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38. George Price letter to Rosemarie Hudson, October 25, 1970, GPP.
39. George Price, “The Twelve Days of Easter,” manuscript dated March 7, 1971,
GPP; George Price letter to Dr. Gilfillan, April 4, 1971, GPP.
40. George Price letter to Dr. Lukas Vischer, April 22, 1971, GPP; George Price
letter to the Reverend Alan N. Stibbs, January 18, 1971, GPP; George Price
correspondence with Jack Finegan, January–February, October 1971, GPP;
George Price letter to F. F. Bruce, July 5, 1971, GPP. A reply from the World
Council of Churches arrived in May, promising, somewhat unconvincingly, that
the “paschal problem” was “on the agenda.”
41. Bill Hamilton letter to George Price, April 15, 1971, BLGPC,
BL:KPX1_4.10.
42. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, May 3, 1971, BLGPC, BL:KPX1_5.9.
43. Bill Hamilton postcard to George Price, May 5, 1971, GPP.
44. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, November 15, 1971, BLGPC,
BL:KPX1_5.3.
45. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, July 29, 1970, BLGPC, BLKPX1_2.7.
46. George Price letter to Annamarie Price, July 15, 1971, GPP; ibid.; Revelation
13:18 reads: “this calls for wisdom: let the one who has understanding calculate
the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man, and his number is 666.”
George mentions a number of times in his letters that he had cracked the true
meaning, but not once what it actually was.
47. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, op. cit.
48. Fisher first presented the theorem in his classic 1930 book, The Genetical
Theory of Natural Selection. But he repeated it in “Average Excess and Average
Effect of a Gene Substitution,” Annals of Eugenics 11 (1941), 53–63, and in the
second edition of The Genetical Theory, published in 1958.
49. J. F. Crow and M. Kimura, An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory
(New York: Harper & Row, 1970); J. R. Turner, “Changes in Mean Fitness Under
Natural Selection,” in Mathematical Topics in Population Genetics, ed. K.
Kujima (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1970); O. Kempthorne, An Introduction to
Genetical Statistics (London: Champan and Hall, 1957); A. W. F. Edwards,
“Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection,” Nature 215 (1967), 537–38.
50. George R. Price, “Fisher’s ‘Fundamental Theorem’ Made Clear,” Annals of
Human Genetics 36 (1972), 129–40, quote on 140. To see how George’s
covariance mathematics prepared him to understand Fisher’s theorem, see
Appendix 3.
51. George Price correspondence with Henry Morris, June–October 1971, GPP;
John C. Whitcomb and Henry Morris, The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record
and Its Scientific Implications (Philadelphia: Presbyterian & Reformed
Publishing, 1961); Matt Schudel, “Obituary: Henry M. Morris, Father of
‘Creation Science,’” Seattle Times, March 5, 2006.
52. George Price letter to Henry Morris, September 10, 1971, GPP.
53. George Price letter to Henry Morris, October 10, 1971, GPP.
54. George Price letter to Rosemarie Hudson, undated, circa February 1972, GPP
55. George Price letter to Ludwig Luft, August 8, 1971, BLGPC, KPX1_1. 6.
56. This includes gene interaction, for even two respectively “fit” genes (here
defined as the “environment” one of the other) may interact so as to produce
fitness degrading effects.
57. George R. Price, “Fisher’s ‘Fundamental Theorem’ Made Clear.”
58. Warren J. Ewens later published a similar conclusion to George’s: “An
Interpretation and Proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection,”
Theoretical Population Biology 36 (1989), 167–80. I thank Warren for extended
communications over Fisher and the true meaning of his fundamental theorem.
59. Bill Hamilton letter to George Price, November 28, 1971, BLGPC,
BL:KPX1_4. 15.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid. The article Hamilton had read was Richard Levins, “Extinction,” in
Some Mathematical Problems in Biology, ed. M. Gesternhaber (Providence, RI:
American Mathematical Society, 1970), 77–107.
62. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, March 14, 1972, BLGPC, BL:KPX1_4.
11.
63. George Price letters to Joseph Rhine, December 19, 1970, April 4 and
September 10, 1971, GPP; George Price correspondence with Hugh Ross, July,
1971–March 1972, GPP.
64. Joseph Rhine letters to George Price, December 29, 1970, and April 13, 1971,
GPP. For a history of the psychic and parapsychological movements see
Mauskopf and McVaugh, The Elusive Science.
65. Joseph Rhine letter to George Price, November 22, 1971, GPP; George Price
letter to Joseph Rhine, December 19, 1971, GPP.
66. George R. Price, “Apology to Rhine and Soal,” Science 175 (1972), 359;
Price-Rhine correspondence, January–October, 1972; last quote from letter dated
October 19, 1972, GPP.
CHAPTER 11: “LOVE” CONVERSION
1. Randall E. King, “When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the
1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade (Appearance by President Richard
M. Nixon),” Journal of Church and State 39, no. 2 (1997), 273–96; George Price
letter to Billy Graham, September 1970; reply from assistant to Billy Graham,
September 24, 1970, GPP.
2. George Price letter to Annamarie and Kathleen, August 2, 1970, GPP; George
Price letter to Al Somit, August 13, 1970, GPP; Michael Simpson letter to George
Price, July 25, 1970, GPP.
3. Al Somit letter to George Price, December 2, 1970, GPP; George Price letter to
Al Somit, December 12, 1970, GPP.
4. Al Somit letter to George Price, February 8, GPP.
5. George Price letter to Al Somit, September 11, 1971, GPP.
6. Al Somit letter to George Price, October 12, 1971, GPP.
7. Lorenz shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Niko
Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. On Lorenz, his co-Nobelists, and the history of
ethology, see Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr., Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz,
Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2005).
8. Lorenz eventually published his theories on animal fighting in book form in On
Aggression (London: Methuen, 1966). The assumption of the wide prevalence of
nonviolent ritualized combat has since been softened—animals, it seems, escalate
conflict more than was previously suspected.
9. John Maynard Smith, “Equations of Life” in It Must Be Beautiful: Great
Equations of Modern Science, ed. Graham Farmelo (London: Granta, 2003),
161–80, 166; John Maynard Smith, “In Haldane’s Footsteps,” 351. Alongside
Lorenz, T. H. Huxley’s grandson Julian Huxley also espoused a group selectionist
argument to explain ritualized combat: See J. S. Huxley, “Ritualization of
Behaviour in Animals and Man,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
B 151 (1966), 249–71.
10. R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa, Games and Decisions: Introduction and
Critical Survey (New York: John Wiley, 1958).
11. R. C. Lewontin, “Evolution and the Theory of Games,” Journal of Theoretical
Biology 1 (1961), 382–403; interview with Richard Lewontin, December 31,
2007; on the history of the divide Lewontin alludes to, see James Schwartz,
“Population Genetics and Sociobiology: Conflicting Views of Evolution,”
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45, no. 2 (2002), 224–40.
12. Maynard Smith eventually published The Evolution of Sex (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1978).
13. John Maynard Smith, “Evolution and the Theory of Games,” American
Scientist 64 (1976), 41–45.
14. Maynard Smith later explained that he was aware of the “unbeatable strategy”
term in Hamilton’s 1967 paper, but hadn’t registered this as influencing his ideas
when formalizing the ESS. “In Haldane’s Footsteps,” 352.
15. Ibid.; George Price letter to Richard Lewontin, September 15, 1970. I thank
Dick Lewontin for providing me with their correspondence.
16. George Price letter to John Maynard Smith, August 9, 1971, GPP.
17. George R. Price, “Extension of Covariance Selection Mathematics,” Annals of
Human Genetics 35 (1972), 485–90. George had recently learned (and
acknowledged in this paper) that Alan Robertson had published a covariance
selection equation prior and similar to his own in a somewhat obscurely placed
article, “A Mathematical Model of the Culling Process in Dairy Cattle,” Animal
Production 8 (1966), 95–108. Robertson, however, a researcher more concerned
with breeding practice than evolution, had not added the second, transmission
term to his equation, meaning that it was not expansible to multiple levels of
selection, which was the whole beauty of George’s approach. A few months after
George’s own derivation of the equation, the mathematical biologist Joel E.
Cohen, then at the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, independently
derived the covariance relationship (again, without its expansible component) in
an attempt to determine whether the differential use of legal abortions by people
of varying socioeconomic or educational status had a positive or negative
selective effect on measured IQ. It was published nine months after George’s
Nature paper as “Legal Abortions, Socioeconomic Status, and Measured
Intelligence in the United States,” Social Biology 18 (1971), 55–63. Cohen had
derived the covariance from what he took to be “an easy consequence” of the
formula for the selection differential published by the eminent Edinburgh
quantitative geneticist Douglas S. Falconer, and was therefore not all impressed
by either his or, when he learned of it, George’s, originality. See, D. S. Falconer,
“Genetic Consequences of Selection Pressure,” in Genetic and Environmental
Factors in Human Ability, ed. J. E. Meade and A. S. Parkes (Edinburgh: Oliver
and Boyd, 1966), 219–32. There was a further antecedent to the covariance
equation that George was unaware of, once again without the second term: C. C.
Li, “Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection,” Nature 214 (1967), 505–6. I
thank Joel Cohen, now a professor at the Laboratory of Populations at Rockefeller
and Columbia Universities, for correspondence about this matter throughout May
2008.
18. George Price letter to Frieda (last name not known), May 29, 1971, GPP.
19. Lewontin would summarize his finding in the classic book The Genetic Basis
of Evolutionary Change (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
20. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, 84; Motoo Kimura original paper was
“Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level,” Nature 217 (1968), 624–26. His
major findings were later summarized in his book The Neutral Theory of
Molecular Evolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). There is
much literature on the history of the neutralism debate, see in particular Michael
Dietrich, “The Origins of the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution,” Journal of
the History of Biology 27 (1994), 21–59, and James F. Crow, “Motoo Kimura and
the Rise of Neutralism,” in Rebels, Mavericks, and Heretics in Biology, ed. Oren
Harman and Michael Dietrich (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008),
265–81.
21. George viewed the genetic polymorphism work as a “digression” from the
“Sex and Rapid Evolution” paper he was working on at the time but undertook it
nevertheless since he felt it would help him better understand a point involved in
the sex paper: George Price letter to John Maynard Smith, April 20, 1972;
“Antlers” File, John Maynard Smith Papers, British Library (BLJMSC).
22. Harry Harris, “Polymorphism and Protein Evolution: The Neural
Mutation–Random Drift Hypothesis,” Journal of Medical Genetics 8, no. 4
(December 1971) 444–52; “A Theoretical Investigation into Genetic
Polymorphism,” MRC application for a project grant, signed by Cedric A. B.
Smith, January 31, 1973, BL:KPX1_10.2.
23. George Price letter to Paul Samuelson, August 19, 1972, GPP. Samuelson had
become interested in population genetics and written a short article on “The
Hardy-Who Law of Genetics?” in March 1971, which he now sent to George.
24. George Price letter to John Maynard Smith, April 20, 1972.
25. The model used the following probabilities: Probability of serious injury from
a single D play = 0. 10. Probability that a “Prober-Retaliator” will probe on the
opening move or after opponent has played C = 0. 05. Probability that
“Retaliator” or “Prober-Retaliator” will retaliate against a probe (if not injured)
by opponent = 1. 0. Payoffs were calculated as follows: Payoff for winning = +60.
Payoff for receiving serious injury = -100. Payoff for each D received that does
not cause serious injury (a “scratch”) = -2. Payoff for saving time and energy
(awarded to each contestant not seriously injured) varied from 0 for a contest of
maximum length to +20 for a very short contest.
26. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, August 5, 1972, GPP.
27. George Price letter to John Maynard Smith, October 19, 1972, BLJMSC.
28. Ibid.
29. John Maynard Smith letter to George Price, October 24, 1972, BLJMSC; Bill
Hamilton letter to George Price, November 22, 1972, BL:KPX1_4.14.
30. George Price letter to Frieda (last name not known), May 29, 1971, GPP;
Interview with Sam Berry, May 5, 2008.
31. George Price letter to Dr. Webb, December 21, 1972, GPP; George Price
letter to the Home Office, Immigration and Nationality Department, December
28, 1972, GPP.
32. George Price letter to Annamarie Price, January 23, 1973, GPP.
33. The Latin is: “Amicabilia quae sunt ad alterum vererunt amicabilibus quae
sunt ad seipsum.” Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, book IX, chapter 4.
34. Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas 5 vols.,
trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Westminster, MD: Christian
Classics, 1981); David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), ed. L. A.
Selby-Bigge and P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 521.
35. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
2 vols., ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981),
I.ii.2, 26–27; Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices,
Publick Benefits, 4th ed. (London: J. Tonson, 1725), vol. 1, 9.
36. Andrew Brown, “The Kindness of Strangers,” The Guardian, August 27,
2005; Roger Bingham, “Trivers in America,” Science 80 (March–April 1980),
56–67; communication with Robert Trivers, May 27, 2008.
37. Robert Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of
Biology 46 (1971), 35–57. For a description of writing this paper see Trivers,
Natural Selection and Social Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002),
3–18.
38. “A Theoretical Investigation,” MRC application for a project grant.
39. Ibid.
40. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, May 3, 1971, BLGPC, BL:KPX1_5.9.
41. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, May 30, 1973, BLGPC, KPX1_2.4.
42. George Price letter to Annamarie Price, March 3, 1973, GPP.
43. George Price letter to Rosemarie Hudson, February 23, 1973, GPP; Henry
Noel letter to George Price, January 30, 1973, GPP.
44. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, March 24, 1973, GPP.
45. George Price letter to Julia Price, March 10, 1973, GPP.
46. George Price letter to Julia Price, March 24, 1973, GPP.
47. Jack London, The People of the Abyss (London: Macmillan, 1903).
48. See Exploring 20th Century London—Homelessness, Museum of London,
www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.77, for
a well-researched, colorful exhibition. For a classic study of homelessness see
Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1994).
49. George Price letter to Jack (surname unknown—a functionary at Saint Mark’s
Church), August 18, 1973, GPP.
50. John Price letter to George Price, April 5, 1973, GPP; Henry Noel letter to
George Price, April 7, 1973, GPP; Tatiana letter to George Price, August 17,
1973, GPP; Edison Price letter to George Price, April 16, 1973, GPP.
51. George Price to Jack, August 18, 1973.
52. The Reverend R. F. H. Howarth letter to George Price, July 16, 1973, GPP;
George Price letter to Henry Noel, July 22, 1973, GPP.
53. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, March 19, 1973, GPP.
CHAPTER 12: RECKONINGS
1. UCL letter to George Price (signed by the assistant secretary of personnel),
April 26, 1973, GPP; George Price letter to Julia Price, May 6, 1973, GPP.
2. George Price letter to Mr. Norman Ingram-Smith, May 27, 1973, GPP.
3. Ibid.
4. George Price letter to Jack, August 18, 1973.
5. Communication from Ursula Mittwoch, May 4, 2008; George Price letter to Dr.
Gilfillan, July 3, 1973, GPP.
6. Trevor Russell (Smoky) to George Price, July 3, 1973, GPP.
7. Trevor Russell letter to George Price, July 9, 1973, GPP.
8. Muriel Challenger letter to George Price, September 3, 1973, GPP.
9. Julia Price letter to George Price, July 30, 1973, GPP.
10. George Price letter to Smoky, September 14, 1973, GPP.
11. Ibid.
12. George Price letter to John Maynard Smith, October 19, 1973, BLJMSC,
“Conflict Draft” folder.
13. George Price letter to John Maynard Smith, February 12, 1973, BLJMSC,
“Conflict Draft” folder.
14. John Maynard Smith letter to George Price, October 24, 1972, BLJMSC,
“Conflict Draft” folder. In fact Maynard Smith had been more than scrupulous
and entirely generous both to have initially contacted George to get his permission
to cite his unpublished antlers paper, and then in offering joint authorship. As for
the 1964 Hamilton affair, Maynard Smith always had a conscience about it and
did his best to set the record straight. He often remarked that he had a knack,
blessed or cursed, for getting ideas from papers he reviewed.
15. J. Maynard Smith and G. R. Price, “The Logic of Animal Conflict,” Nature
246 (1973), 15–18, quote on p. 15. Half a year later, in “On Fighting Strategies in
Animal Combat,” Nature 250 (1974), 354, Valerius Geist of the University of
Calgary accused John and George of not acknowledging his prior explication of
the retaliation principle in V. Geist, “On the Evolution of Hornlike Organs,”
Behaviour 27 (1966), 175. It had been an oversight that George and John were
sorry about, and George wrote a letter of apology. See George Price letter to V.
Geist, March 24, 1974, BLJMSC, “Antlers File.”
16. Al Somit letter to George Price, September 27, 1973, GPP.
17. George Price letter to Edison Price, September 26, 1973, GPP.
18. Cedric Smith note to George Price, November 7, 1973, GPP; Paul Garvey
letter to George Price, November 11, 1973, GPP.
19. George Price letter to Joan Jenkins, November 15, 1973. I thank Jim Schwartz
for providing me with copies of the correspondence between Joan and George.
20. “Monthly Message No. 202,” June 1974, London Healing Mission, GPP.
21. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, December 6, 1973, GPP.
22. George Price letter to Morris Goodman, June 7, 1974, GPP; phone interview
with Professor Sam Berry, May 5, 2008.
23. Interviews with Al Somit, December 6, 2007 and April 16, 2008, and
communication on May 6, 2009.
24. Al Somit letter to George Price, November 27, 1973, GPP.
25. On the speculating bonanzas in London in the sixties see Oliver Marriot, The
Property Boom (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1967); Nick Wates, The Battle for
Tolmers Square (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976), 41.
26. Wates, The Battle for Tolmers Square, 23, 24.
27. Only 4 percent of the properties in the neighborhood were occupied by their
owners, whereas 80 percent, three-quarters of which unfurnished, were being
rented from a private landlord. Wates; ibid., 8, 9.
28. Private Eye, February 9, 1973; Wates, The Battle for Tolmers Square, 43–73,
quotes on 48, 68, 71, 43.
29. Communication from Paul Nicholson, February 4, 2008; Wates, The Battle
for Tolmers Square, 120.
30. Wates, The Battle for Tolmers Square, 129; communication with Paul
Nicholson, May 10, 2009.
31. Communications with Ches Chesney, January 14 and 15, 2008.
32. Paul Nicholson, “Room At the Top,” unpublished short story.
33. Wates, The Battle for Tolmers Square, 162. Also see Nick Wates and
Christian Wolmer, eds., Squatting: The Real Story (London: Bay Leaf Books,
1980).
34. Communication with Paul Nicholson, February 4, 2008.
35. Paul Nicholson, “Room At the Top.”
36. Ibid.
37. George Price letter to Dr. P. J. D. Heaf, December 16, 1973.
38. George Price letter to the official solicitor, Royal Courts of Justice, January
30, 1974, GPP.
39. James Schwartz, “Death of an Altruist,” Lingua Franca 10, no. 5 (July/August
2000), 51–61, quote on 59,
40. Beginning in February, George had embarked on a project involving
polymorphism analysis of macaque data from Morris Goodman, a professor of
anatomy at Wayne State University, via Harris’s collaborator Dr. Nigel Barnicot,
an anthropologist at UCL.
41. Bill Hamilton letter to Dr. Kelly, undated (circa December 10, 1974),
BLWHC, Z1X102_1.1.21; Hamilton, Narrow Roads, 174.
42. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, March 4, 1974, BLGPC, KPX1_2.5;
George Price letter to Annamarie Price, April 27, 1974, GPP.
43. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, March 4, 1974, op. cit.
44. Bill Hamilton letter to George Price, undated (circa March 6, 1974) BLGPC,
BL:KPX1_4.12; Bill Hamilton letter To Whom It May Concern, on Imperial
College letterhead, March 14, 1974, BLGPC KPX1_6 arrow KPX1_10.7.2.
45. George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, May 18, 1974, BLGPC, KPX1_2.5.
46. I thank Jim Schwartz for kindly sharing with me his notes from his meeting
and conversations with Joan Jenkins from 2000. Joan Jenkins died shortly after.
For her work on estrogen replacement therapy she was granted an OBE.
47. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, January 25, 1974, GPP; George Price
letter to Joan Jenkins, May 19, 1974; Schwartz notes.
48. George Price letters to Joan Jenkins, May 20, June 6, June 9, 1974. Often the
liaison between the two was Ruth Lang, CABS’s secretary at the Galton.
49. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, January 25, 1974, GPP; interview with
Kathleen Price, April 12, 2008.
50. George Price letter to Kathleen Price, May 31, 1974, GPP.
51. Bill Hamilton letter to George Price, June 11, 1974, BLGPC, BL:KPX1_4.6.;
George Price letter to Bill Hamilton, August 21, 1974, BLGPC, KPX1_2.5.
CHAPTER 13: ALTRUISM
1. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory
of Ethics, trans. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, 4th rev. ed. (London: Kongmans,
Green and Co., 1889), 260.
2. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection, 93.
3. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996),
201, 254.
4. Gene-centrism became wedded to “adaptationism,” and huddled together
within a worldview called sociobiology, both were furiously attacked from
different quarters. In particular see the anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, The Use
and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 1976); the philosopher Mary Midgley,
“Gene-Juggling,” Philosophy 54 (1979), 439–58; and the biologists Steven J.
Gould and Richard R. Lewontin, “The Spandrels of San Marco and the
Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme,” Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London B 205 (1979), 581–98.
5. The notion of altruism as a mistake (due to imperfect design) is strengthened by
the observation that some species of host birds have developed anticuckoo
behavior. See A. Moksnes, E. Roskaft, A. T. Braa, L. Korsnes, H. M. Lampe, and
H. C. Pedersen, “Behavioral Responses of Potential Hosts Towards Artificial
Cuckoo Eggs and Dummies,” Behaviour 116 (1990), 64–89.
6. P. W. Sherman, J. Jarvis, and R. Alexander, eds., The Biology of the Naked
Mole-Rat (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); D. W. Pfennig, H. K.
Reeve, and P. W. Sherman, “Kin Recognition and Cannibalism in Spadefoot
Toads,” Animal Behavior 46 (1993), 87–94; Robert B. Payne, Michael D.
Sorenson, and Karen Klitz, The Cuckoos: Cuculidae (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2005).
7. John Tyler Bonner, The Social Amoebae: The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds
(Prince ton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
8. For a nontechnical description of this research program, see “Altruism among
Amoebas,” Joan E. Strassman and David C. Queller, Natural History 116
(September 2007), 24–29.
9. Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, The Truth about Cinderella: A Darwinian
View of Parental Love (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999). There has
been, of course, much criticism of Daly and Wilson’s claims. For a study
presenting contradictory data see H. Temrin, S. Buchmayer, and M. Enquist,
“Step-Parents and Infanticide: New Data Contradict Evolutionary Predictions,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 267 (2000), 943–45.
10. J. S. Gale and L. J. Evans showed that Retaliator was not, in fact, an ESS. See