Heine Bernd, Nurse Derek. A Linguistic Geography of Africa
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Lloret, Maria-Rosa 1995. The representation of glottals in Oromo. Phonology 12:
257–80.
Longacre, Robert E. 1990. Storyline Concerns and Word Order Typology. SAL
Supplement 10 (Copyright 1991).
Lord, Carol 1993. Historical Change in Serial Verb Constructions. Typological
Studies in Language, 26. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Luschan, F. von 1898. Beitra
¨
ge zur Ethnographie des abflusslosen Gebiets von
Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. In Werther (ed.), pp. 323–86.
MacNeilage, Peter F. (ed.) 1983. The Production of Speech. New York: Springer-
Verlag.
Maddieson, Ian. 1977. Universals of tone: six studies. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.
1984. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2003a. The sounds of the Bantu languages. In Nurse & Philippson (eds.), pp. 15–41.
2003b. Phonological typology in geographical perspective. In Sole
´
et al. (eds.),
pp. 719–22.
2005. Some special consonants. In Haspelmath et al. (eds.), pp. 82–5.
Maddieson, Ian & Karen Precoda 1989. Updating UPSID. UCLA Working Papers in
Phonetics 74: 104–11.
Maganga, Clement & Thilo C. Schadeberg 1992. Kinyamwezi: Grammar, Texts,
Vocabulary. East African Languages and Dialects, 1. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Maho, Jouni 2003. A classification of the Bantu languages: an update of Guthrie’s
referential system. In Nurse & Philippson (eds.), pp. 639–51.
Mallinson, Graham & Barry J. Blake 1981. Language Typology: Cross-linguistic
Studies in Syntax. Amsterdam and New York, Oxford: North-Holland.
Manessy, Gabriel 1960. La morphologie du nom en bwamu (bobo-oule
´
): dialecte de bon
doukuy. Universite
´
de Dakar: Publications de la section de langues et litte
´
ratures, 4.
1979. Contribution a
`
la classification ge
´
ne
´
alogique des langues voltaı
¨
ques: le groupe
proto-central. Paris: Socie
´
te
´
d’Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de
France (SELAF).
Manfredi, Victor 1997. Aspectual licensing and object shift. In De
´
chaine & Manfredi
(eds.), pp. 87–122.
Mangulu, Motingea 2003. Esquisse de l’egbuta: une langue en passe d’extinction au
nord du Congo-Kinshasha. Studies in African Linguistics 32.2: 25–98.
Maniacky, Jacky 2002. Tonologie du Ngangela: varie
´
te
´
de Menongue (Angola). Ph.D.
disseration, Inalco, Paris.
Marchese, Lynell 1983. Atlas linguistique kru. Abidjan: Institut Franc¸ais d’Afrique
Noire (IFAN), Universite
´
d’Abidjan.
Masala, Carlo (ed.) 2002. Der Mittelmeerraum – Bru
¨
cke oder Grenze? Schriften fu
¨
r
Europa
¨
ische Integrationsforschung, 48. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Masele, Balla F. Y. P. 2001. The linguistic history of Sisuumbwa, Kisukuma, and
Kinyamweezi in Bantu Zone F. Ph.D. dissertation, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, St. John’s.
Masele, Balla F. Y. P. & Derek Nurse 2003. Stratigraphy and prehistory: Bantu Zone
F. In Andersen (ed.), pp. 115–34.
Masica, Colin P. 1976. Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia. Chicago and London:
University of Chicago Press.
1992. Areal linguistics. In Bright (ed.), pp. 108–12.
References342
Matras, Yaron 1996. Prozedurale Fusion: grammatische Interferenzschichten im
Romanes. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 49.1: 60–78.
Maurer, Philippe. 1995. L’angolar: un cre
´
ole afro-portugais parle
´
a
`
Sa
˜
o Tome
´
. Notes
de grammaire, textes, vocabulaires. Kreolische Bibliothek, 16. Hamburg: Buske.
McLaughlin, Fiona 1992–4. Consonant mutation in Seereer-Sin. Studies in African
Linguistics 23.3: 279–313.
Meeussen, A. E. 1967. Bantu grammatical reconstruction. Africana Linguistica 3: 80–122.
1975. Possible linguistic Africanisms. Fifth Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. Language
Sciences, 35. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Mendel, Daniela & Ulrike Claudi (eds.) 1991. A
¨
gypten im afro-asiatischen Kontext:
Aufsa
¨
tze zur Archa
¨
ologie, Geschichte und Sprache eines unbegrenzten Raumes.
Gedenkschrift Peter Behrens. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. Sondernummer
1991. Cologne: Institut fu
¨
r Afrikanistik.
Meyer, Ronny 2002. “To be or not to be” – is there a copula in Zay? In Yimam et al.
(eds.), pp. 1798–1808.
Meyer, Ronny & Renate Richter 2003. Language use in Ethiopia from a Network
Perspective. Schriften zur Afrikanistik, Research in African Studies, 7. Frankfurt:
Lang.
Miehe, Gudrun 1979. Die Sprache der a
¨
lteren Swahili-Dichtung. Berlin: Dietrich
Reimer.
Miller, Amy 2001. Grammar of Jamul Tiipay. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Miller, Cynthia L. & Leoma G. Gilley 2001. Evidence for ergativity in Shilluk.
Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 22.1: 33–68.
forthcoming. Evidentiality marking in Shilluk.
Mohrlang, Roger 1972. Higi Phonology. Studies in Nigerian Languages, 2. Zaria:
Institute of Linguistics.
Moravcsik, Edith 2003. A semantic analysis of associative plurals. Studies in
Language 27.3: 469–503.
Moreno, M. M. 1948. L’azione del cuscitico sul sistema morfologico delle lingue
semitiche dell’Etiopia. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 7: 121–30.
Moseley, Christopher & R. E. Asher (eds.) 1994. Atlas of the World’s Languages.
London: Routledge.
Mous, Maarten 1993. A Grammar of Iraqw. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
1996. Was there ever a Southern Cushitic language pre-Ma’a? In Griefenow-Mewis &
Voigt (eds.), pp. 201–11.
2000. Counter-universal rise of infinitive-auxiliary order in Mbugwe (Tanzania, Bantu
F34). In Voßen et al. (eds.), pp. 469–81.
2001a. Basic Alagwa syntax. In Zaborski (ed.), pp. 125–35.
2001b. Ma’a as an ethnoregister of Mbugu. In Nurse (ed.), pp. 293–320.
2003a. The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma’a/Mbugu. Creole Language
Library, 26. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2003b. Nen (A44). In Nurse & Philippson (eds.), pp. 283–306.
2004. A Grammatical Sketch of Mbugwe. Bantu F34, Tanzania. Grammatical
Annalyses of African Languages, 23. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
2005. Selectors in Cushitic. In Voeltz (ed.), pp. 303–25.
n.d. Paradigmatic meaning of imperfective aspect in Iraqw. Typescript, Leiden.
References 343
Mukarovsky, Hans G. 1976/7. A Study of Western Nigritic, 2 volumes. Vienna: Institut
fu
¨
rA
¨
gyptologie und Afrikanistik, University of Vienna.
(ed.) 1987. Leo Reinisch: Werk und Erbe. Vienna: Verlag der Akademie.
Murtonen, A. 1967. Early Semitic: A Diachronical Inquiry into the Relationship of
Ethiopic to Other So-called South-East Semitic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
Mutahi, Karega 1991. Interborrowing between Maasai and Kikuyu. In Rottland &
Omondi (eds.), pp. 197–207.
Mutaka, Ngessimo M. 1995. Vowel harmony in Kinande. Journal of West African
Languages 25.2: 41–55.
Mutaka, Ngessimo M. & Carl Ebobisse
´
1996/7. The formation of labial-velars in
Sawabantu: evidence for feature geometry. Journal of West African Languages
26.1: 3–14.
Myers-Scotton, Carol 2002. Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and
Grammatical Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Naden, Tony. 1989. Gur. In Bendor-Samuel (ed.), pp. 141–68.
Naı
¨
t-Zerrad, Kamal. 2001. Grammaire moderne du kabyle. Paris: Karthala.
Nau, Nicole 1996. Ein Beitrag zur Arealtypologie der Ostseeanrainersprachen. In
Boretzky (ed.), pp. 51–67.
Ndayiragije, J. 1999. Checking economy. Linguistic Inquiry 30: 399–444.
Neumann, Sabine (ed) 1999. Comparing African Spaces. Frankfurter Afrikanistische
Bla
¨
tter, 11. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Newman, Paul 1977. Chadic classifications and reconstructions. Afroasiatic
Linguistics 5.1. Malibu: Undena Publications.
1980. The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Inaugural Lecture, Leiden
University. The Hague: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
1990. Nominal and Verbal Plurality in Chadic. Publications in African Languages and
Linguistics, 12. Dordrecht: Foris.
2000. The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar. New Haven: Yale
University Press.
Newman, P. & R. Ma Newman (eds.) 1977. Papers in Chadic Linguistics. Leiden:
Afrika-Studiecentrum.
Nichols, Johanna 1986. Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language
62: 56–119.
1992. Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1996. The comparative method as heuristic. In Durie & Ross (eds.), pp. 39–71.
Nicolaı
¨
, Robert (ed.) 2001. Lec¸ons d’Afrique: filiations, ruptures et reconstitutions des
langues, en hommage a
`
Gabriel Manessy . Louvain: Peeters.
Nicolaı
¨
, Robert & Franz Rottland (eds.) 1995. Proceedings of the Fifth Nilo-Saharan
Linguistics Colloquium, Nice, 24–29 August, 1992. Nilo-Saharan Linguistic
Analyses and Documentation, 10. Cologne: Ko
¨
ppe.
Nicolaı
¨
, Robert & Petr Zima 1997. Songhay. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Nougayrol, Pierre 1989. La langue des Aiki dits Rounga, Tchad, Re
´
publique
Centrafricaine: Esquisse descriptive et lexique. Paris: LACITO.
1999. Les parlers gula – Centrafrique, Soudan, Tchad: grammaire et lexique. Paris:
CNRS.
Nouguier, Sylvie 2002. Relations entre fonctions syntaxiques et fonctions se
´
mantiques
en wolof. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Lyon.
References344
Nurse, Derek 1979. Classification of the Chaga Dialects: Language and History on
Kilimanjaro, the Taita Hills, and the Pare Mountains, with 24 Tables and 3
Maps. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
1982. The Swahili dialects of Somalia and the northern Kenya coast. In Rombi (ed.),
pp. 73–146.
1994. South meets north: Ilwana ¼ Bantu þ Cushitic on Kenya’s Tana River. In
Bakker & Mous (eds.), pp. 213–22.
1999. Towards a historical classification of East African Bantu Languages. In
Hombert & Hyman (eds.), pp. 1–41.
2000a. Diachronic morphosyntactic change in Western Tanzania. In Voßen et al.
(eds.), pp. 517–34.
2000b. Inheritance, Contact, and Change in Two East African Languages.
Sprachkontakt in Afrika, 4. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
(ed.) 2001. Historical Language Contact in Africa. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
(SUGIA) 16/7. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Nurse, Derek & Thomas J. Hinnebush 1993. Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History.
University of California Publications, Linguistics, 121. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press.
Nurse, Derek & Ge
´
rard Philippson 1975. The north-eastern Bantu languages of
Tanzania and Kenya: a classification. Kiswahili 45.2: 1–28.
(eds.) 2003. The Bantu Languages. Routledge Language Family Series, 4. London:
Routledge.
Odden, David. 1995. Tone: African languages. In Goldsmith (ed.), pp. 444–75.
Ohala, John J. 1984. An ethnological perspective of common cross-language
utilization of F0 of voice. Phonetica 41: 1–16.
Ohala, John J. & J. Lorentz 1977. The story of [w]: an exercise in the phonetic
explanation for sound patterns. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the
Berkeley Linguistics Society 3: 577–99.
Olson, H. S. 1964. The Phonology and Morphology of Rimi. Hartford: Hartford
Studies in Linguistics.
Olson, Kenneth S. & John Hajek 2003. Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap.
Linguistic Typology 7: 157–85.
Oomen, Antoinette 1978. Focus in the Rendille clause. Studies in African Linguistics
9.1: 35–65.
Orel, Vladimir E. & Olga V. Stolbova 1995. Hamito-Semitic Etymological
Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction. Handbuch der Orientalistik, 1. Abt.,
Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten, I, 18. Leiden: Brill.
Oumarou Yaro, Bourahima 1993. Ele
´
ments de description du Zarma. Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Grenoble.
Oye
`
ta
´
de
´
, B. Akı
´
ntu
´
nde
´
& Malami Buba 2000. Hausa loan words in Yoru
`
ba
´
. In Wolff
& Gensler (eds.), pp. 241–60.
Pachur, H.-J. & S. Kro
¨
pelin 1987. Wadi Howar: paleoclimatic evidence from an
extinct river system in the southeastern Sahara. Science 237: 298–300.
Pasch, H. 1985. Possession and possessive classifiers in Dongo-ko. Afrika und
U
¨
bersee 68: 69–85.
Payne, Doris, Mitsuyo Hamaya & Peter Jacobs 1994. Active, passive, and inverse in
Maasai. In Givo
´
n (ed.), pp. 283–315.
References 345
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Peng, Long 2000. Nasal harmony in three South American languages. International
Journal of American Linguistics 66.1: 76–97.
Perrot, Jean (ed.) 1981. Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne. Premie
`
re
Partie: Les langues de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Paris: Editions du Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Pilaszewicz, Stanislaw & Eugeniusz Rzewuski (eds.) 1991. Unwritten Testimonies of
the African Past: Proceedings of the International Symposium held in Ojrzano
´
w
n. Warsow on 07–08 November 1989. Orientalia Varsoviensia, 2. Warsaw:
Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Pillinger, Steve & Letiwa Galboran 1999. A Rendille Dictionary Including a
Grammatical Outline and an English–Rendille Index. Kuschitische
Sprachstudien, 14. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Plank, Frans (ed.) 1984. Objects: Towards a Theory of Grammatical Relations.
London, Orlando: Academic Press.
1985. The extended accusative/restricted nominative in perspective. In Plank (ed.),
pp. 269–310.
(ed.) 1985. Relational Typology. Berlin, New York and Amsterdam: Mouton de
Gruyter.
Platiel, Suzy & Raphae
¨
l Kabore (eds.) 1998. Les langues d’Afrique subsaharienne.
Faits de langues, 11–12. Paris: Ophrys.
Przezdziecki, Marek A. 2005. Vowel harmony and coarticulation in three dialects of
Yoruba: phonetics determining phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell
University.
Puhvel, J. (ed.) 1969. Substance and Structure of Language. Berkeley and Los
Angeles: University of California Press.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1991. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle
Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: University of
British Columbia Press.
Pu
¨
tz, Martin (ed.) 1994. Language Contact and Language Conflict. Amsterdam and
Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Ramat, Paolo & Giuliano Bernini 1990. Area influence versus typological drift in
western Europe: the case of negation. In Bechert et al. (eds.), pp. 25–46.
Randal, Scott 1998. A grammatical sketch of Tennet. In Dimmendaal & Last (eds.),
pp. 219–72.
Raz, Shlomo 1989. Areal features as a further criterion in elucidating the term
‘‘Ethiopian Semitic.’’ African Languages and Cultures 2.1: 92–108.
Redden, James E. 1979. A Descriptive Grammar of Ewondo. Occasional Papers on
Linguistics, 4. Carbondale: Department of Linguistics, Southern Illinois
University.
Reh, Mechthild 1983. Krongo: a VSO language with postpositions. Journal of African
Languages and Linguistics 5.1: 45–55.
1991. Frequentative derivation in Anywa: present-day reflexes of a Proto-Nilotic
suffix. Afrika und U
¨
bersee 74: 223–46.
1996. Anywa Language: Description and Internal Reconstructions. Nilo-Saharan, 11.
Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
References346
1999. ‘Body’, ‘back,’ and ‘belly’ – or: on the antonyms of ‘inside’ and their
conceptual sources. In Neumann (ed.), pp. 101–23.
Reiter, Norbert (ed.) 1999. Eurolinguistik. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Renfrew, Colin, April McMahon & Larry Trask (eds.) 2000. Time Depth in Historical
Linguistics, vol. 1. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Rialland, Annie 1984. Le fini/l’infini ou l’affirmation/l’interrogation en moba (langue
voltaı
¨
que parle
´
e au Nord-Togo). Studies in African Linguistics, supplement 9:
258–61.
1998. Syste
`
mes prosodiques africains: une source d’inspiration majeure pour les
the
´
ories phonologiques multiline
´
aires. In Platiel & Kabore (eds.), pp. 407–28.
2001. Une ‘‘ponctuation vocalique’’ en gulmancema (langue gurma) et les
conse
´
quences de sa perte dans une langue proche: le moba. In Nicolaı
¨
(ed.),
pp. 91–102.
forthcoming. Question prosody: an African perspective. In Gussenhoven & Riad
(eds.).
Richardson, Irvine 1957. Linguistic Survey of the Northern Bantu Borderland, vol. 2.
London: Oxford University Press.
Rombi, M-F. (ed.) 1982. Etudes sur le Bantu oriental (Comores, Tanzanie, Somalie,
et Kenya). Paris: Socie
´
te
´
d’Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France.
Roncador, Manfred von 1992. Zwischen direkter und indirekter Rede: nichtwo
¨
rtliche
direkte erlebte Rede: logophorische Konstruktionen und Verwandtes.Tu
¨
bingen:
Niemeyer.
Rottland, Franz 1982. Die su
¨
dnilotischen Sprachen. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
1983. Southern Nilotic (with an outline of Datooga). In Bender (ed.), pp. 208–38.
Rottland, Franz & Lucia N. Omondi (eds.) 1991. Proceedings of the Third Nilo-
Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Kisumu, Kenya, August 4–9, 1986. Hamburg:
Helmut Buske.
Saeed, John Ibrahim 1987. Somali Reference Grammar. Wheaton, MD: Dunwoody
Press.
1999 Somali. London Oriental and African Language Library, 10. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Sands, Bonny 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Evaluating Claims of
Distant Linguistic Relationships. Quellen zur Khoisan-forschung, 14. Cologne:
Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Sapir, Edward 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York:
Harcourt, Brace & Company.
Sasse, Hans-Ju
¨
rgen 1984a. Case in Cushitic, Semitic and Berber. In Bynon (ed.),
pp. 111–26.
1984b. The pragmatics of noun incorporation in Eastern Cushitic languages. In Plank
(ed.), pp. 243–68.
1986. A southwest Ethiopian language area and its cultural background. In Fishman et
al. (eds.), pp. 327–42.
1987. The thetic/categorical distinction revisited. Linguistics 25: 511–80.
Sauzet, Patrick & Anne Zribi-Hertz (eds.) 2003. Typologie des langues d’Afrique et
universaux de la grammaire. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Schachter, Paul and Victoria Fromkin 1968. A Phonology of Akan: Akuapem, Asante
and Fante. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 9. Los Angeles: University of
California, Department of Linguistics.
References 347
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian, 2 volumes. Sprache und
Geschichte in Afrika, Beiheft 1/2. Hamburg: Buske.
1986. Tone cases in Umbundu. Africana Linguistica 10: 423–47.
1987. Zwei areale Sprachmerkmale im Ostsudan. In Mukarovsky (ed.), pp. 213–29.
1990. A Sketch of Umbundu. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
1999. Tone and case in Umbundu. Studies in African Linguistics, supplement 9.
2003. Historical linguistics. In Nurse & Philippson (eds.), pp. 143–63.
Schadeberg, Thilo C. & M. Lionel Bender (eds.) 1981. Nilo-Saharan: Proceedings of
the First Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Leiden, September 8–10, 1980.
Dordrecht: Foris.
Schadeberg, Thilo C. & Philip Elias 1979. A Description of the Orig Language.
Tervuren: Muse
´
e Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.
Schladt, Mathias (ed.) 1998. Language, Identity, and Conceptualization among the
Khoisan. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Schuh, Russell G. 2003. Chadic Overview. In Bender et al. (eds.), pp. 55–60.
Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.) 1971. Linguistics in Oceania. Current Trends in Linguistics,
8. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
(ed.) 1973. Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 10. The Hague: Mouton.
Serzisko, Fritz 1989. The Kuliak languages: a structural comparison. In Bender (ed.),
pp. 385–404.
Shay, Erin 1999. A Grammar of East Dangla. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
Colorado at Boulder.
Shay, Erin & Uwe Seibert (eds.) 2003. Motion, Direction and Location in Languages.
Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Sherzer, J. 1973. Areal linguistics in North America. In Sebeok (ed.), pp. 749–95.
Shibatani, Masayoshi 1985. Passives and related constructions: a prototype analysis.
Language 61: 821–48.
Singer, Ruth 1999. The inclusory construction in Australian languages. Melbourne
Papers in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 18: 81–96.
Singler, John V. 1979. The segmental phonology of verb suffixes in Talo Klao (Kru).
M.A. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
Smieja, Birgit & Meike Tasch (eds.) 1997. Human Contact through Language and
Linguistics. Frankfurt, Paris, New York and Bern: Peter Lang.
Sole
´
,Marı
´
a Josep, Daniel Recasens & Joaquı
´
nRomero(eds.)2003.Proceedings
of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.Barcelona:
Futurgraphic.
Sommer, Gabriele 1995. Ethnographie des Sprachwandels: sozialer Wandel und
Sprachverhalten bei den Yeyi (Botswana). Sprachkontakt in Afrika, 2. Cologne:
Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Spagnolo, L. M. 1933. Bari Grammar. Verona: Missioni Africane.
Staden, Paul M. von (ed.) 1993. Linguistica – Festschrift E. B. van Wyk. Pretoria:
J. L. van Schaik.
Stanley, Carol 1991. Description morpho-syntaxique de la langue tikar (parle
´
eau
Cameroun). Epinay-sur-Seine: Socie
´
te
´
Internationale de Linguistique.
Stassen, Leon 1985. Comparison and Universal Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
2000. AND-languages and WITH-languages. Linguistic Typology 4.1: 1–54.
References348
Steeman, Sander 2003. Some issues in Sandawe sentence structure. Paper presented at
the 33rd Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, University of
Leiden.
Stegen, Oliver 2002. Derivational processes in Rangi. Studies in African Linguistics
31: 129–53.
Ste
´
phane, Robert (ed.) 2003. Perspectives synchroniques sur la grammaticalisation.
Louvain and Paris: Peeters.
Stevens, Kenneth N. 1983. Design features of speech sound systems. In MacNeilage
(ed.), pp. 247–61.
Stewart, John M. 1967. Tongue root position in Akan vowel harmony. Phonetica 16:
185–204.
1976. Towards Volta-Congo Reconstruction. Inaugural lecture. Leiden: Leiden
University Press.
1989. Kwa. In Bendor-Samuel (ed.), pp. 217–45.
1993. The second Tano consonant shift and its likeness to Grimm’s Law. Journal of
West African Languages 23: 3–39.
1995. Implosives, homorganic nasals and nasalized vowels in Volta-Congo. In
Emenanjo & Ndimele (eds.), pp. 162–69.
2000–1. Symmetric vs. asymmetric vowel height harmony and e, o vs. i, u in Proto-
Bantu and Proto-savannah Bantu. Journal of West African Languages 28.2:
45–58.
2002. The potential of Proto-Potou-Akanic-Bantu as a pilot Proto-Niger-Congo, and
the reconstructions updated. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 23.2:
197–224.
Stolz, Thomas 2002. Crosscurrents – the Mediterranean region as a potential linguistic
area. In Masala (ed.), pp. 52–73.
Storch, Anne 2003. Dynamics of interacting populations: language contact in the
Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal. Studies in African Linguistics 32.1: 65–93.
forthcoming. Hone (Jukun). In Dimmendaal (ed.) forthcoming.
Taka
´
cs, Ga
´
bor 2003. South Cushitic sibilant affricates in a comparative-historical
perspective. In Bender et al. (eds.), pp. 143–62.
Taljaard, Petrus C. & Sonja E. Bosch 1988. Handbook of Isizulu. Pretoria: J. L. van
Schaik.
Tchagbale, Zakare
´
1977. Le statut phonologique de (p) en tem. Afrique et langage 8:
45–51.
Thomas, Jacqueline M. C. 1972. Aires de phone
`
mes et aires de tons dans les langues
d’Afrique centrale. In Thomas & Bernot (eds.), pp. 111–19.
1991. Encyclope
´
die des pygme
´
es aka 1, fascicule 4: la langue. (LACITO No. 50).
Paris: SELAF.
Thomas, Jaqueline M. C. & Lucien Bernot (eds.) 1972. Langues et techniques, nature
et socie
´
te
´
I, approche linguistique. Paris: Klincksieck.
Thomason, Sarah Grey 1994. Hypothesis Generation vs. Hypothesis Testing: A
Comparison between Greenberg’s Classifications in Africa and in the Americas.
Manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.
2001a. Contact-induced typological change. In Haspelmath et al. (eds.), pp. 1640–8.
2001b. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edi nburgh: Edinburgh University
Press.
References 349
2003. Contact as a source of language change. In Joseph & Janda (eds.), pp. 686–712.
Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terrence Kaufman 1988. Language Contact, Creolization,
and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tosco, Mauro 1992. Dahalo: an endangered language. In Brenzinger (ed.), pp. 137–55.
1994a. The historical syntax of East Cushitic: a first sketch. In Bearth et al. (eds.),
pp. 415–40.
1994b. On case marking in the Ethiopian language area (with special reference to
subject marking in East Cushitic). In Brugnatelli (ed.), pp. 225–44.
1996. The Northern Highland East Cushitic verb in an areal perspective. In
Griefenow-Mewis and Voigt (eds.) 1996, pp. 71–100.
1997. Af Tunni. Grammar, Texts and Vocabulary of a Southern Somali Dialect.
Cushitic Language Studies, 13. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
2000a. Cushitic overview. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 33.2: 87–121.
2000b. Is there an ‘‘Ethiopian language area’’? Anthropological Linguistics 42.3:
329–65.
2001. The Dhaasanac Language: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary of a Cushitic
Language of Ethiopia. Cushitic Language Studies, 17. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
2003. A whole lotta focusin’ goin’ on: information packaging in Somali texts. Studies
in African Linguistics 31.1–2: 27–53.
Traill, Anthony 1985. Phonetic and Phonological Studies of !Xo
´
o
˜
Bushman. Quellen
zur Khoisan-Forschung, 1. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
1993. The feature geometry of clicks. In von Staden (ed.), pp. 134–40.
1994. A !Xo
´
o
˜
Dictionary. Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung, 9. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger
Ko
¨
ppe.
Traill, Anthony & Douglas N. Young (eds.) 1987. Sounds, Structures, and Varieties.
Special issue of African Studies, 46.2.
Treis, Yvonne 2000. Komplexe Sa
¨
tze im Kxoe (Namibia). M.A. thesis, Institut fu
¨
r
Afrikanistik, University of Cologne.
Tryon, Darrell & Michael Walsh (eds.) 1997. Boundary Ride: Essays in Honour of
Geoffrey O’Grady . Pacific Linguistics Series C-136. Canberra: Australian
National University.
Tucker, Archibald N. 1967a. Erythraic elements and patternings: some East African
findings. African Language Review 6: 17–25.
1967b. Fringe Cushitic: an experiment in typological comparison. Bulletin of the
School of Oriental and African Studies 30.3: 655–680.
1994. A Grammar of Luo, ed. Chet A. Creider. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Tucker, Archibald N. & M. A. Bryan 1966. Linguistic Analyses: the Non-Bantu
Languages of Northeastern Africa. London: Oxford University Press for the
International African Institute.
Tucker, Archibald N. & Peter E. Hackett 1959. Le groupe linguistique zande. Annales
du Muse
´
e Royal du Congo Belge, se
´
rie 8, Sciences de l’homme: linguistique, 22.
Muse
´
e Royale de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren.
Tucker, Archibald N. & J. Tompo Ole Mpaayei 1955. A Maasai Grammar, with
Vocabulary. London: Longmans, Green.
Tyllesska
¨
r, Thorkild 1986–7. Phonologie de la langue sakata (BC34): langue bantoue
du Zaı
¨
re, parler de Lemvien Nord. Me
´
moire de ma
^
trise, Universite
´
de Paris 3.
References350
Ullendorff, E. 1955. The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia: A Comparative Phonology.
London: Taylor’s.
Ultan, Russell 1969. Some general characteristics of interrogative systems. Working
Papers on Language Universals 3: 1–31.
Vekens, A. 1928. La langue des Makere, des Medje et des Mangbetu. Bibliothe
`
que –
Congo, 25. Ghent: Editions Dominicaines ‘‘Veritas.’’
Voeltz, F. K. Erhard (ed.) 2005. Studies in African Linguistic Typology. Typological
Studies in Language, 64. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
(ed.) forthcoming. The Dative and its Counterparts in African Languages. Amsterdam
and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Voeltz F. K. Erhard & Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.) 2001. Ideophones. Typological
Studies in Language, 44. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Vogler, Pierre 1987. Le parler Vata. Travaux de l’Institut d’Ethnologie 3, Universite
´
des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg.
Voßen, Rainer 1985. Encoding the object in the finite verb: the case of kAni (Central
Khoisan). AAP (Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere) 4: 75–84.
1997a. Die Khoe-Sprachen. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
1997b. What click sounds got to do in Bantu: reconstructing the history of language
contacts in southern Africa. In Smieja & Tasch (eds.), pp. 353–66.
(ed.) forthcoming a. Handbook of Khoisan Languages. London: Curzon.
(ed.) forthcoming b. Problems of Linguistic-historical Reconstruction in Africa.
Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 19. Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Voßen, Rainer, Angelika Mietzner & Antje Meißner (eds.) 2000. ‘‘Mehr als nur
Worte . . . ’’: afrikanistische Beitra
¨
ge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland.
Cologne: Ru
¨
diger Ko
¨
ppe.
Vydrine, Valentin 2004. Areal and genetic features in West Mande and South Mande
phonology: in what sense did Mande languages evolve? Journal of West African
Languages 30: 113–25.
Wagner, Joachim 1988. Untersuchungen zur Grammatik des Hadza. M.A. thesis,
Hamburg.
Wald, Benji 1994. Sub-Saharan Africa. In Moseley & Asher (eds.), pp. 289–309.
Watkins, Calvert 2001. An Indo-European linguistic area and its characteristics:
ancient Anatolia – areal diffusion as a challenge to the comparative method? In
Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.), pp. 44–63.
Wedekind, Klaus 1985. Thoughts when drawing a tone map of Africa. Afrikanistische
Arbeitspapiere 1: 105–24.
1994. Ethiopian Semitic languages. In Asher (ed.), pp. 1148–9.
Weinreich, Uriel [1953] 1964. Languages in Contact. London, The Hague, and Paris:
Mouton.
Welmers, William E. 1974. African Language Structures. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Werther, C. Waldemar (ed.) 1898. Die mittleren Hochla
¨
nder des no
¨
rdlichen Deutsch-
Ost-Afrika. Berlin: Hermann Paetel.
Westermann, Diedrich 1911. Die Sudansprachen: eine sprachvergleichende
Studie. Abhandlungen des Hamburgischen Kolonialinstituts, 3. Hamburg:
L. Friederichsen.
References 351