Harrison G. Neoliberal Africa: The Impact of Global Social Engineering (ENG)
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
174
n e o l i b e r a l af r i c a
ideas in action, 74
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 8,
13, 20, 23, 33, 39–40, 42–6, 56, 58,
85, 89–90, 99, 107, 140, 145–6, 148;
anti-statist ideology, 79; apolitical
self-representation, 50; credit
power, 110; metaphor use, 3;
national economy ranking, 86;
1980s’ role change, 83; packages
1980s, 32; Poverty Reduction and
Growth Framework, 57; riots
against, 33; Russia involvement,
100; summits, 95; USA pressure
on, 88
‘implicit market surrogates’, 25
import controls, First World, 92
‘incentivised’ rewards, public services,
67
India, foreign direct investment in, 10
information management, 108, 114
INGO (international non-governmental
organisations) transfers, 127
‘initiative’, World Bank concept, 123
insecurity, work, 37
institutions: ‘computerisation’, 108;
‘institutional memory’, 109;
institutionalism, 67;
interconnectedness, 144
Integrated Financial Management
System, 127
interest payments, exported, 40
interest rates, 39, 88
intergovernmental trade reforms, 12
International Accounting Standards
Board, 96
international capital, spatial
differentiation, 11
International Finance Corporation,
World Bank, 13
intervention and monitoring,
discourses of, 13
investment, humpy nature of, 9; see
also FDI
Joint Staff Assessments,
World Bank–IMF, 45
Kamat, S., 55
Kenya, vegetables and cut-flowers
sector, 9
Keynesianism, 21; crisis of, 80
Kikwete, Jakaya, 107
knowledge/action, reified distinction,
71
Kohl, Helmut, 20
Kothari, Uma, 121
Kotz, D., 80
labour, intensity of, 37
Lagos, 146
language, European hegemonic, 15
Latin America, indebted economies, 8
‘left behind’ metaphor, 4
legitimacy, developmental, 131;
framing, 52
lending, unregulated aggressive, USA
banks, 145
Lesotho, 24
Lévy, D., 80
liberal social reform, prospects for, 30
liberalisation, state management, 91
local government reform (LGR), 125–9,
131; emerging literature, 124; Project
Tanzania, 121
logging, illegal tolerated, 137–8
Lomé agreements, 95; first, 94
low-technology manufacturing, weak
‘take-off’ sector, 7
Loxley, J., 14, 16
Lushoto District, Tanzania, 126–7, 129,
135, 137–8; civil service, 128;
corruption, 136; decentralised
neoliberalism, 130;
developmentalism, 132 ; local
representation, 131
luxury tourism, shrinkage, 146
maendeleo, 130
macroeconomic ‘headlines’, 85
malaria, epidemic levels, 40–41
Malawi, 48, 116; political parties, 107
Malaysia: debt-to-export ratio, 8; FDI,
10
Mamdani, M., 15
managerialism, social provision, 101
marginalisation, women councillors,
134
marketing boards, abolished, 84, 99
Mbembe, Achille, 2
means-testing, 102
Medium Term Expenditure
Framework, budgetary technique,
112, 114, 127
Mexico, 1982–3 debt crisis, 8
175
i n d e x
Milanovic, B., 92
Millennium Development Goals, 45
mineral investment, 10
Ministries of Finance, 57
Mkandawire, Thandika, 33, 47
Mkapa, Benjamin, 107
Moore, David, 1
Moore, Michael, 20, 25
Mosley, P., 115
Mosse, David, 121
Mozambique, 53, 104, 116, 139;
assassinations, 140; HIPC status,
43; parliament pre-empted, 99;
PRES programme, 102;
privatisation programme, 140;
structural adjustment
consequences, 99–100; World Bank
corruption attitude, 142
Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA), 13
multipartyism, 107; elections, 48–9;
orchestrated shift to, 50
Musuveni, Yoweri, 140
Mwenda, A., 141
Mwinyi, Ali Hassan, 107
NAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement), 95
national banks, corrupt privatisations,
140
national independence(s), problematic
context, 12
neoliberalism: Africa ‘cutting edge’
practice, 19; African elite social
base, 60; African vulnerability
premiss, 109; agency endowed, 78;
causal efficacy, 29; class offensive,
26; ‘common sense’ claim, 25;
decentralised, 135; delegitimising
contradictions, 90; disciplinary, 23,
88; effects management, 103;
elasticity of, 148; ‘embedded’, 92,
120; evaluation characteristic, 62;
external finance need, 147; first
generation, 79, 81–2; ‘frontiers’, 138,
142; global policy, 18; global rule-
making, 144; habitual, 52;
institutional impetus, 37; intrinsic
impetus, 121; ‘local’ practices, 139;
mainstreamed, 97; persistence of,
93; policy failures, 36, 91; practices
of, 69, 118; radical-theoretical
slogan, 21; rationality framing, 3;
recession weakened, 145;
recodifying, 42; repertoire, 110–11;
rival ideology absence, 81; social
engineering project, 27, 32, 34,
116–17, 143, 145–6; ‘success’
evidence, 83; utopian, 63; world-
view theorists, 119
neotraditionalism, patriarchal, 148
New International Economic Order,
Declaration of, 94
New Public Management (NPM),
66–8; structures, 113
‘new right’, political parties, 20
New Zealand, neoliberal practices, 116
Nigeria Delta region, 10
Non-Aligned Movement, inauguration
of, 94
North, Douglass, 67–8
Nyerere, Julius, 89
OAU (Organization of African Unity),
15
OECD (Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development),
13, 96; Development Assistance
Committee, 94
official development aid (ODA), 92
oil reserves, 10
Ong, C., 116
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries), second oil
price shock, 87
open regionalism, 13
opportunity, World Bank concept, 123
organised labour, undermined, 25
‘othering’ process of, 16
Output Oriented Budgeting, 112
Pareto optimality, 55, 62
‘Paris Club’ of international creditors,
43; bilateral donors, 8; creation of,
94; meetings, 13
parliamentary discussion, pre-empted,
99
‘participation’, 120; agenda of, 60;
selective, 54
pay scales, World Bank on, 113
Peet, Richard, 27
per capita income, falls, 90
Performance Improvement Modelling
(PIM), 112–13
176
n e o l i b e r a l af r i c a
‘peril’, 70
Pitcher, M.A., 139
Planrep, planning tool, 127
Platinum/Epicor software system, 127
political economy: institutionalist, 21;
‘rational-choice’, 51
‘political will’/leadership, 64, 105
politics: boundaries, 112;
developmental, 134; multiparty,
106–7; opposition parties, 49;
personalised local, 136
Pope, Alexander, 98
PORALG documents, 134
Portugal, 15
post-colonial African nation-states, 119;
critique of, 89; failures of, 37;
ideological attack on, 18
Post-Washington Consensus, 91–2
poverty, 122–3; inequalities of, 6;
integrated forms of, 7; 1981–2001
doubling 39; reduction rhetoric, 91
Poverty Reduction Growth Facilities,
45, 111
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, see
PRSPs
poverty reduction support credits
(PRSCs), 45
power, inequalities of, 6
pragmatism, 30–31, 61, 71–5; theories
of, 70
preferential thought experiments, 6
prices: commodity stabilisation funds
abolished, 94–5; controls removal,
39, 46; subsidies removal, 84, 99
primary exports, reliance on, 6–7, 92
‘prisoner’s dilemma’, 65
privatisation, 84; ‘silent’, 140; Western
push for, 14; Uganda scandals, 141
pro-poor growth, 109
profit squeeze, response to, 80
property rights, 101; insecurity of, 123
protectionism, First World, 93
protests and riots, 101, 103
PRSPs (Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers), 40, 42, 45–6, 96, 105, 109,
129; ‘cut and paste’, 111; external
funding and framing, 56–7;
‘orthodox’ results, 58; structural
adjustment premisses, 57; Tanzania
(MKUKUTA), 124–5
public action, market colonisation of,
118
public administration: incentives use,
114; spending cuts, 39, 46;
unemployment, 100
public marketing institutions, removed,
39
Public Sector Reform, 119
public utilities, privatised, 14
quotas, abolition of, 84
Rapid Rural Appraisal, 127
rates of inflation, IMF focus on, 85
rational individuals/choice, 3, 66, 68,
122; modelling, 65; neoliberal
typology, 55
rational progress, teleology of, 72
Reagan, Ronald, 20
reflective action, 74
regulation, architecture of, 84, 90
remittances, 40; falling, 146
rent-seeking models, 51
repertoire, 72, 74
results oriented management (ROM),
112
‘ring-fencing’ policy implementation,
51
rule of law, 101, 103
ruling classes, post-independence, 12
Russia, 100
Rwanda, 107
Sackey, H., 14, 16
‘sacred and profane’, 70
safe water, access lack, 41
Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 10
scholars, Africa focused, 2
‘scientific capitalism’, 24, 51, 59
second-generation reform, neoliberal,
81
sector investment lending, 44
Senegal, 38
Sierra Leone, structural adjustment
price explosion, 100
Smith, Adam, 29, 32
sociability, neoliberal, 129, 143
‘social capital’, 91
social ‘costs’, 101
social ‘safety nets’, 101–2
social collapse, 1980s, 80
social imagery, neoliberal ‘flat’, 21
social practices, 71; Africa, 75;
177
i n d e x
embeddedness, 138; global, 93
social sectors, PRSP allocation, 56
social theory: neoliberal, 62;
pragmatist, 27
society, as aggregation of individual
preferences, 66
South Africa, liberation elections, 48
Southeast Asia, 1990s debt crisis, 8
stakeholding, 120
standards agencies, 23
state marketing boards, removal, 84, 99
state(s), 32, 78; aid-dependent, 148;
authoritarian structures, 99, 115;
coercive element, 98; concentration
of power, 98; financial management
systems, 104; indebtedness, 87, 139;
liberalisation management, 91;
material fragility, 61; modelling, 97;
post-colonial histories, 12;
reconstruction of, 119; rolling back
of, 36, 64, 84; specific properties
of, 67
state-owned companies, strategic
selling of, 140
Stiglitz, Joseph, 67–8
structural adjustment programmes, 33,
38–9, 42, 84, 89–90, 102; credit
lines negotiation, 99; elite
responses to, 47; modified, 41;
Museveni adoption, 140; profusion,
83; social support funds, 64
subregional integration, 15
subsistence farmers, 7
Sudan, minerals and civil conflict, 10
sugar, 12
supermarkets, power of, 9
Szeftel, M., 88
Tangri, R., 141
Tanzania, 33, 53, 89, 111, 116, 120, 122,
129; Accountability, Transparency,
and Integrity, 113; budget
management, 112; Chama Cha
Mapinduzi party, 133; corruption,
137; decentralisation, 132; electricity
privatisation, 141; ‘good reformer’,
125; governance reforms, 124; HIPC
status, 43; nationalist
developmentalism, 130; post-
colonial history, 131; presidential
successions, 106–7; project
management, 121; Public Sector
Reform, 104; structural adjustment
price explosion, 100
Tanzania Women’s Association, 137
tariff reduction, 84
tax bases, slender, 7
technical assistance, expatriate, 53,
108; policy discourse, 51
Thailand, debt-to-export ratio, 8
Thatcher, Margaret, 20, 81
‘the political’, shaping of, 53
‘there is no alternative’, 24, 81
Therkildsen, O., 111
‘Third World’, 94
trade, liberalisation, 13; policy, 84
tragedies of the commons, 65
transparency, 55, 103–4
TRIMs and TRIPS, World Trade
Organization, 92
‘two constituencies’, 47–8
Uganda, 50, 53, 104, 107, 116, 120, 145;
budget management, 112; civil
service reform, 114; DRC
plundering, 141; HIPC status, 43;
neoliberal reform, 140; public
spending ODA reliance, 54; World
Bank retrenchment, 100
UN (United Nations): agencies, 79;
Commission on Trade and
Development, 94, 96; Covenants,
94; ‘development decade’, 94;
UNESCO USA exit, 95
uncertainty, production of, 70
universal progressivism, 73
universality, neoliberal image of, 117
urban–rural, reified distinctions
between, 7
USA (United States of America), 13,
79, 90, 108, 145; monetarism use,
87; neoliberal practices, 116; 1979
interest rate rise, 88; Republican
Party, 20; Treasury, 8; UNESCO
exit, 95
user fees, 85; health and education, 41;
water, 55
value-neutral, claims of, 31
Verba, S., 52
voucher provision, 102
Wade, Robert, 92
Ward, K., 28
178
n e o l i b e r a l af r i c a
Whitfield, L., 109
Williams, D., 55
women, disempowerment, 134
workshops/seminars, profusion of, 109,
125, 128, 142, 144
World Bank, 8, 13, 19–20, 23, 33,
39–40, 42, 51, 53, 58–9, 66, 84–5,
92–3, 99, 103, 107, 118–19, 124,
139–40, 145–6, 148; apolitical self-
representation, 50; Berg Report, 18,
89; conditional lending, 90;
corruption equivocation, 142;
Country Assistance Strategy
documents, 44–6; decentralisation,
126; development innovation, 87,
91; governance agenda, 55, 68;
–IMF ‘Coherence Agenda’, 96;
information management funding,
114; Institute, 130; Institutional
Capacity Building Project, 115;
International Development
Association, 43, 94; Local
Government Support Credit, 128;
MIGA, 95; Millennial Development
Report, 82, 123; national economy
ranking, 86; 1980s’ role change, 83;
Operations Evaluation Report, 141;
project documentation, 112–13, 125;
PRSP framing, 56–7; public
services competition policy, 67;
Russia involvement, 100; Special
Office for African Affairs, 17;
Uganda Country Assistance
Strategy, 141; USA pressure on
World Development reports, 54
World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO), 96
WTO (World Trade Organization), 20,
23, 86; agreements, 12; Doha
‘Development Round’, 96
Zambia, 33, 48, 99, 116; IMF stand-
offs, 107; investment disciplining,
86
Zanzibar, 125
Zimbabwe; 1991 ESAP, 102; structural
adjustment incomes fall, 100;
vegetable and cut-flower sectors, 9
