Henslin James M. Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach
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SOCIOLOGY
A Down-to-Earth Approach
Census Update
10
Edition
James M. Henslin
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Allyn & Bacon
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
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To my fellow sociologists, who do such creative research on
social life and who communicate the sociological imagination to
generations of students.
With my sincere admiration and appreciation,
CHAPTER 1
Topic: Suicide patterns are so consistent
that we can predict the number of
whites and African Americans who will
commit suicide this year—and the ways
they will do so
Illustration: A collage of The Forgotten Soci-
ologists (includes photos of Frances Perkins,
Alice Paul, and eight other early female
sociologists)
CHAPTER 3
Topic: A new stage in the life course: The
transitional older years
Cultural Diversity box: Women Becoming
Men: The Sworn Virgins
CHAPTER 4
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Looks: The
Last Frontier for Socially Acceptable
Discrimination?
CHAPTER 5
Topics:
Computer-assisted self-interviewing
Case studies added to research methods
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Gang
Leader for a Day: Adventures of a Rogue
Sociologist
CHAPTER 6
Topic: Replication of Milgram’s obedience to
authority experiments
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: The Power
of Cascades: When Errors Escalate
Sociology and the New Technology box:
Avatar Fantasy Life: The Fading Line of
Reality
CHAPTER 7
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Group Prank-
ing: Escaping the Boredom of Bureaucracy?
CHAPTER 8
Topics:
Citigroup as a career criminal
On death row, those most likely to be exe-
cuted are African Americans and Latinos
who killed whites
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Shaming:
Making a Comeback?
Illustration: Figure 8.5 Who Gets Executed?
Gender Bias in Capital Punishment
CHAPTER 9
Topics:
Wealth of the global superclass
Cracks in the global banking system
Illustration: Figure 9.1: The Distribution of
the Earth’s Wealth
CHAPTER 10
Topics:
Status symbols of the rich, such as $35,000
bottles of champagne
Percentage of the poor made up of each
racial–ethnic group (added to Figure 10.6)
CHAPTER 11
Topic: Rwanda, the first country in the
world to elect more women than men to
its national legislature
Mass Media in Social Life box: Women in
Iran: The Times Are Changing, Ever So
Slowly
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Women
and Smoking: Let’s Count the Reasons
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Where Are
the Cheerleaders? (Male, That Is)
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Affirmative
Action for Men?
CHAPTER 12
Photo essay: Ethnic work: Explorations in
Cultural Identity
Topics:
Institutional discrimination: How the subprime
debacle hit African Americans and Latinos
Techno Patriots
Table: Table 12.1: Race–Ethnicity and
Mother/Child Deaths
CHAPTER 13
Topic: Tuti Yusupova, claiming age 128, per-
haps the world’s oldest living person
Down-to-Earth Sociology box: Do You
Want to Live in a Nursing Home?
CHAPTER 14
Topics:
The global economic crisis
Concentration of power and the global super-
class
Transcreation (products designed originally
for one culture are modified to match the
preferences of another culture)
Global corporate dominance: The decline
of the United States and the rise of
China
Bankruptcy of General Motors
Estimates of illegal immigrants incorporated
into Table 14.2
Illustration: Figure 14.1: Changes in the
Medium of Exchange
Cultural Diversity Around the World box:
When Capitalism Fails: Consequences for
All of Us
CHAPTER 15
Topic: How “handlers” in U.S. politics by-
pass limits to political contributions
Down-to-Earth Sociology boxes:
How Can “Good” People Torture Others?
Who Are the Suicide Terrorists? Testing Your
Stereotypes
Table: Election 2008 data incorporated into
Tables 15.1 and 15.2
What’s New?
Because sociology is about social life and we live in a changing global society, an intro-
ductory sociology text must reflect the national and global changes that engulf us, as well
as new sociological research. In this revision of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach,
there are over 60 new suggested readings, 350 new references, 300 new instructional
photos, and 115 updated illustrations. Here are some of the new topics, illustrations,
tables, and boxed features.
iv
CHAPTER 16
Topics:
The emerging equality in U.S. marriages
(research by Morin and Cohn)
Ideal family size since the 1930s
The chances of divorce increase if a couple’s
first-born child is a girl
The “widowhood effect”
Proposition 8 in California
Illustrations:
Figure 16.1: Who Makes the Decisions at
Home?
Figure 16.4: The Number of Children
Americans Think Are Ideal
Sociology and the New Technology box: Rent-
a-Womb: “How Much for Your Uterus?”
CHAPTER 17
Topics:
Japan’s low birth rate is leading to easier
admission to college
Cheating (reporting fake data) by high
school administrators and how to solve
this problem
Using avatars in distance learning
CHAPTER 18
Opening vignette: Based on the Texas raid
on Yearning for Zion Ranch
Through the Author’s Lens: Holy Week in
Spain
Topic: The pope launched his own YouTube
channel
CHAPTER 19
Topics:
Ghostwriting medical research
Harvard medical students protesting their
professors’ ties with drug companies
Nicotine deaths increasing in China
The future of medicine
The Veterans’ Administration is using down-
and-out veterans to test drugs.
Thinking Critically section: How Will Your
Lifestyle Affect Your Health?
Sociology and the New Technology Box:
Making Virtual House Calls: Visiting
Your Doctor Online
CHAPTER 20
Topics:
Biofuels as a threat to the world food supply
New research indicating that gentrification
draws middle-class minorities to the
neighborhood and improves their incomes
The end of “white flight”
Critique of Gans’s typology of urban dwellers
Change in immigration because of the eco-
nomic crisis
Illustrations:
Figure 20.8: Country of Origin of Unautho-
rized Immigrants to the United States
Figure 20.11: The 20 Largest Cities in the
World
Table: Table 20.3: Urbanization and Indus-
trial Development
CHAPTER 21
Topic: The assassination of George Tiller,
doctor who did late term abortions
CHAPTER 22
Opening vignette about the international
market in body parts
Topics:
Russia’s threat of a nuclear attack on Poland
China’s identity cards that include reproductive
history to enforce its “one child” policy
China now emits more carbon dioxide than
does the United States
Sociology and the New Technology box:
From Electronic Toy to Political Weapon:
Twittering in the Digital Age
What’s New?
v
PART I The Sociological Perspective
CHAPTER 1 The Sociological Perspective 2
CHAPTER 2 Culture 34
CHAPTER 3 Socialization 62
CHAPTER 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 94
CHAPTER 5 How Sociologists Do Research 124
PART II Social Groups and Social Control
CHAPTER 6 Societies to Social Networks 146
CHAPTER 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 172
CHAPTER 8 Deviance and Social Control 196
PART III Social Inequality
CHAPTER 9 Global Stratification 228
CHAPTER 10 Social Class in the United States 260
CHAPTER 11 Sex and Gender 292
CHAPTER 12 Race and Ethnicity 328
CHAPTER 13 The Elderly 366
PART IV Social Institutions
CHAPTER 14 The Economy 396
CHAPTER 15 Politics 430
CHAPTER 16 Marriage and Family 460
CHAPTER 17 Education 496
CHAPTER 18 Religion 522
Brief Contents
CHAPTER 19 Medicine and Health 556
PART V Social Change
CHAPTER 20 Population and Urbanization 590
CHAPTER 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 624
CHAPTER 22 Social Change and the Environment 650
vi
Contents
To the Student from the Author xxiv
To the Instructor from the Author xxv
PART I The Sociological Perspective
CHAPTER 1
The Sociological Perspective 2
The Sociological Perspective 4
Seeing the Broader Social Context 4
The Global Context—and the Local 5
Sociology and the Other Sciences 5
The Natural Sciences 6
The Social Sciences 6
Down-to-Earth Sociology: An Updated Version of
the Old Elephant Story 7
The Goals of Science 8
Origins of Sociology 8
Tradition Versus Science 8
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Enjoying A Sociology
Quiz—Sociological Findings Versus Common
Sense 9
Auguste Comte and Positivism 9
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Sociological Findings
Versus Common Sense—Answers to the Sociology
Quiz 10
Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 10
Karl Marx and Class Conflict 11
Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 12
Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 13
Values in Sociological Research 14
Verstehen and Social Facts 15
Weber and Verstehen 15
Durkheim and Social Facts 15
How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together 16
Sociology in North America 16
Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology 16
Racism at the Time: W.E.B. Du Bois 18
Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer 18
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Harriet Martineau and
U.S. Customs: Listening to an Early Feminist 19
Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Contrasting
Views 19
Down-to-Earth Sociology: W.E.B. Du Bois: The
Souls of Black Folk 20
The Continuing Tension and Applied Sociology 21
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Careers in Sociology:
What Applied Sociologists Do 22
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 23
Symbolic Interactionism 23
Functional Analysis 25
Conflict Theory 27
Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro 28
Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together 29
Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology 29
Sociology Full Circle: Reform Versus Research 29
Globalization 30
Cultural Diversity in the United States:
Unanticipated Public Sociology: Studying Job
Discrimination 31
Summary and Review 31
vii
CHAPTER 2
Culture 34
What Is Culture? 36
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations
to Life 36
Cultural Diversity in the United States: Culture
Shock: The Arrival of the Hmong 38
Practicing Cultural Relativism 39
Cultural Diversity around the World: You Are
What You Eat? An Exploration in Cultural
Relativity 40
Components of Symbolic Culture 42
Gestures 42
Language 43
viii Contents
CHAPTER 3
Socialization 62
Society Makes Us Human 64
Feral Children 64
Isolated Children 64
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Heredity or Environment?
The Case of Jack and Oskar, Identical Twins 65
Institutionalized Children 66
Deprived Animals 67
Socialization into the Self and Mind 68
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 68
Mead and Role Taking 69
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 70
Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning 71
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions 71
Freud and the Development of Personality 71
Kohlberg, Gilligan, and the Development
of Morality 72
Socialization into Emotions 73
Society Within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social
Control 74
Socialization into Gender 75
Learning the Gender Map 75
Gender Messages in the Family 75
Gender Messages from Peers 76
Cultural Diversity around the World: Women
Becoming Men: The Sworn Virgins 77
Gender Messages in the Mass Media 78
Mass Media in Social Life: Lara Croft, Tomb
Raider: Changing Images of Women in the Mass
Media 80
Agents of Socialization 80
The Family 81
The Neighborhood 82
Religion 82
Day Care 82
The School 83
Peer Groups 83
Cultural Diversity in the United States:
Immigrants and Their Children: Caught
Between Two Worlds 84
The Workplace 85
Resocialization 86
Total Institutions 86
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Boot Camp as a Total
Institution 87
Socialization Through the Life Course 87
Childhood 88
Adolescence 89
Transitional Adulthood 89
The Middle Years 90
The Older Years 90
The Sociological Significance of the Life
Course 91
Are We Prisoners of Socialization? 91
Summary and Review 92
Cultural Diversity in the United States: Miami—
Continuing Controversy over Language 45
Values, Norms, and Sanctions 46
Cultural Diversity in the United States: Race and
Language: Searching for Self-Labels 47
Folkways and Mores 48
Many Cultural Worlds 49
Subcultures 49
Countercultures 49
Values in U.S. Society 52
An Overview of U.S. Values 52
Mass Media in Social Life: Why Do Native
Americans Like Westerns? 53
Value Clusters 54
Value Contradictions 54
Emerging Values 54
Culture Wars: When Values Clash 56
Values as Distorting Lenses 56
“Ideal” Versus “Real” Culture 56
Cultural Universals 56
Thinking Critically: Are We Prisoners of Our
Genes? Sociobiology and Human Behavior 57
Technology in the Global Village 58
The New Technology 58
Cultural Lag and Cultural Change 59
Technology and Cultural Leveling 59
Summary and Review 60