,

655–56

as an everyday burden, 355–56

and gender/women, 150–51,

237, 296, 300–306,

307–15, 319–20, 356,

367, 419–20, 422

and hate crimes, 213–14,

221–22

in health care, 310–11, 339

and the homeless, 224–25

in housing/mortgages, 338–39,

356

individual and institutional,

337–39

and in-/out-groups, 157–58,

341

and intelligence (IQ) tests,

507–9

jobs and criminal records, 31

and segregation, 353

socially acceptable, 108

and stereotypes, 342

systemic, 338, 339

unintentional, 339

Disease, globalization of, 584–85

Disengagement theory, 377

Disinvestment, 620–21

Disney film rumors, 630–31

Distance learning, 518–19, 665

“Distance zones,” 111

Diversity. See also Homosexuals;

Minority group(s);

Race–ethnicity

among Asian Americans,

357

and contradictory standards,

158–59

in the corporation, 188–89

among Latinos, 349–51

among Native Americans,

358–59

and religious groups, 545–49

in U.S. population, 346–47,

474–80

Diversity training, 188–89

Divine right of kings, 242, 534

Division of labor

in bureaucracies, 178

defined, 105

and gender, 148–49, 150–51,

296, 300–302, 304–5,

466–68, 653

on a global scale, 408–9

in hunting and gathering

societies, 148–49

modern/traditional comparison,

174

in pastoral and horticultural

societies, 150, 398

in social movement

organizations, 646

and social solidarity, 105

Divorce

and blended families, 480, 487

Divorce (Continued )

children of, 486–88

and cohabitation, 482, 483

conflict perspective on, 28, 29

and custody of children, 478

and ex-spouses, 489

factors in, 486

fatherhood after, 489

functionalist perspective on,

26–27, 29

and grandchildren, 488–89

in Iran, 301

measuring, 484–88

and remarriage, 489

and sex of firstborn, 486

and social class, 275

statistics on, 24, 484–88

symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 24–25, 29

and technology, 661

and voting, 442

Documents, in research, 134–36

Dog fighting, 206

Dollar (U.S.), value of, 401, 402,

422, 427

Dolls, 60

Domestic partnerships, 480

Domestication revolution,

149–50, 151

Dominant groups, 334

Double standard, 483

Downsizing, 426

Downward social mobility, 278, 279

Dramaturgy, 111–16

Drug companies, 571, 584

Drugs

alcohol, 580–81

in callous experiments, 583–84

and Coca-Cola, 405

cocaine, 405

DEFYIT (Drug-Free Youth in

Town), 202

LSD experiments, 142

marijuana, 581

nicotine, 582

prescription, 570–71

in underground economy, 421

Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 620

Duke University, 320

Dump people, 250–51

Dumping, in health care, 575

Dupont Circle, 95–96

Dyads, 161, 162–63

Dysfunctions

of bureaucracies, 180–84

defined, 26

globalization of capitalism, 411

of nuclear family, 466

of religion, 528

of stratification, 240

Earth First!, 674

Ebola, 584

E-cash, 403

Ecclesia, 541, 543

Economic crisis, 193, 278,

338–39, 408, 414, 602

Economics, field of, 6, 7

Economy, the, 396–429. See also

Capitalism; Globalization of

capitalism

barter, 401

biotech society, 152–54, 399

changes, and technology, 277

defined, 398

depressions and discrimination,

158

global power rearrangement, 257

and home mortgages, 338–39

and immigration, 421–22,

602–3

mediums of exchange, 401–3

of Pacific Rim nations, 257

of small towns, 412–13

as a social institution, 103

socialism, 244–45, 403, 405–8

subsistence, 398

transformation of, 398–400

transformation theory, 408

underground, 420–23

wealth divisions, 425–27

Ecosabotage, 674–75

Edge cities, 610

Education, 496–521. See also

College; Schools

and the Amish, 107

and capitalism, 502

and computers, 665

conflict perspective on, 83,

507–10

correspondence principle of,

509–10

“corridor curriculum” in, 83

credentials/diplomas, 314, 503,

504

and crime, 215, 219

and culture, 59, 501

defined, 498

distance learning, 518–19, 665

and divorce, 486

in earlier societies, 498

functionalist perspective on, 83,

503–7

funding of, 509, 510

future of, 180, 518–19

and gender, 19, 303, 311–15,

325, 512

in global perspective, 501–3

grade inflation, 514

in Great Britain, 244

“hidden curriculum” in, 83,

507, 508

home schooling, 497, 498, 506

and ideology, 242–43

and income, 240, 271, 276,

317, 501, 515

and industrialization, 498–500

in Industrializing Nations, 502

in Least Industrialized Nations,

498, 502–3

and life expectancy, 507

in medicine, 563, 570

in Most Industrialized Nations,

501, 503

and patriotism, 498, 504

and pay gap, 317

and peer group influence, 83, 85

and poverty, 283, 284, 285

problems and solutions, 513–16

of racial–ethnic groups, 283,

284, 312, 313, 352,

510, 512

and religious affiliation, 545

in the 1800s, 16, 59

and the school year, 59

and single mothers, 285

and social class, 83, 210, 244,

271, 272–73, 276, 279,

507–10

as a social institution, 103

and social mobility, 279

and social placement, 504–5

standards in, 513–15

and suicide terrorists, 453

symbolic interactionist

perspective on teacher

expectations, 511–12

and teacher expectations,

511–12

teachers, 502, 514–16

and transmission of values, 499,

501, 502

as a value, 53–54

and voting patterns, 441,

442, 458

Egalitarian, defined, 464

Ego, defined, 72

Egypt, 306, 452, 502–3, 534,

536, 537

El Tiro, 605–7

Elderly, 367–97

abuse of, 387

care of, 26, 369, 384–86

changing sentiment about,

373–75, 383

conflict perspective on, 378–83

creative aging, 391–92

defining “old,” 90, 92, 372–73,

376

and dependency, 384–88

disengagement theory, 377

functionalist perspective on,

376–78

in the future, 391–93

and gender, 373, 376, 384, 385

health care costs of, 382, 383,

393

and industrialization, 90,

368–69, 375

in industrialized societies, 90,

368–69

and the life course, 90

in the mass media, 375–76

in nursing homes, 384–86

and poverty, 282, 284, 381,

382, 383, 388, 393

and race–ethnicity, 371–72, 388

and retirement, 378–83

and sandwich generation, 484

social construction of aging,

368, 372–75, 388

and Social Security, 369,

378–81, 383, 393

stereotypes of, 374, 376, 385

suicide of, 390

symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 372–75

and technology, 388, 392–93

in Tiwi society, 367

world’s oldest living person, 372,

373

Electronic church, 547

Electronic communities, 160

Electronic gold, 403

Electronic voting, 438

Elephant story, 7

Elite. See Power elite

Ellis Island, 443

Emergent norms, 628–29

Emotional overload, 466

Emotions, 42, 43, 73–75, 297

Empty nest, 473

Endangered species, 670

Endogamy, 233, 464

Energy shortage, 671

England, 449, 615. See also Great

Britain

“English only” movement, 349

ENIAC, 665

Enterprise zones, 621

Environment, 668–76

and ecosabotage, 674–75

and fossil fuels, 669–71

global perspective on, 253, 254,

669–72, 675

and globalization of capitalism,

426, 668

recycling, 22

sustainability of, 668

and technology, 675–76

as a value, 55

Environmental injustice, 671

Environmental movement, 672–75

Environmental sociology, 675–76

Estate stratification system, 235–36

Ethics in research, 138, 141–42,

168, 583–84

Ethiopia, 229, 230, 457

Ethiopian Jews, 334

Ethnic cleansing, 330, 332, 345.

See also Life expectancy;

Medicine

black market in organs, 562

components of health, 558–59

conflict perspective on, 560–65,

572

costs of care, 382, 383, 393,

565, 566–67, 569, 570,

571, 574–75, 577, 588

and depersonalization, 570

discrimination in, 310–11, 312,

339

disease, infectious, 584–85

doctors online/virtual house

calls, 587

functionalist perspective on,

559–60, 572

gender discrimination in, 16,

310–11, 312

in global perspective, 560–62,

584–85

historical patterns of, 565,

568–69

and industrialization, 560–62

inequality in, 310–11, 312, 339,

560–62, 567–68

and lifestyles, 22, 274, 526,

585–86

mental health (See Mental

illness)

and obesity, 115, 580

physical health, 274, 310–11,

312, 565

and religion, 526

as a right versus a commodity,

566–67

and sick role, 559–60

and smoking, 582

and social class, 274–75, 289,

567–68

and sociology, applied, 22

symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 558–59,

564, 572

threats to, 576–85

treatment versus prevention,

585–86

two-tier system of, 567–68

Health insurance, 566, 574–75

Health Maintenance Organizations

(HMOs), 574

Heart disease and fat, 166

Height, 35, 42, 43, 163, 318, 330

Hell’s Angels, 52

Heredity. See Genetic

predispositions; Nature vs.

nurture

Hershey’s candy, 410

Hidden culture, 187–88, 422

“Hidden curriculum,” 83, 507,

508

High schools, 499, 510, 513, 516,

519

Hindus, 524, 529, 530, 534, 539

Hispanics. See Latinos

History

and biography, 4–5

of childhood, 25, 88–89, 592

as class struggle, 241

dialectical process of, 658

of education, 16, 498–500

of money, 401–3

natural cycles of civilization,

657

women and smoking, 308

HIV/AIDS. See AIDS/HIV

Hmong, 38

HMOs (Health Maintenance

Organizations), 574

Hollywood Presbyterian Hospital,

575

Holocaust, 157, 168, 330, 332,

344, 537

Holy Week in Spain, 532–33

Home schooling, 497, 498, 506

Homeland Security, 105, 243

S-6 Subject Index

Subject Index S-7

Homeless, the

author’s experience with, 3,

95–96, 140–41, 224–25,

261, 557

conflict perspective on, 29

and deviance, 224–25, 557

doing research on, 3, 139–40

in earlier societies, 151

functionalist perspective on, 29

in India, 249

and mental illness, 224–25, 557

number of, 139–40

in shelters, 3, 15, 261

sociological perspectives on,

28–29

streetcorner men, 95–96, 97–98

and technology, 277

as underclass, 273

Homicide. See Murder

Homogamy, 470

Homosexuals

and access to power, 214

and families, 480

and the “gay gene,” 57–58

and marriage, 463, 480

and religion, 550

sexual harassment of, 320

as victims of hate crimes, 222,

223

Honor, and killing, 202

“Honor killings,” 303

Hopi, the, 46

Horatio Alger myth, 288

Horticultural societies, 149–50

Hospices, 389–90

Households, defined, 462

Housework, 466–68, 494, 663

Housing, segregation in, 338–39,

355, 356

Hualapai, the, 360

Hula hoops, 637

Hull-House, 18–19

Human ecology, 613

Human genome, decoding of, 152,

184, 399

Human heads, in religion, 542

Human nature, 64–68

Human sexuality, 199, 298–99,

468–70

Humanizing a work setting,

189–90

Humor/jokes, 108

Hunting and gathering societies,

148–49, 296, 398, 422, 498, 659

Hutus, 330, 344, 451

Hygiene, 35–36, 117, 197

Hypothesis, 127

Hysterectomies, 312

Id, defined, 71–72

Ideal types, 654

of authority, 435

defined, 179

Identity. See also Self (the)

and initiation rites, 89

and labels, 47

national, 457, 504

personal identity kit, 86

racial–ethnic, 47, 280, 331, 333,

335, 336, 346–47

and religion, 531

and roles, 114, 116

and total institutions, 86–87

and voluntary associations, 185

and work, 86, 182, 269, 424

Ideology

of capitalism and socialism,

405–6, 661

commitment to, 643–45

defined, 232

and education, 242–43

of equality, 266

to justify slavery, 232

to justify stratification, 232,

241, 242–43

of opportunity, 288

and power, 243, 266

and suicide terrorists, 453

and work, 660–61

Ifaluk (of Micronesia), 74

Illegitimate opportunity structure,

210–12

Illiteracy

functional, 514

and gender, 237, 303, 503

Immigrants

assimilation of, 38, 45, 345,

347–48, 358, 443, 499,

504, 527

birthplace of, 602, 603

Chinese, 357

costs of, 603

on Ellis Island, 443

and Hull-House, 18–19

illegal/unauthorized, 349, 350,

421–22, 443, 603

Irish, 443

Latinos, 45, 84, 443, 548

politics of, 443, 504

push and pull factors of, 350,

602

and racial–ethnic mix in U.S.,

361, 362

socialization of, 84, 504

Imperialism, 9, 655–56

Implicit Association Test, 337

Impression management, 112–16

Incarceration, 214–18

Incas, 436

Incest and incest taboo, 56, 464,

466, 492

Income. See also Poverty; Wealth

and attractiveness, 110, 115

average hourly, 427

of CEOs, 264

defined, 262

distribution of, 246–47,

263–65, 289, 425–27

and divorce, 486, 489

and education, 240, 271, 276,

317, 499, 501, 505, 506,

509, 510

and gender, 9, 10, 237, 283,

303, 314, 316–19, 325

and illness, 568

inequality of, 239–40, 253,

262–65, 425–27

and inflation, 423, 427

of Native Americans, 360

and race–ethnicity, 282, 352,

354, 355, 357

and religious affiliation, 545

of teachers, 502, 515

in underground economy,

420–23

and voting patterns, 441, 442,

444

Incompetence, 182–84, 569

Indentured service, 232, 305,

374

Independent variables, 136, 138

India

as arms buyer, 452

British rule of, 334

caste system in, 233–35, 254,

345, 534

child labor in, 232

hair removal ceremony, 134

marriage in, 467, 469

mass hysteria in, 635

megacities in, 609

as a nuclear power, 658

photos of, 42, 177, 198, 232,

233, 249, 300, 304–5,

374, 467, 469, 524, 539,

558

pollution and workers, 672

population growth in, 598, 599

poverty in, 616

religion in, 254, 534, 539

sex-selection abortion in, 604

surrogate mothers in, 479

and technology, 257

terrorism in, 529

Individualism, 52, 166

Individualistic vs. structural

explanations of poverty, 286–87,

288, 289

Indonesia, 89, 306, 409, 437, 598,

675

Industrial Revolution. See also

Industrialization

and adolescence, 89

and cities, 608

defined, 151

effects on society, 151, 175–76,

399, 653–54

and origin of sociology, 8–9

Industrial societies, 150, 151, 399

Industrialization. See also Industrial

Revolution

and aging/elderly, 368–69, 374,

375

and birth rate, 604

and capitalism/modernization,

174, 175–76, 653–54

and childhood, 88–89, 248–49

and cities, 608, 616

development of, 151, 252

and development of sociology,

8–9

and dying, 388

and education, 498–500

and the environment, 669–71,

675–76

and the family, 27, 28, 88–89

and global stratification, 654–56

and health, 560–62

and leisure, 422–24

and meaning of “old age,” 90

and medium of exchange,

401–3

and pollution, 669–71

and production, 174

and rationality, 174–76

and relationships, 174–76,

408–9

and religion, 534–35, 653

traditional authority in, 433–34,

534

and types of society, 151, 399,

652–54

and urbanization, 608, 616

Industrializing Nations

distribution of land, income,

population, 245, 246–47

education in, 502

environmental problems in,

253–54, 672, 675

map of, 246–47

Inequality. See Social inequality

Infant mortality, 560–61

Infanticide, 574, 604

Inflation, 401–2, 423–24

Information age, 399

Information societies. See

Postindustrial societies

In-groups, 157–58, 341

Inheritance, 464

Initiation rites, 89

Inner circle, 186–87, 411, 415–16

Inner city

and disinvestment, 620–21

and poverty, 282, 355, 610–11,

612, 620

schools in, 509

Inquisition, the, 528

Institutionalized means, 209

Instrumental leaders, 164

Insurance, health, 566, 574–75

Intel, 417

Intelligence, 66–67

Intelligence (IQ) tests, 507–9

Interaction. See Social interaction

Intergenerational conflict, 380–81

Intergenerational mobility,

277–78, 279

Intergroup relations, global

patterns of, 342–45

Interlocking directorates, 416

Internal colonialism, 342, 345

International Telephone and

Telegraph (IT&T), 415

Internet

avatars, 153, 518, 553

danger warnings in e-mail,

633

dating/mate selection, 465

and day care, 472

doctors online/virtual house

calls, 587

and education, 518–19, 665

electronic communities on, 160

and flash mobs, 636

gender relations in Iran, 301

and global communication, 668

and politics, 438, 439

pornography on, 208

and pranking, 183

religion on, 553

shaming sites, 204

and social inequality, 668

and voting, 437, 438

Interracial marriage

and endogamy, 464

forbidden in U.S., 235, 331,

345

patterns in U.S., 358, 470, 494

Interracial student organizations,

331

Interviewer bias, 131, 140–41, 143

Interviews, 131–33

Intimacy, in marriage, 25

Intimacy rape, 491–92

Invasion–succession cycle, 614

Inventions. See also New

technology; Social inventions

defined, 658

diffusion of, 658, 659

mediums of exchange, 402–3

microchip, 149, 152, 191–92,

652, 663–66

plow, 149, 151, 398, 652

Inventions (Continued )

and social change, 102, 151–54,

398–99, 658–60

and social revolutions, 149,

151–54, 398–99, 652

steam engine, 149, 151, 399

Investments, global, 417–18, 426

Invisible knapsack, 348

IQ tests, 507–9

Iran, 301, 435, 450, 455, 608, 664

Iraq, 159, 243, 439, 450, 452,

453, 455, 633

Iraq War, 60, 169

“Iron law of oligarchy,” 186–87

Iroquois, the, 358, 360, 436

Islam, 106, 222, 538–39, 542,

640. See also Muslims

Israel, 334, 455, 562

Italy, 433, 441, 455, 640

Japan

body image in, 115

and China, 438

corporations in, 161, 191, 193,

424

cultural leveling in, 60

culture of, 161, 193, 410

economic downturn in, 193

education in, 501, 504

elder care and child care, 369

emperor as a god, 534

group identity in, 161

life expectancy, 393

megacity in, 609

socialization of children in, 79

teamwork in, 161

wealth and poverty in, 255

Japanese Americans. See Asian

Americans

Jews

as an out-group, 157–58

anti-Semitism, 157–58, 338,

340–41, 537

and education in the past, 498

of Ethiopia, 334

as ethnic group, 332, 334

genocide/Holocaust, 157, 168,

330, 332, 344, 450, 537

and hate crimes, 223

Nazis creating prejudice against,

340–41

Nazis medical studies on, 450

and religion, 529, 536–37, 545

Jim Crow laws, 23, 351

Joe Camel, 582, 583

Judaism, 536–37

Kayapo Indians, 673

Kenya, 150, 199

Khmer Rouge, 64

Kindergarten, 508, 511–12

Klahanie, Washington, 619

“Knowledge work,” 399

Koran (Qur’an), 538, 539

Kosovo, 234, 344–45

Ku Klux Klan, 158, 337, 338, 645

Kurds, 457

Kuwait, 252

Labeling

and delinquents, 119, 205–7

and deviance, 205–7

in education, 511–12

and growing old, 373

and perception, 342

and prejudice, 342, 344

race and self-labeling, 47

and torture, 451

Labeling theory, 205–7

Labor. See Work

Laissez-faire capitalism, 403–4

Laissez-faire leaders, 164, 165

Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri,

47–48

Land, income and population

distribution, 245–52

Language, 43–46

accents and housing

discrimination, 356

body language, 111, 424

and culture, 43–46, 66

and day care, 83

defined, 43

“English only” movement, 349

and ethnic relations, 45

feminine terms as insults,

309–10

functions of, 43–46

and perception, 46

and social class, 244, 507

Spanish in U.S., 45, 84, 349,

443

Laser weapons, 667

Latinos, 349–51. See also

Race–ethnicity

and AIDS, 579

car culture of, 54

comparative well-being statistics,

352

and culture, 54, 84

on death row, 221

defined, 349

diversity among, 349–51, 352

and education, 84, 284, 313,

351, 352, 510

family structure of, 475, 476

and housing, 352

learning a new culture, 84

and mortgages, 338, 339

numbers of, 346, 349, 362, 363

and politics, 350–51, 441, 442,

444

poverty/income, 282, 283, 284,

352, 354

and religion, 548

residence patterns of, 349

and social class, 349–50

and Spanish language, 45, 84,

349

terms for, 346, 349

undocumented workers, 349,

350, 421–22, 443

Latvia, 655, 656

Law. See also Criminal justice

system

conflict perspective on, 213–14

mandatory education, 499

and oppression, 213–14

as social institution, 103

unintended consequences of,

216–18

unusual laws, 221

Leaders. See also Authority

authoritarian, 164, 165

charismatic, 434–35, 541

defined, 163

democratic, 164, 165

expressive, 164

and groupthink, 168–70

instrumental, 164

laissez faire, 164, 165

transition of, 435

Leadership, 163–65, 186–87,

242–43, 338, 436

Leadership styles, 164–65

Least Industrialized Nations

child labor in, 88, 400, 591,

599

children in, 591, 597–600

cities in, 605–7, 608, 609, 615,

616

and colonialism/neocolonialism,

252, 255–56

and debt, 255–56, 257

defined, 249

distribution of land, income,

population, 245, 246–47,

249

education in, 502–3

elites of, 256

environmental problems in, 672

food in, 595–97

and global stratification,

246–47, 249

health care in, 560–62

map of, 246–47

migration from, 602–3

population growth in, 594–601,

603, 604, 622

poverty in, 249, 250–51, 254,

591, 605–7

resources of, 255–56

symbolic interactionist

perspective on births in,

597–99

and the U.N., 601

urbanization in, 605–7, 616

Legal system, 213–14

Leisure, 54, 149, 150, 422–24

Lesbians. See Homosexuals

Liberia, 454

Life chances, 229–30, 262, 273–77

Life course, 87–91, 473–74

Life expectancy

of Abkhasians, 368

in China, 375

by country, 371, 561

defined, 370

and education, 507

in Ethiopia, 229

in Mexico, 229

of Native Americans, 359

in U.S., 229, 370–71, 393

Life span, 372, 392–93

Lifestyles

and health, 22, 274, 526,

585–86

of the super-rich, 264, 265, 407

Lion King, The, 630

Little Mermaid, The, 630

Living together. See Cohabitation

Living-dying interval, 389

Loans, 338–39, 414, 620–21. See

also Debts of poor nations

Lobbyists, 444–45

Longevity, 392–93. See also Life

expectancy

Looking-glass self, 68–69

Looks. See Beauty/looks

Los Angeles, 353, 609, 629–30

Lottery winners, 269

Louisiana, 592, 670. See also New

Orleans

Love/romance

in India, 469

and marriage, 24–25, 54,

468–70

research on attraction, 468, 470

Lower middle class, 272, 277

Lowrider shows, 54

Loyalty, 157, 205

Lumpenproletariat, 237

Lutheranism, as ecclesia, 543

Lynching, 18, 356, 625, 626,

627–28

Machismo, 476, 600

Macro-level analysis, 28–29,

97–102, 119, 126

Macropolitics, 432

Macrosociological perspective

and culture, 98

and microsociology, 28–29, 96,

108–19

and social class, 98

and social status, 98–101

and social structure, 97–102,

119, 126

Macy’s, 211

Mafia, 202, 203, 245

Mainstreaming, 504, 505

Malawi, AIDS in, 578

Malthus theorem, 592–96

Mandatory education laws, 499

Maquiladoras, 253–54, 257

Marburg virus, 584–85

March of Dimes, 184

Mardi Gras, 48

Marginal working class, 213

Marietta College, 322

Marines, U.S., 87, 142

Market forces, 405–6

Marketing research, 138

Marriage, 153. See also

Cohabitation; Courtship;

Divorce; Families; Mate

selection

age at, 91, 481, 494

arranged, 469

and caste, 233, 235, 469

changing meanings of, 24–25

child care responsibilities,

466–68

childless, 478

children, effect on, 471–72, 486

and commitment, 482, 483

companionate, 25

conflict perspective on, 28, 466

cultural themes of, 463–64, 469

of dead sons in China, 463

decision-making in, 466

defined, 462–63

and empty nest, 473

equality, emerging, 467–68

functionalist perspective on,

464–66

future of, 493

and gender roles, 466–68

and housework, 466–68, 494,

663

and incest, 56

interracial, 235, 331, 345, 358,

464, 470, 494

and intimacy, 25

and love, 25, 54, 468–70

never married, 482, 494

polygyny/polyandry, 52, 462,

536–37, 539

postponing, 481

S-8 Subject Index

Subject Index S-9

rape in, 491–92

and remarriage, 489

in the 1800s, 19

same-sex, 463, 480

and “second shift,” 466–68

sexual norms in, 199

and social class, 275, 469, 473

spouse abuse, 125–37, 490,

491–92

successful, 492–93

symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 24–25, 91,

466–68

and testosterone levels, 299

two-paycheck, 466–68, 478

and women in labor force, 420,

421

Martians, 631–32

Marxism, Marx on, 11

Masculinities, 294

Masculinity, 78, 79, 202, 297,

309–10, 466–67

Mass hysteria, 634, 635

Mass media. See also Advertising

anime, 49

and body image, 115

conflict perspective on, 102–3

control of, 102–3, 243, 271,

641

and culture, 410

and debts of poor nations, 257

defined, 78

and democracy, 438

and the elderly, 375–76

functionalist perspective on, 102

and gender, 78–80, 309

gender relations in Iran, 301

in Japan, 79, 410

and moral panics, 636

movies, 53, 630–31

and Native Americans, 53

newsmagazines, 103

and panics, 631–33

and pornography, 208

and propaganda, 456, 641–42

and religion, 547, 553

and school shootings, 517

and slavery today, 234

as a social institution, 102–3

and social movements, 641–43

and stereotypes, 78–80, 376

television, 78–79, 80

video games as, 79, 80, 153

and voting, 438

Mass society, 643

Mass society theory, 643

Master status, 100–101, 198, 294

Matchmaking, 465, 505

Mate selection. See also Marriage

changes in, 24–25, 465

as cultural theme, 464

Internet dating sites, 465

and love, 468–70

polygyny, 462, 536–37, 539

in schools, 505

and social class, 275

Material culture, 36, 58, 59, 659

Math education, 513

Matriarchy, 297, 464

Matrilineal system of descent, 464

Mattel Toys, 60

“Maximum-security society,” 191

Mazda, 193, 662

McDonaldization of society, 180

McDonald’s, 60, 180

McMinnville, Tennessee, 635

Means, explained, 130

Means of production. See

Production

Mechanical solidarity, 105, 106,

408–9

Medellin, Colombia, 605–7

Medians, explained, 130

Medicaid, 382, 571

Medical accidents, 298–99

Medical experiments, 329, 583–84

Medical insurance, 566, 574–75

Medicalization

of deviance, 222, 223–25

of society, 572

Medicare, 382, 393, 571

Medicine. See also Health and

health care; Surgery

alternative, 586

and American Medical

Association, 563, 565

cesarean section births, 16

and computers, 59, 664

conflict of interest in, 570–71

and cultural lag, 59

defensive, 568–69

defined, 558

diagnosis-related groups,

574–75

doctors online/virtual house

calls, 587

escalating errors/cascades, 166

fraud in, 571

future of, 586–87

gender in, 310–11, 312, 314,

560, 564, 571–72

group care in, 576

gynecological examinations,

118–19

HMOs, 574

incompetence in, 569

and indigenous peoples, 673

malpractice suits, 568–69

and midwives, 303, 564

monopoly of, 563, 565

organ transplants, 562, 566,

584, 651–52

pay-as-you-go programs, 576

plastic surgery, 115

professionalization of, 563

racism in, 329, 572, 583

rationing of, 576, 577

sexism in, 310–11, 312, 564,

571–72

and the sick role, 559–60

as a social institution, 103

and suicide, 572–74

Mediums of exchange, 401–3

Megacities, 609

Megalopolis, 609

Melanesian Islands, 639

Melting pot, 188, 335

Menstruation, 311

Mental illness

and the homeless, 224–25, 557

myth of, 223–25

personality disorders, 200–201

in present vs. past, 565

of rapists, 9, 10

and religion, 526

and social class, 275, 567

Mercy killing, 572–74

Meritocracy, 240

Metaformative social movements,

640

Methodists, 550

Metropolis, 608–9

Metropolitan statistical areas

(MSAs), 610

Mexican Americans, 346, 349,

352. See also Latinos

Mexico, 42, 43, 199, 229, 253–54,

334–35, 350, 421, 591,

597–99, 600, 609, 616

Miami, 45

Mickey Mouse, 631

Microchip, effects on society, 149,

152, 191–92, 652, 663–66. See

also Computers

Micro-level analysis, 28–29,

108–19

Micropolis, 611

Micropolitics, 432

Microsociological perspective

and background assumptions,

116–17

described, 96

and macrosociology, 28–29, 96,

119

and presentation of self, 111–16

and social construction of

reality, 117–19

and symbolic interaction,

108–11

Microsoft Corporation, 271

Middle age, 90

Middle class, 81–82, 206–7, 223,

271, 272, 277, 355, 473, 475

Middle Eastern countries. See Oil-

rich nations

Midwives, 303, 564

Migration, 335, 602–3, 608, 616

Milgram experiments, 160,

167–68

Military. See also War

as a bureaucracy, 177

and computers, 667

and corporations, 256

drug/chemical experiments by,

142, 583–84

and groupthink, 169

helmet manufacturing for, 213

rape in, 320–21

and resocialization, 87

Saddam Hussein’s capture, 159

sexual harassment in, 320–21

as a social institution, 103

soldiers, 299, 309–10, 320–21,

450–51, 454

Militias, 644

Millenarian social movements,

639

Milling, 627

Mind, development of, 68–71

Minimax strategy, 628

Minority group(s). See also

Race–ethnicity; specific groups

and access to power, 213–14

distribution in U.S., 347

and dominant groups, 334–35

emergence of, 334–35

gentrification and, 611

numbers of, 346

shared characteristics of, 334–35

women as, 300–302, 334

Minutemen (border patrol), 349

“Miss Rivers’ Lodge,” 329

Mobs, 625, 627–28. See also

Collective behavior

Model T, 661, 662

Modernization, 534, 551, 653–54

Modes, 130

Monarchies, 436

Money. See also Income; Property;

Wealth

currency, 401, 414, 456

digitized, 403, 666

e-cash, 403

history of, 401–3

Monkeys, 40, 67–68

Monogamy, 52

Monopolies, 404–5, 563, 565

Monotheism, 536

“Moral community,” 524–25,

530–31

Moral holidays, 47–48

Moral panics, 634, 636

Morality

development of, 72–73

and gender, 73, 483

and science, 135, 200–201, 208,

552

and social movements, 644

and suicide terrorists, 453

and war, 450, 451

Mores, defined, 48, 49

Mormons, 52, 56, 544, 585

Morocco, culture of, 35–36, 117

Mortgage loans, 338–39, 414,

620–21

Most Industrialized Nations,

246–47. See also G7/G8

and Africa/geopolitics, 655–56

defined, 245

distribution of land, income,

population, 245

education in, 501, 503

elderly in, 368–72

environmental problems in,

669–71

food in, 596

and global stratification, 245,

252, 255–57, 655–56

map of, 246–47

migration to, 602–3

population growth of, 594, 595,

597, 602–3, 605, 622

power of, 255–57, 595, 654–56

and the U.N., 601

Motherhood, 598–99, 600. See also

Single mothers

Motorcyclists, 50, 52, 206

Movies, 53, 340–41, 630–31

Multiculturalism, 342, 345, 363

Multinational corporations. See also

Globalization of capitalism

and division of wealth, 425–27

and energy shortage, 671

and funny business failures, 410

and global domination, 256–57,

668

global investing by, 417–18

and global superclass, 416–17

ownership vs. management of,

409, 411

and pollution, 670

power of, 256–57, 411, 415–16

and social stratification, 256–57,

425–27

world’s largest, 415, 427

Multiple-nuclei model, 614

Murder. See also Genocide

of abortion doctor, 648

of African Americans, 18, 353,

356, 625, 626, 627–28

and alienation in cities, 615

by an abused wife, 125

of Brazilian children, 248–49

of Cueva Indians, 673

Murder (Continued )

of Deletha Word, 615, 616, 619

and gangs, 147–48, 202, 245

and honor, 202, 303

infanticide, 574, 604

by Mafia, 202, 245

rates in South Africa, 235

school shootings, 517

serial, 220, 222

sex of victims and killers, 323

Muslims, 345, 529, 531, 553. See

also Islam

Myths

of equality in law, 213–14

Horatio Alger, 288

of an idyllic past, 565

of mental illness, 223–25

about the poor, 282

of race, 330–32

about rape, 143–44

about school shootings, 517

of the small world phenomenon,

160

about social mobility, 288

about welfare, 9, 10, 282

9/11, 157, 422, 452, 529, 634

1984 (Orwell), 431

NAACP (National Association for

the Advancement of Colored

People), 18, 47, 186, 353, 356,

638

NAFTA (North American Free

Trade Association), 253, 455

Name calling, 642

Nannies, 472–73

NASA (National Aeronautics and

Space Administration), 169

Nash automobile, 662

Nation vs. state, 457

National Women’s Party, 307

Nationalism, 457–58

Native Americans, 358–60. See also

Race–ethnicity; specific

tribes/nations

and AIDS, 579

berdache among, 463

and casinos, 360

comparative well-being statistics,

352

democracy among, 436

discrimination against, 359

diversity among, 358–59

and education, 313, 352, 359, 510

ethnic identity, 336

family structure of, 475, 477–78

and genocide, 344, 359

as invisible minority, 359–60

in the mass media, 53

number of, 346, 358–59, 362,

363

population transfer of, 359

and poverty, 282, 352

and segregation, 359

and separatism, 360

and slavery, 232

treaties with, 359, 360

and Westerns, 53

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization), 184, 656

Natural disasters, 120–21, 598

Natural sciences, 6

Natural selection, 57

Nature vs. nurture (biology and

behavior)

and deviance, 200–201

and gender, 77, 294–99, 311

and homosexuality, 57–58

and human characteristics,

64–68

social structure, 97–98

sociobiology, 57–58, 200–201

Nayars, the, 463

Nazis

creating prejudice, 340–41

and degradation ceremonies,

205

as fascists, 640

Gestapo, 439

Hitler as charismatic leader, 435

Hitler Youth, 65

Holocaust, 157, 168, 330, 332,

344, 450, 451, 537

and New World Order, 330,

332

origins of, 638

population policy, 603

support of, 643

as threat to Europe, 632

torture, 451

Negative sanctions, 46

Neighborhoods, 82, 202, 616–17,

619

Neocolonialism, 255–56

Neo-Nazis, 337, 338

Net migration rate, 602

Networks, social, 159–60, 505

Neutralization

functions of, 451

techniques of, 205–6

Nevada, 585

New-Malthusians, 592–95

New Orleans, 261

New technology. See also

Computers; Internet; Mass

media; Surveillance

and aging, 388

automobile, effects of, 661–63

and capitalists, 277

and communication, 58–59,

664

computer, effects of, 663–66

and death, 388

defined, 58–59

and democracy, 438

and economic changes, 277

and electronic communities,

160

and global stratification, 257,

656, 668

and the global village, 58–59

online degrees, 518–19

and reproduction, 154, 479

and restructuring of work,

665–66

social control by, 191–92, 243,

663–64

and war, 452, 455, 667

New World Order

and globalization of capitalism,

30, 418, 455–56

and Islamic fundamentalists,

640

and nationalism, 457–58

and Nazis, 330, 332

New York Zoological Society, 343

News reporting, 102–3, 243, 517,

641

Nicotine, 582

Nike, 60, 409

“Nintendo Generation,” 79

“No Pants Subway Ride,” 183

Noncentrist parties, 441

Nonmaterial (symbolic) culture,

36, 42–49, 58–59

Nonverbal interaction, 28

Norms. See also Deviance

and culture, 46–48, 56

defined, 46

emergent, 628–29

functions of, 198–99

internalization of, 337, 339

making social life possible,

198–99

and moral holidays, 47–48

of noninvolvement, 617–19

and peer groups, 85

and social institutions, 103

in traditional and modern

societies, 654

North Korea, 452, 658

Nuclear proliferation, 452, 455

Nuremberg Trials, 451

Nursing homes, 384–86

Nursing infants, 201

Obedience experiments, 167–68

Obesity, 115, 580, 588

Objectivity, 14, 133

Ogburn’s theory, 658–60

Oil

and arms, 452

fossil fuels, 669–71

and global dominance, 655,

656

prices of, 404–5, 452

Oil tankers, 426

Oil-rich nations

in Africa and U.S. geopolitics,

655, 656

characteristics of, 249, 252

map of, 247

and neocolonialism, 256

Oligarchy, 186–87, 439

One world, 456, 458

Oneida, the, 360

One-parent families, 478. See also

Single mothers

Onodaga Nation, 477

Open-ended questions, 133

Operational definitions, 127–28,

138, 139

“Opium of the people,” 531

Opportunity, illegitimate, 210–12

Organ transplants, 562, 566, 584,

651–52

Organic solidarity, 105–6, 409

Organizations. See Bureaucracies

Organized crime, 202, 245

Orphanages, 66–67

Out-groups, 157–58, 341

Overpopulation, 596, 598

Pacific Lumber Company, 674

PACs (Political Action

Committees), 445–46

Pakistan, 243, 452, 455

Palestinians, 139, 450, 457, 529

Panics, 631–34, 636

Pan-Indianism, 360

Parenthood. See also Child rearing;

Single mothers

changing meanings of, 25, 481,

597–600

child care responsibilities,

466–68

fatherhood, 475, 488, 489, 598,

600

grandparents as parents, 482–83

motherhood, status of, 598–99,

600

Paris, France, 605

Participant observation

of bikers, 206

of gangs, 135, 211

of the homeless, 3, 95–96,

224–25, 261, 557

of honor and violence, 202

of kindergarten, 508, 511–12

of medicine, 312

of pelvic examinations, 118–19

of racists, 338

as a research method, 128,

133–34

of restaurant workers, 141

in “tearooms,” 141–42

of the Yanomamö, 197

Passenger pigeons, 55

Pastoral and horticultural societies,

149–50, 398

Patriarchy, 297, 300–302, 464

Patrilineal system of descent, 464

Patriotism, 498, 504, 642

Patterns, defined, 36

Pay gap, 9, 10, 303, 314, 316–19,

325

Pearl Harbor, 169

Peer groups, defined, 76, 78

Peer pressure, 85, 165–66

Peers

and deviance, 202

and education, 83, 85

and gender, 76, 78, 85

Pelvic examinations, 118–19

Pentagon, 452, 667

Pentecostalism, 548

Pepsi-Cola Company, 189

Pequot, the, 360

Perception

cultural influences on, 36–39,

117

and in-groups/out-groups,

157–58

and labels, 342

and language, 46

selective, 342, 617

Peripheral model, 614, 615

Periphery nations, 253

Personal identity kit, 86

Personal space, 36, 109, 111,

618

Personality

authoritarian, 339

development of, 71–72

disorders of, 200–201

Peter principle, 182–84

Philadelphia Negro, The, 18

Photo essays, 51–52, 120–21,

250–51, 304–5, 336, 412–13,

532–33, 606–7

Physical fitness, as a value, 55

Pieta, 528

Pilgrims, 529

Plants, medicinal, 673

Plastic surgery, 115

Play, 69–70, 76, 81–82

Plessy v. Ferguson, 351

Plow, the, effects on society, 149,

151, 398

Pluralism. See also Multiculturalism

S-10 Subject Index

Subject Index S-11

as characteristic of U.S. society,

446–47

explained, 345

and power in U.S., 446–47

and religious freedom, 547

Pluralistic society, 52

Poland, 655

Police discretion, 222, 223

Polio, 184

Political Action Committees

(PACs), 445–46

Political parties

Bull Moose Party, 440

centrist parties, 441

Communist Party, 244, 407,

408

Democrats and Republicans,

276, 439–40, 444, 458

gender and race, 444

green parties, 672–73

and the “iron law of oligarchy,”

186–87

noncentrist parties, 441

Reform Party, 440

third parties, 440

Political science, 6, 7

Politics, 430–59. See also G7/G8;

Power

African Americans in, 353–54

Asian Americans in, 358

authority of the state, 432–35

and birth control, 601

campaign contributions,

445–46

conflict perspective of, 447–48

defined, 432

and divine right of kings, 242,

534

European systems, 440–41

and gender, 233, 303, 324, 325

global, 257, 455–58, 654–56,

658–59

green parties, 672–73

and identity chips, 663–64

and immigrants, 443, 504

and the Internet, 438

Latinos in, 350–51

lobbyists and PACs, 444–46

micro- vs. macropolitics, 432

and multinational corporations,

415–16

pluralistic perspective of,

446–47

and propaganda, 456, 642

and race–ethnicity, 350–51,

353–54, 358, 458

and social class, 266, 268, 270,

276

as a social institution, 103

and Social Security funds,

379–80

and status inconsistency, 268

as a subculture, 49

and terrorism, 452, 453, 455

and torture, 451

and Twittering, 664

types of government, 436–39

U.S. political system, 439–46

and war, 448–55

Pollution. See Environment

Polyandry, 462

Polygyny, 52, 462, 536–37, 539

Polytheism, 536

Poor, the. See Poverty

Population, 591–605

demographic variables of, 601–3

distribution of world, 245, 249

elderly, percentage of, 368–69,

393

projection of, U.S., 361, 362,

363, 605

world, 622

Population explosion, 594, 595

Population growth, 597–605

anti-Malthusians’ perspective

on, 594–96

and balance of power, 595, 601

conflict perspective on, 595, 601

and demographic transition,

594, 595

forecasting, 603–5

and immigration, 362, 602–3

and industrialization, 604

in Least Industrialized Nations,

594–601, 603, 604, 622

New Malthusians’ perspective

on, 592–96

and political instability, 601

rates of, 362, 592–95, 597,

600–601, 622

reasons for, 591, 597–600,

604–5

Population momentum, 600

Population pyramids, 600–601

Population shrinkage, 594, 595

Population transfer, 342, 344–45

Populations (in research), 129–30,

139

Pornography, 208

Positive sanctions, 46

Positivism, 9–10

Postindustrial societies, 151–52,

399, 403, 418–19, 426–27

Postmodern societies, 660

Potato, the, 592

Poverty. See also Homeless; Income;

Inner city; Social class

author’s experience with, 289

births and marital status, 285

blaming the victim, 255

characteristics of the poor, 273,

281–88

and child labor, 400, 599

and children, 82, 238, 248–49,

282, 284–85, 381, 382, 591

in China’s new capitalism, 407

culture of, 254, 255, 285–86,

289

cycle of, 285

deserving/undeserving, 286

duration of, 286

dynamics of, 285–86

in early U.S., 20

and education, 283, 285, 508–9

and the elderly, 282, 284, 381,

382, 383, 388, 393

feminization of, 283–84

and gender, 282, 283–84, 388,

393, 478

geographical patterns of, 281,

283

and health, 274–75, 289,

567–68

and illegal immigration, 350

illegitimate opportunities, 210

individualistic vs. structural

explanations of, 286–87,

288, 289

in inner city, 355

in Least Industrialized Nations,

249, 250–51, 254, 591,

605–7

myths about the poor, 282

in one-parent families, 282, 285,

478

by race–ethnic group, 282, 283,

284, 352, 354, 355, 357,

388, 393, 475

and religion, 548

rural, 273, 282

and social Darwinism, 11

and starvation, 595–96

and stereotypes, 282, 286

underclass, 273

and welfare reform, 287–88

working poor, the, 229, 271,

273, 277, 287

Poverty line, 281

Power. See also Authority; Leaders;

Leadership

and authority, 167–68, 432–35

and class, 213–14, 238–39,

242–43, 266, 270–71

conflict perspective on, 27–28,

213–14, 241, 307,

447–48, 654–56, 657–58

of corporations, 256–57,

415–16

defined, 266, 432

functionalist perspective on, 448

geopolitics, 257, 654–58

of global superclass, 416–17

of “groupthink,” 168–70

male dominance, 296, 297,

300–302

of peer pressure, 165–66

and rape, 143, 320–21

and social stratification, 238–39,

241–42

strains in global system of, 257,

456–58

thesis and antithesis, 657–58

transfer of, 435, 437, 438

Power elite

in China, 407

conflict perspective on, 102–3,

105, 241, 447–48

and criminal justice system, 222

defined, 21, 266

in future, 456

global superclass, 416–17

in government, 242–43, 266,

415–16, 416–17, 447–48

and ideology, 242–43

in Least Industrialized Nations,

256, 561

limits on, 243

maintaining power, 456, 457

in maintaining stratification,

242–43, 256

and multinational corporations,

256, 415–16, 416–17

and social movements, 644

use of criminal justice system,

213–14

Powerpuff Girls, 410

Pranking, 183

Prayer, 526, 553

Predator, the, 667

Pregnancy. See Reproduction of

humans

Prejudice. See also Discrimination;

Hatred; Racism; Sexism

ageism, 373–74

anti-Semitism, 157, 338,

340–41, 537

defined, 337

extent of, 335, 336

and hate groups, 337, 338

learning of, 337

theories of, 340–42

Premarital sex, 469, 483

Preoperational stage, 70–71

Preschools, 276

Prestige, 238–39, 266–68, 300,

303, 454, 545

Pretty Good Privacy, 243

Primary groups, 155, 156, 157,

182, 368

Prisoners. See also Criminal justice

system

in Buchenwald, 332

characteristics of, 9–10, 202,

214–15

on death row, 219

Japanese Americans as, 344, 357

numbers of, in U.S., 214–16

race–ethnicity of, 215, 219, 221

recidivism of, 218

resocialization of, 86

shaming of, 204

torture of, 451

treatment of, 157–58, 217, 307,

451

Privacy. See Surveillance

Proactive social movements, 638

Production

means of, 237, 241, 403, 405

in nontraditional societies, 174

in traditional societies, 174

Profane, defined, 524

Professions, 267, 314, 325, 563.