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Notes to pages 237-41

Paul McGeough, "Inside the resistance," Sydney Moing Herald, August

16, 2003.

Eric Schmitt and David Sanger, "Guerrillas posing more danger, says US,"

New Yo rk Times, November 14, 2003; Bryan Bender, "Guerrilla war in Iraq

spreading," Boston Globe, November 29, 2003. The geography of attacks

against coalition forces can be traced through the regular Security Reports

and maps of Iraq in general and Baghdad in particular provided by the

 Iraq Security Oce from May through October 2003 at <http://

w.hicirag.orservices/security/reports/index.asp>.

Peter Beaumont, "Chaos reigns as Saddam's plan unfolds," Observer,

August 31, 2003; Tracy Wilkinson, "Resistance in Iraq is homegrown," Los

Angeles

Times, September 2, 2003; Anthony Shadid, "They deal in danger,"

Washington Post, September 4, 2003; Douglas Jehl and David Sanger,

"Iraqis' bitterness is called bigger threat than terror," New York Times,

September

17, 2003; Mark Danner, "Iraq: the new war," New York Review

of Books, September 25, 2003; Tariq Ali, "Resistance is the rst step

toward Iraqi independence," Guardian, November 3, 2003.

Justin Huggler and Seb Walker, "US corporate invasion brings no respite

from war," Independent, September 5, 2003; Ariana Eunjung Cha, "Peril

follows contractors in Iraq," Washington Post, November 14, 2003; River

bend, "Baghdad is burning," September 6 and November 18, 2003; Rajiv

Chandrasekaran, "Fueling anger in Iraq," Wa shington Post, December 9,

2003; Edward Wong, "Saboteurs, looters and old equipment work against

efforts to restart Iraqi oilelds," New York Times, December 14, 2003.

Neil MacFarquhar, "Iraqi Shi'ites flex muscle even as they mourn," New

York Times, September 1, 2003; Anthony Shadid and Theola Labbe, "Iraqi

council members denounce American occupation," Washington Post,

September 2, 2003.

John Tierney, "Truck bomb explodes outside Baghdad police headquarters,"

New York Times, September 2, 2003; Rory McCarthy, "Suicide bombing

at police station kills 10 in Baghdad," Guardian, October 10, 2003; Alex

Berenson, "Baghdad car bomb heightens security conces," Globe and Mail,

October 13, 2003.

Dieter Bednarz, "The scourges of God," Der Spiegel at <http:

w.spiegel.de/spiegellenglish>. September 1, 2003; Suzanne Goldenberg,

"A land ruled by chaos," Guardian, October 4, 2003.

Riverbend, "Baghdad is burning," September 19, 2003; 'Nir Rosen,

"Operation Decapitation," Asia Times, October 29, 2003.

Michael Howard, "US hawk escapes Baghdad rocket attack," Guardian, 27

October 2003; Anthony Shadid, "Holy month begins in anger and ruin,"

Wa shington Post, October 28, 2003; Patrick Cockburn, "Slaughter in the

174

175

176

177

178

Notes to pages 241-3

345

rush hour," Independent, October 28, 2003; Mark Danner, "Delusions 

Baghdad," New York Review of Books, December 18, 2003.

Cockbu, "Slaughter"; Peter Beaumont, "Guerrilla war forces US to speed

handover," Observer, November 16, 2003.

Alan Freeman, "Powell refuses to rush Iraq handover," Guardian, Septem

ber 15, 2003; Shawn McCarthy, "Bush refuses to bend on Iraq," Globe and

Mail, Septemr 24, 2003; Ewen Mal and  Black, " council

ba 

ioe � G . l, 23_

Rory Mv �g counl put  ame as US mak no 

abo

�

t how si

�

�on  unra\

�

elling," Guardn, November 13, 2003; Jian

Borger and Rory McCarthy, "'We could lose this

siroation,' "

Guardian,

November 13,2003; Robin Wright and Thomas Ricks, "New urgency, new

risks in 'Iraqication,' '' Wa shington Post, November 14, 2003; Beaumont,

"Guerrilla war"; David Sanger, "America's gamble: a quick exit plan for

Iraq," New York Times, November 16, 2003.

Michael Georgy, "Iraq Shi'ites talk of holy war, not self rule," Reuters,

November 20, 2003; Steven Weisman, "Iraq exit plan: new obstacles," New

York Times, November 29, 2003; Anthony Shadid and Rajiv Chandra

sekaran, "Leading cleric calls for elections in Iraq," Washington Post,

November 30, 2003; Alissa Rubin, "US resistance to direct vote galvanizes

Iraq's Shi'ite clerics," Los Angeles Times, December 3, 2003; Robin Wright

and Rajiv Chandrasekaran, "US seeks compromise plan for political tran

sition," Washington Post, December 16, 2003. Patrick Cockburn, "Iraq's

Shia Muslims march to demand early elections," Independent, January 16,

2004; Daniel Williams, "Iraqi Shiites protest US blueprint," Washington

Post, January 16, 2004; Juan Cole, "Informed comment," at <http:

w.juancole.com>. January 16, 2004; Robert Scheer, "Give Iraqis the elec

tion they want," Los Angeles Times, January 20, 2004; Dilip Hiro, "One

Iraqi, one vote," New York Times, January 27, 2004. It was not only the

Shiites who dismissed the baroque plans for caucuses and assemblies; the

newly formed Council for Sunnis also rejected any elections organized by

the Provisional Authority and insisted that free elections could not be held

under military occupation: Rory McCarthy, "US must quit Iraq before vote,

say Sunnis," Guardian, January 26, 2004.

"US military starts air campaign in central Iraq," Associated Press, Novem

ber 18, 2003; Phil Reeves, "Americans turn Tikrit into Iraq's own West

Bank," Independent, November 18, 2003; Phil Reeves and Kim Sengupta,

"Explosions, shortages, instability: in Iraq, it's back to the furore," Inde

pendent, November 19, 2003; Esther Schrader and Josh Meyer, "US seeks

advice from Israel on Iraq," New York Times, November 22, 2003; Ed

Blanche, "West Bank East: Americans in Iraq make war the Israeli way,"

346

Notes to pages 244-7

Daily

Star, December 6, 2003; Dexter Filkins, "Tough new tactics by US

tighten grip on Iraq," New York Times, December 7, 2003; Tony Karon,

"Learning the art of occupation from Israel," Time, Decemb

r 9, 2003.

179 Julian Borger, "Israel trains US assassination squads in Iraq," Guardian,

December 9, 2003; Seymour Hersh, "Moving targets," ew Yorker,

December

15, 2003. One of the American ofcers spearheading the new

strategy was Lieutenant General Jerry Boykin who had described the US

military as a "Christian army" at war with Satan.

180 Richard Oppel, "US seeking foreign investment for Iraq," New York

Times, August 28, 2003; Philip Thornton and Andre Gumbel, "America puts

Iraq up for sale," Independent, September 22, 2003; Riverbend, "Baghdad

is burning," September 24 and December 12, 2003; Bernard Zand, "Slaves

of the foreigners," Der Spiegel, October 6, 2003; Shirley Williams, "The

seeds of Iraq's future terror," Guardian, October 28, 2003; Naomi Klein,

"Iraq is not America's to sell," Guardian, November 7, 2003. By the end

of 2003 the scale and intensity of the resistance, together with an un

employment rate of around 60 percent, had compelled the US to delay its

plans for privatization, and the Coalition Provisional Authority decided

to delegate responsibility to the interim government to be selected by July

2004. But the Authority's freedom of maneuver was also compromised by

continued and substantial reservations about the legitimacy of Order 39 under

international law. See Rajiv Chandrasekaran, "Attacks force retreat from

wide-ranging plans for Iraq," Wa shington Post, December 28, 2003; Daphne

Eviatar, "Free-market Iraq? Not so fast," New York Ti mes, January 10, 2003.

181 John Burns, "In the streets, a shadow lifts," New York Times, December

15, 2003; Rory McCarthy, " 'The devil is caught and his regime is nished,' ''

Guardian, December 15, 2003.

182 Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Thomas Ricks, and Anthony Shadid, "Belief that

insurgency will fade may be misplaced," Wa shington Post, ecember 15,

2003; Robert Fisk, "Saddam's capture will not stop the relentless killings

from insurgents," Independent, December 15, 2003; Edward Wong,

"Joy fades as Iraqis chafe under a grim occupation," Wa shington Post,

December 16, 2003. On Saddam's atrocities at Mahawil, see Human

Rights Watch, "The mass graves of al-Mahawil: the truth uncovered," at

<http:w.hrw.org/reports/2003/iraq0503/index.htm>. May 2003; Peter

Bouckaert, "Digging up the past: Iraq's killing elds," New York Times,

May 16, 2003.

183

Cole, "Shi'ite religious factions," pp. 564-6.

184 Robert Fisk, "'The tyrant is now a prisoner,''' Independent, December 15,

2003.

185 "Green Zone" at <http:w.globalsecurity.orglmilitary/worldliraq/

baghdad-green-zone-htm>; James Rupert, "Baghdad's blocked arteries,"

Notes to pages 247-51

347

NL', tor 13,2003; topher Ayad, "Iraq: the authoritarian drift

of e Bremer e,� Libation, Novem 11, 2 3;  l

a, -Badad"s US Zone: a d- for home,� W.4mon P,

December 6, 2003; Mitch Poer, "Bridging Baghdad's opsi worlds,"

Toronto Star, December 7, 2003.

186 Phil Reeves and David Usborne, "The turkey has landed," Independent,

November 28, 2003; Michael Howard and Julian Borger, "Iraqis express

cynicism at Bush's ISO-minute visit," Guardian, November 29, 2003;

Riverbend, "Baghdad is burning," November 29, 2003.

Chapter 9: Gravity's Rainbows

Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequences (Cambridge:

Polity, 1998), pp. 75-6, 88-92; id., Liquid Modeity (Cambridge: Polity,

2000), pp. 117-19.

Zygmunt Bauman, "Reconnaissance wars of the planetary frontierland,"

Theory, Culture and Society 19 (2002), pp. 81-90: 82; id., "Living and dying

in the planetary frontierland," in his Society Under Siege (Cambridge: Polity,

2002), pp. 87-117.

Don DeLillo, "In the ruins of the future: reflections on terror and loss in the

shadow of September," Haer's Magazine (December 2001). To describe

the Islamicism that motivated the attacks on the World Trade Center and

the Pentagon - both icons of the late capitalist mode - as "medieval" was

a common but mistaken response: cf. John Gray, AI-Qaeda and what it Means

to be Mode (London: Faber & Faber, 2003).

4 John Urry, "The global complexities of September 11," Th eory, Culture and

Society 19 (2002), pp. 57-69: 63-4. Urry's argument mobilizes a discon

certingly utopian image of New York City - which certainly has its "wild

zones" - and in mapping "asylum-seeking" onto the same plane as transparently

illegal activities he makes an objectionable contraction of his own. Unfortun

ately he is not alone. "We are witnessing increasing insecurity in all its forms:

weapons of mass destruction and terrorism that knows no limit of scale or

geography, the impact of migtion and crime on our streets": Tony Blair,

"The left should not weep if Saddam is toppled," Guardian, February 10,

2003 (my emphasis).

Michael Ignatieff, "The burden," New York Times, January 5, 2003; id.,

Empire Lite: Nation-Building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan (Toronto:

Penguin, 2003), pp. 3, 21.

Ignatieff, Empire Lite, p. 2; for a critical review of Ignatieff's approving argu

ment, see David Rieff, "Taking up the American's burden," Globe and Mail,

August 30, 2003.

348

Notes to pages 252-4

7 Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Mode World (London: Allen

Lane, The Penguin Press, 2003), p. 370; id., "The Empire slinks back," New

York Times

April 27, 2003; id., "America as Empire, now and in the

future," Th e National Interest 2/29 (July 2003).

Eliot Cohen, "This is World War ," Wa ll Street Joual, November 20,

2001; Doug Saunders, "The fourth world war," Globe and Mail, September

6, 2003. For Cohen, World War III was the Cold War. The enemy in World

War

IV is not "terrorism," he insisted, but "militant Islam," and so the United

States must do everything in its power to "overthrow the rst theocratic

revolutionary Muslim state" (Iran) and to nish off "America's arch-enemy

in the Arab world" (Iraq). Albert Einstein once predicted that World War IV

would be fought "with sticks and stones." He may yet be right; but it will

also

be set in motion by words - by names - that also have an extraordinary

capacity to kill and to maim (d. p. xiv).

David Harvey, Th e Condition of Postmodeity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989);

Cindi Katz, "On the grounds of globalization: a topography for feminist polit

ical engagement," Signs 26 (2001), pp. 1213-34, especially pp. 1224-5.

10 Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 2000), pp. 332-3. I have the deepest reservations about this

book from which, as Timothy Brennan perceptively notes, the "colonized of

today" are evacuated. "Why," he asks, "at a moment of American imperial

adventure, almost Roman in its excess, is the end of imperialism condently

announced?" He continues: "As the United States ushers a new government

into Kabul, criminalizes those who quibble with its military plans, and

thumbs its nose at the Geneva Conventions, Empire's thesis that imperialism

has ended is likely to seem absurd." And yet Brennan's critique is all the more

cogent because it focuses - unwaveringly - on the epistemological flaws in

the edice: "The Empire's new clothes," Critil Inqui 29 (2003), pp. 337-67.

11 Hardt and Negri, Empire, pp. 188, 194-5; Bauman, "Reconnaissance,"

pp. 83-4.

12 Robert Cooper, "The postmodern state," in Mark Leonard (ed.), Re

ordering the World: The Long-Term Implications of September 11 (London:

Foreign Policy Centre, 2001); id., "Order, force and law in a new era," Crimes

of War Project at <http:w.crimesofwar.org!sept-masept-cooper.html.

September 2002>; see also Sebastian Mallaby, "The reluctant imperialist:

terrorism, failed states and the case for American Empire," Foreign Affa irs

8112 (2002), pp. 2-7. When he wrote his essay, Cooper was a principal adviser

on foreign affairs to Blair's Labour government. Robert Kagan, co-founder

with William Kristol of the Project for a New American Century, was -

not surprisingly - dismissive of the privilege Cooper accorded to Europe:

"Europe's new Kantian order ourished only under the umbrella of Amer

ican power exercised according to the rules of the old Hobbesian order." Those

Notes to pages 255-8

349

"rules," whatever they might be, were inherently "unreliable," he argued -

particularly, one might add, where America was concerned - which is why

he insisted that "true security and the defence and promotion of a liberal order

still depend on the possession and use of military might." See his "Power and

weakness," Policy Review 113 (June-July 2002).

13 Elias Sanbar, "Is the war over?," at <http:w.autodafe.orgorrespondence!

chroniques/elias2.htm>, June 2002.

14 Veena Das, "Violence and translation," Anthropological Quarterly 75

(2002), pp. 105-12: 112 n. 3.

15 See, for example, Anustup Basu, "The state of security and warfare of

demons," Critical Quarterly 45 (2003), pp. 11-31.

16 Will Rhode, Paperback Raita (London: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 66; d.

John Hurnyk, The Rumour of Calcutta: Tourism

Charity and the Poverty

of Representation (London: Zed Books, 1996); Derek Gregory, "Scripting

Egypt: Orientalism and cultures of travel,"  James Duncan and Derek Gregory

(eds), Writes of Passage: Reading Travel Writing (London: Routledge,

1999), pp. 114-50; John Urry, Th e Tourist Gaze (London: Sage, 2002),

p. 74.

17 See <http:www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001l09/2001092 7 -1.htmb.

18 Cf. James Clifford, "Travelling cultures," in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary

Nelson, and Paula Treichler (eds), Cultural Studies (London: Routledge,

1992), pp. 96-116. Metropolitan cultures are themselves differentiated, of

course, and I do not mean to minimize the ways in which class, gender, "race,"

age, and other positionalities compromise its privileges.

19 Gary Younge, "Under a veil of deceit," Guardian, August 19, 2002.

20 Jeevan Vasagar, "Afghan asylum seekers forced to return home," Guardian,

April

29, 2003; Nigel Morris, "Protests at rst enforced return of Afghans

since war," Independent, April 29, 2003.

21 Homi Bhabha, "Double visions," Artforum 30/5 (1992), pp. 82-90: 88. Dis

possession is also inflected by class and gender, for example: as Barbara Kruger

once noted, "It's a small world, but not if you have to clean it."

22 Giorgio Agamben, "Beyond human rights," in his Means Without End:

Notes on Politics, trans. Vincenzo Binetti and Cesare Casorina (Minneapolis:

University of Minnesota Press, 1996), pp. 15-26: 21.

23 Nicholas Mirzoeff, "The empire of camps," Situation Analysis 1 (2002),

pp. 20-5; Suvendri Perera, "What is a camp?" Borderlands 1 (2002) at

<http:www.www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au>; Nigel Hoffmann,

"The intimate space of power," at <http:www.antimedia.netldeserstor

intimate.shtmb; "An Architektur," "Exterritories and camps: juridical

political spaces in the 'war on terrorism,' '' at <http:w.republicart.net>.

February 2003; Charles Bowden, "Outback nightmare and refugee dreams,"

Mother Jones (March/April 2003), pp. 47-53, 92-3. Bauman, "Living and

350

Notes to pages 258-60

dying," pp. 113-14, describes refugees - suspended "in a spatial void in

which time has ground to a halt" - as the undecidable, the unthinkable, the

unimaginable: the ineffable made flesh.

24 Gregor Noll, "Visions of the exceptional," at <http:www.opendemocracy.

net>, June 27, 2003.

25 Edward Soja, Th irdspace: Joueys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and

Imagined Places (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).

26 Giorgio Agamben, Means Without End: Notes on Politics (Minneapolis:

University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 38; id., "Uber Sicherheit und

Terror," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeittmg

September 20, 2001, trans. as

"Security and terror," Theo and Event 5/4 (2002). See also Biilent Diken

and Carsten Basse Laustsen, "Zones of indistinction: security, terror and bare

life," Space and Culture 5 (2002), pp. 290-307.

27 Human Rights Watch, "Presumption of guilt: human rights abuses of

post-September-11 detainees," at <http:w.hrw.org>, August 2002; "For

whom the Liberty Bell tolls," Economist, August 29, 2002; see also David

Cole, "Enemy aliens and American freedoms," The Nation, September 23,

2002.

28 A draft of draconian second-round proposals, the Domestic Security

Enhancement Act, was circulated in early 2003.

29 Paul Pass avant and Jodi Dean, "Representation and the event," Th eory and

Event 5/4 (2002), at <http:w.muse/uq.edu.au/jouals/theory_and_event/

v00515.4passavant.html>; see also Leti Volpp, "The citizen and the terror

ist," UCLA Law Review 49 (2002), pp. 1575-1600.

30 Louise Cainkar, "No longer invisible: Arab and Muslim exclusion after

September 11," Middle East Report 224 (2002), pp. 22-9; id., "Targeting

Muslims at Ashcroft's discretion," Middle East Report Online, March 14,

2003; Rachel Swarns and Christopher Drew, "Fearful, angry or confused,

Muslim immigrants register," New York Times, April 25, 2003.

Andrew Ross, "Containing culture in the Cold War," in his No Respect: Intel

lectuals and Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 42-64: 46.

32 Salah Hassan, "Arabs, race and the post-September 11 national security state,"

Middle East Report 224 (2002), pp. 16-21.

33 Susan Buck-Morss, "A global public sphere?," in her Th inking Past Te rror:

Islamism and Critical Th eory on the Left (London: Verso, 2003), pp. 21-38:

29.

34 Kanishka Jasuriya, "9/11 and the new 'anti-politics' of 'security,' ''

SSRClAfter September 11 at <http:w.ssrc.org/sept11/essays>; reprinted

as "September 11, security and the new post-liberal politics of fear," in Eric

Hershberg and Kevin Moore (eds), Critil Views of September 11: Analyses

fr om Around the World (New York: The New Press, 2002), pp. 131-47; see

also his "The exception becomes the norm: law and regimes of exception in

�otes to pges 260-2

351

East Asia," Asia-Pacic Law and Policy Joual, 2 (2001). Human Rights

Watch has drawn special attention to the use of the "war on terrorism" as a

cloak for repression in Ausalia, Belarus, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Jordan,

Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Malaysia, Russia, Syria, the USA, Uzbekistan, and

Zimbabwe: Human Rights Watch, "Opportunism in the face of tragedy: re pres

sion in the name of terrorism," at <http://w.hrw.org>, September 2002.

See also Naomi Klein, "Bush's war goes global," Globe and Mail, August

27, 2003, in which she describes how the specter of terrorism has been turned

into "a shield of impunity" - and immunity - to restrict freedoms and wage

war on those who dare to dissent.

35 Oren Yiftachel, "The shrinking space of citizenship: ethnocratic politics in

Israel," Middle East Report 223 (Summer 2002); Neve Gordon, "The enemy

within," in Roane Carey and Jonathan Shainin (eds), Th e Other Israel:

Voices of Refusal and Dissent (New York: New Press, 2002), pp. 99-105:

102; Jonathan Cook, "Unwelcome citizens of a racist

state,"

AI-Ahram,

September 26-0ctober 2, 2002.

36 Michael Dibdin, Dead Lagoon (London: Faber & Faber, 1994), pp. 113-15,

312.

37 For a radically different vision of Europe, see Ash Amin, "From ethnicity to

empathy: a new idea of Europe," at <http:w.opendemocracy.net>. July

24, 2003. He emphasizes hospitality - in a Europe and a world in which "we

might all be strangers one day" - and mutuality - that afrms our connect

edness: the stranger "works away at our certitude of the purity of self

identity." Such a project cannot afford to place (or, rather, re-place) Europe

at the center of the world: see Iris Marion Young, "Europe and the global

south: towards a circle of equality," <http:www.opendemocracy.net> August

20, 2003.

38 Henry Giroux and Paul Street, "Shredding the social contract," at

<http:w.zmag.org>, September 4, 2003.

39 Walter Benjamin, "On the concept of history," in Howard Eiland and

Michael Jennings (eds), Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vo!' 4: 1938-

1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 389-400: 392.

40 Michael Ignatieff, Th e Needs of Strangers (London: Chatto & Wind us,

1984); see also Stuart Corbridge, "Marxism, modernities and moralities:

development praxis and the claims of distant strangers," Environment and

Planning D: Society & Space 11 (1993) 449-72; id., "Development ethics:

distance, difference, plausibility," Ethics, Place and Environment 1 (1998),

pp. 35-54.

41 Ash , "Spatialities of globalizaon," Environment and Planning 34 (2002),

pp. 385-99; Eric Sheppard, "The spaces and times of globalization:

place,

scale, networks and positionality," Economic Geography 78 (2002), pp.

307-30.

Guide to Further Reading

I've provided detailed references in the footnotes to each chapter, but here I sign

post some of the texts and websites that I've found most useful. Some of these

books were published after I completed my own essays, and they provide import

ant new information or other insights into the "war on terror" in Afghanistan,

Palestine, and Iraq.

The ideas that I've worked with in The Colonial Present come from a variety

of sources. The writings of Edward Said are as indispensable as they are inspira

tional. Said's Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1978; latest edition 2003) is still the

most important - and deservedly now recognized as a Penguin Classic - but it

needs to be read carefully and critically. Said was not as attentive

o gender or

sexuality as contemporary critics would now prefer, he said little about the ways

in which those who were the objects of Orientalism resisted (and sometimes rein

fo rced) its dispositions, and his reluctance to engage with visual images - in a book

studded with visual metaphors and preoccupations - is remarkable. But the book

is none the less an astonishing achievement: passionate, engaged, and bristling with

ideas and insights. For a lucid commentary, see Gyan Prakash, "Orientalism now,"

History and Th eory 34 (1995), pp. 199-212. I've also been influenced by Giorgio

Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life , trans. Daniel Heller-Roaxen

(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); some of his short essays in

Means Without End: Notes on Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,

2000) are also extremely suggestive. For an incisive commentary on Agamben's

work - and most of all the space of the exception - see Andrew Norris, "The

exemplary exception," Radical Philosophy 119 (2003), pp. 6-16, and for an essay

that connects Agamben's ideas to the historical geography of colonialism in ways

that resonate with my own arguments, see Achille Mbembe, "Necropolitics," Public

Culture 15 (2003), pp. 11-40. For a brilliantly imaginative introduction to post

colonialism - its political project and its multiple geographies - I urge you to read

Guide to Further Reading

353

Robert Young, Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2003).

The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11,

2001, together with the "war on terror" that they provoked, have produced shelves

books. For more or less direct chronology and commentary, see Dilip Hiro,

War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response (London:

Routledge, 2003) and Douglas Kellner, From 911 1 to Terror War: The Dangers

of the Bush Legacy (Lanham MD: Rowman & Littleeld, 2003). Noam Chomsky

and Arundhati Roy provide some of the most immediate and accessible reflections.

Two short books capture Chomsky's central claims: 9-1 1 (New York: Seven Stories

Press, 2001) and Power and Te rror: Post 9-1 1 Ta lks and Interviews (New York:

Seven

Stories Press, 2003). These need to be read in conjunction with his much

more detailed Pirates and Emperors, Old and New: International Terrorism in

the Real World (Cambridge, : South End Press, 2003) and Hegemony or Suival:

America's Quest fo r Global Dominance (New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry

Holt, 2003). Roy's essays will also be found in two slim volumes whose signi

cance far exceeds their length: Power Politics (Cambridge, MA: South End

Press, 2001) and War Talk (Cambridge, : South End Press, 2003). There are

legions of edited collections that provide critical discussions of September 11 and

the "war on terror." Two of the best were spun off from the Social Science Research

Council website (and the SSRC should be congratulated for the speed, range, and

sheer courage of its response to the attacks on the World Trade Center and the

Pentagon at a time when so many critical voices were stilled): Eric Hershberg

and Kevin Moore (eds), Critical Views of September 11: Analyses from Around

the World and Craig Calhoun, Paul Price and Ashley Timmer (eds), Understand

ing September 11 (New York: The New Press, 2002). Other important collections

include Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (eds), Worlds in Coision: Terror and the Future

or Global Order (London: Palgrave, 2002) and Susan Hawthorne and Bronwyn

Winter (eds), After Shock: September 11, 200lIGlobal Feminist Perspectives

(Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2003). Two authors who offered pugnacious col

lections of their own essays were Tariq Ali, Th e Clash of Fundamentalisms:

Crusades, Jihads and Moderni (London: Verso, 2002), and Slavoj

izek,

Welcome to the Desert of the Real! Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates

(London: Verso, 2002).

If you have read this far, you will know that I think it impossible to under

stand American foreign policy under President George W. Bush without a

close engagement with the Project for the New American Century: its website at

<http:w.newamericancentury.org> provides a window on its aspirations, but

so too does the critical eye cast on its activities at <http:w.pnac.org>. For

further discussions of the Republican "war on terror," I have also enjoyed (if that

is the right word) both Gilbert Achcar, The Clash of Barbarisms: September 11

and the New World Disorder (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002) and Rahul

354

Guide to Further Reading

Mahaian, Th e New Crusade: America's War on Terrorism (New York: Monthly

Review Press, 2002). If the prospect of American Empire depresses you as much

as it does me, solace of sorts is to be found in two books that emphasize (in very

dierent ways) the brittleness of American power: Michael Mann's In coherent Empire

(London and New York: Verso, 2003) and Immanuel Wallerstein's The Decline

of American Power: The US in a Chaotic World (New York: e New Press, 2003).

For some sobering reections on modern warfare, see Zygmunt Bauman's essay,

"Living and dying in the planetary frontierland," in his Society Under Siege (Cam

bridge: Polity, 2002), pp. 87-117 and also Carl Boggs and Ted Raill (eds) Masters

of War (London and New York: Routledge, 2003).

Among the many short books on the cultural politics and theology of con

temporary Islam, I recommend two by Akbar Ahmed, Islam Today: A Short

Introduction to the Muslim World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2002), and Islam Under

Siege: Living Dangerously in a Post-Honor World (Cambridge: Polity, 2003). On

the connections between politics, political violence, and Islamicism, see John

Esposito, Unholy Terror in the Na me of Islam (New York: Oxford University Press,

2002) and Gilles Kepel,Jihad: The Trail of Politil Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 2002). For a radically different - and also profoundly construc

tive - engagement with Islamicism, see Susan Buck-Morss, Th inking Past Terror:

Islamism and Critical Theory on the Le (London: Verso, 2003).

A book like this is inevitably a hostage to fortune; the world turns. Among

the many websites providing critical perspectives on current events and media

reporting, three stand out: Alternet (at <http://www.alternet.org>), Cursor (at

<http:www.cursor.org>), and the superb Information Clearing House (at

<http:w.informationclearinghouse.literati.org>). All of them have daily,

direct links to media reports. There is another, equally brilliant website that focuses

on the war on terror in Afghanistan, Palestine and Iraq - "The war in context"

- that also has media links: <http://warincontext.org>.

On the rst Great Game in Afghanistan (and beyond) see Karl Meyer and Shareen

Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race fo r Empire

in Central Asia (Washington: Counterpoint, 2002). Among the many books on

the rise of the Taliban, I recommend John Cooley, Unholy Wa rs: Afghanistan,

Ameri and International Te rrorism (London: Pluto, 2002) - which puts the uncivil

wars in Afghanistan in their geopolitical and economic context - and also

Michael Grifn, Reaping the Whirlwind: Th e Ta liban Movement in Afghanistan

(London: Pluto, 2001) and Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and

Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).

Marc Herold's vital work on civilian casualties and the "reconstruction" of

Afghanistan will be found in his column for Cursor at <http:www,cursor.org/

stories/archivistan.htm>, and in his Blown Away: Myth and Reality of Precision

Bombing in Afghanistan (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2003). For

Guide to Further Reading

355

ongoing coverage of events in Afghanistan, with direct media links, see the

Afghanistan Press Agency at <http://www.afgha.com>.

Said's essays are central to any understanding of Palestine: see The Question of

Palestine (New York: Vintage, 1992), The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle

fo r Palestinian Self-Determination 1969-94 (New York: Random House, 1995),

and Th e End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After (New York: Vintage, 2001).

The historical geography of Palestinian dispossession has been punctuated by

the emergence of a group of "new historians" in Israel, who have cast new light

on this dark history, but also - sadly - by a falling-out among them. Some of

their most important contributions are summarized in Benny Morris, Righteous

Victims: A Histo of Zionist-Arab Conict 1881-2001 (New York: Vintage, 2001)

and Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Islam and the Arab World (New York: Norton,

2001). Both these books deal with the world of high politics and lines on maps;

for accounts that bring the struggle closer to the lives of ordinary men and

women and to the hideous "facts on the ground," see Tanya Reinhart's marvelous

IsraellPalestine (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), Baruch Kimmerling

and Joe Migdal, Th e Palestinian People: A History (Cambridge, : Harvard

University Press, 2003), and Ilan Pappe, A Histo of Mode Palestine: One Land,

Two Peoples (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). It's possible to get

closer still through three utterly compelling books that spiral around Ramallah:

Mourid Barghouti's moving memoir, I Saw Ramallah (New York: Anchor,

2003); Raja Shehadeh's diary of Operation Defensive Shield, When the Bulbul

Stopped Singing: A Diary of Ramallah Under Siege (London: Prole, 2003) and

the vivid reporting of Amira Hass gathered together in Reporting from Ramallah:

An Israeli Journalist in an Occupied Land (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2003). Hass

is a constant reminder that there is another Israel, beyond the raw violence and

racism of Ariel Sharon and the Israeli right. This is conrmed by Roane Carey

and Jonathan Shainin (eds), The Other Israel: Voices of Refusal and Dissent (New

York: The New Press, 2002). Those voices are amplied by a courageous collec

tion of essays by Jewish Americans: Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon (eds),

Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Is rae

Palestinian Conict (New York: Grove Press, 2003). Both collections give the lie

to the absurd - and tremendously dangerous - claim that criticism of the policies

and actions of successive Israeli governments is anti-Semitic. That said, if you can

bear more on Sharon, read Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide: Ariel Sharon's Wa r

Against the Palestinians (London: Verso, 2003). As I've tried to show, it is impos

sible to understand the depth of the Palestinian crisis -which I fear reaches beyond

the horrors of politicide - without understanding elemental questions of land,

territory, and geography. The meticulous maps and bi-monthly reports on the growth

of illegal Israeli settlements in the occupied territories provided by the Foundation

for Middle East Peace at <http://www.fmep.org> are indispensable. My own eld

356

Guide to Further Reading

has not provided much insight into these matters - there are honorable excep

tions among Israeli geographers, as well as contributions that shrivel the soul, and

the work of Palestinian geographer Ghazi Falah is extremely important - but

two essays by Eyal Weizman for Open Democracy are passionately argued,

superbly illustrated, and readily accessible: "The politics of verticality" (April 2002)

and "Ariel Sharon and the geometry of occupation" (September 2003), both at

<http:www.opendemocracy.net>. But

as their titles suggest, both

;

of them

reproduce (even as they criticize) geometries from which people - and above all

the Palestinian people - have been excised. For more insights into the ways in which

the lives of ordinary people are implicated in the production of these landscapes

of terror, I recommend Wendy Pearlman and Laura Junka, Occupied Voices: Stories

of Eveday Life from the Second Intifada (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press,

2003) and the "Diaries from Palestine" collected by the Electronic Intifada

at <http:electronicintifada.net>. See also B'Tselem, the Israeli Center for Human

Rights in the Occupied Territories at <http:www.btselem.org> and the Palestine

Monitor: The Vo ice of Civil Socie at <http://www.palestinemonitor.org>.

Two accessible histories of Iraq are Charles Tripp's elegant A Histo of Iq

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) and - more populist and more

conservative - Sandra Mackey's The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam

Hussein (New York: Norton, 2002). American policy is traced in Geoff Simons,

Future Iraq: US Policy in Shaping the Middle East (London: Saqi, 2003). The rst

Gulf War is chronicled in Dilip Hiro, Desert Shield to Desert Storm '(London:

Routledge, 2002). On the sanctions regime, see Sarah Graham-Brown, Sanction

ing Saddam: The Politics of Intervention in Iraq (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999) and

also the continuing and sharply informative website of the Campaign Against

Sanctions on Iraq (CASI) at http:www.casi.org.uk. The maneuvering toward the

resumption of war on Iraq - or, if you prefer Christopher Hitchens's blinkered

account in A Long Short Wa r (Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2003), "the postponed

liberation of Iraq" - is described in Dilip Hiro's highly readable Iraq: Itt the Eye

of the Storm (New York: Norton, 2002) and placed in its geopolitical context in

Rahul Mahajan, Full Spectrum Dominance: US Power in Iraq and Beyond (New

York: Seven Stories Press, 2003). For an acerbic commentary on the political genea

logy of this latest Bush war, see Tariq Ali, Bush in Babylon: The Recolonization

of Iq (London: Verso, 2003). The unfolding of the military assault is described

with clarity and immediacy in the reports from the Guardian synthesized in

Randeep Ramesh (ed.), The War we Could Not Stop: The Real Sto of the Battle

fo r Iraq (London: Faber & Faber, 2003). Several Iraqi weblogs appeared during

the war. The most celebrated was Salam Pax, "Where is Raed?" This can still

be read at <http://dear.raed.blogspot.com>, but a collection is now available

in printed form as Salam Pax, Th e Baghdad Blog (London: Atlantic Books,

2003). There were several others, of which I particularly recommend "Baghdad

is burning" at <http:riverbendblog.blogspot.com>. Other websites monitoring the

Guide to Further Reading

357

occupation include <http://occupationwatch.org> and <http://electronicIraq.net>.

The immediate aftermath of the war is described - in necessarily provisional ways

- in Milan Rai, Regime Unchanged (London: Pluto, 2003).

On the global implications of the security state, see William Schulz, Ta inted

Legacy: 9/1 1 and the Ruin of Human Rights (New York: Nation Books, 2003).

Schulz is the Executive Director of Amnesty International, and the websites of both

Amnesty - <http:www.amnesty.org> - and Human Rights Watch - <http://

www.hrw.org> - are indispensable. I also recommend David Cole, Enemy Aliens:

Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New

York: The New Press, 2003).

Index

References in bold are to illustrations

9/1 1, see September 11

abstraction(s), 53, 96, 118, 119, 136,

137, 141, 248

Afghanistan, xiii, xiv, 10, 12, 13, 16,

19,

20, 21, 28, 29, 30-46, 76, 84,

108, 117, 129, 138, 143, 157,

185, 259, 276n3

Democratic Republic of, 33

Islamic Emirate of, 42

Islamic State of, 37

Soviet occupation of, 13, 35, 36-7,

235, 236, 273n12, 280n30,

313n39

US-led attack on, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,

53,

54, 59, 63-5, 66-72, 109,

110, 117, 120, 121, 145, 187,

189, 248, 249, 255, 256, 257,

262, 279n23, 285n58, 302n36

US-led occupation of, 72-5, 220,

221, 224, 287n75