Gough Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada

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xl • CHRONOLOGY

1945 21 February: Canadian troops capture German defense com-

plex, the Siegfried Line. 7 May: German forces surrender to Allies. 11

June: King and Liberals reelected. 26 June: Canada joins 50 nations

signing World Security Charter, creating United Nations (UN). 2 Sep-

tember: Japan formally surrenders, ending World War II.

1946 16 February: Liner Mauritania berths at Halifax, where 943

brides and children disembark. March: Gouzenko spy case exposed. 14

May: After Parliament passes Canadian Citizenship Act, a person born

in Canada is to be recognized as a Canadian citizen in all countries, not

as a British subject.

1947 13 February: Imperial Oil Company discovers Alberta’s Leduc

oil field.

1948 8 August: King, longest-serving prime minister, announces

retirement and Louis St. Laurent chosen as successor.

1949 31 March: Newfoundland and Labrador enter confederation.

4 April: External Affairs Minister Lester B. Pearson signs agreement

creating North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), making Canada

part of military alliance with United States, Britain, France, and oth-

ers. 3 June: St. Laurent and Liberals successful at federal election. 16

December: British Parliament passes statute that provides Canada with

power to amend the BNA Act.

1950 30 June: Canadian government supports UN policy in Ko-

rea; Canada provides units of Royal Canadian Navy to participate in

military activities during Korean War. 22 July: Former Prime Minister

Mackenzie King dies.

1951 June: Indian Act revised by Parliament; Indian women married

to non-Indian men excluded from provisions of the act. June: Massey

Report completed on Canadian culture. 13 November: National Ballet

of Canada opens.

1952 27 July: Korean War ends. 14 October: External Affairs Minis-

ter Pearson elected president of UN Assembly. Also this year, Canada’s

first television station, CBFT, begins transmission in Montréal.

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1953 2 June: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. 13 July: Stratford

Shakespeare Festival opens. 10 August: Liberals under St. Laurent

defeat Progressive Conservatives under George Drew.

1954 30 March: Canada’s first subway opens in Toronto. 8 April:

Construction of Pinetree radar line announced. August: British Empire

Games held in Vancouver, highlighted by “Miracle Mile,” when Roger

Bannister and John Landy first run the mile under four minutes. 9

September: Marilyn Bell, age 16, becomes first person to swim across

Lake Ontario. 15 October: Hurricane Hazel sweeps through southern

Ontario.

1955 17 March.: Montreal riot after Canadiens’ hockey star Maurice

Richard is suspended. 5 May: Canada and United States sign agreement

for U.S. to build Distant Early Warning network of radar in Canada’s

north and Alaska. 5 May: Canadian Labour Congress formed.

1956 10 January: Parliament passes Female Employees Equal Pay

Act guaranteeing financial equality to men and women involved in

identical or substantially identical work. October: Collapse of Hun-

garian uprising against Soviet authority; about 37,000 refugees subse-

quently arrive in Canada. 4 November UN officially implements plan

tabled by Secretary of State for External Affairs Pearson for emergency

forces to be sent to Suez Canal to help find peaceful solution to crisis

there.

1957 10 June: John Diefenbaker leads Progressive Conservatives to

victory, ending 22-year federal reign of Liberals. 21 June: Diefenbaker

appoints Canada’s first female cabinet minister, Ellen Fairclough. 12

September: Canada and United States sign air defense agreement for

North America, creating the North American Air Defense Command

(NORAD). 14 October: Pearson receives Nobel Peace Prize for his

peace plan in Suez Canal crisis.

1958 31 March: Diefenbaker and Progressive Conservatives re-

elected. 24 October: Nova Scotia mining disaster.

1959 20 February: Avro Arrow (A.V. Roe’s strike fighter) project

terminated by Diefenbaker’s government, with loss of 20,000 jobs. 26

June: St. Lawrence Seaway opens.

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1960 10 March: Parliament grants native peoples right to vote in

federal elections. 22 June: Jean Lesage and Liberals elected in Qué-

bec, initiating Quiet Revolution. 10 August: Canadian Bill of Rights

enacted.

1961 17 January: Diefenbaker and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisen-

hower sign Columbia River Treaty. 16 May: U.S. President John F.

Kennedy visits Ottawa to beef up Cold War solidarity against Soviets

but ruffles feathers. 3 August: New Democratic Party formed (replac-

ing CCF), Canada’s third major federal political party; T. C. Douglas

chosen as leader. 18 November: Saskatchewan becomes first province

to legislate universal medical or health insurance. 31 December: Na-

tional Indian Council formed.

1962 18 June: Diefenbaker and Progressive Conservatives reelected

to a minority government. 1 July: Medicare introduced in Saskatch-

ewan and opposed by striking doctors. 30 July: Trans-Canada Highway

completed. 29 September: Canadian-built satellite Alouette launched

into space by U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA). 22–28 October: Cuban missile crisis. 11 December: Last

capital punishment and hangings in Canada, at Don Jail, Toronto.

1963 4 February: House of Commons votes no confidence in Dief-

enbaker’s Progressive Conservative government; Diefenbaker forced to

call an election. 8 April: Pearson leads Liberals to power with minority

government. April–May: Québec separatists of Front de Libération du

Québec (FLQ) set off bombs in Montréal. April–May: Royal Commis-

sion on Bilingualism and Biculturalism begins work.

1964 15 December: Parliament adopts new flag for Canada, a red

maple leaf on a white background between two red bars.

1965 16 January: Pearson and U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson

sign automobile pact, American cars and car parts allowed to enter

Canada duty free. 5 March: Lucien Cardin charges that Progressive

Conservatives covered up spy and sex scandal (Munsinger Affair). 8

November: Pearson and Liberals reelected.

1966 21 December: Royal assent given to Medical Care Act, provid-

ing Canadians universally with basic medical coverage.

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1967 27 April: Montréal hosts world’s fair, Expo 67, invigorating

Canadian identity. 24 July: French President Charles de Gaulle visits

Montréal, announces, “Vive le Québec libre!” and his early exit to

France is requested by Government of Canada.

1968 20 April: Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes prime minister after

Pearson steps down. 25 June: Trudeau leads Liberals to majority gov-

ernment. 15 October: René Lévesque forms Parti Québécois to push

for a sovereign Québec.

1969 9 September: Official Languages Act makes English and

French official languages of Canada.

1970 5 October: Terrorist group Front de libération de Québec (FLQ)

kidnaps British Trade Commissioner James Cross. 10 October: FLQ

kidnaps Québec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte. 16 October: Trudeau

invokes War Measures Act to counter FLQ terrorists. 18 October:

Laporte found dead in trunk of car and FLQ takes responsibility. 3 De-

cember: Cross released by FLQ. Canada’s last aircraft carrier HMCS

Bonaventure scrapped.

1971 3 April: University of Toronto engineers help Apollo 13 astro-

nauts return safely.

1972 28 September: Canada defeats Soviet Union in eight-game

hockey series. 30 October: Trudeau and Liberals hold onto power, but

Liberals and Conservatives receive same number of seats in parliament.

1973 12 December: Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) es-

tablished, to screen foreign business activities and intended take-overs.

1974 8 May: Trudeau and Liberal minority government defeated in

no-confidence vote; Trudeau forced to call an election. 8 July: Trudeau

and Liberals reelected with majority. 30 July: Québec’s provincial

parliament passes legislation making French the only official language

of Québec.

1975 24 March: Beaver adopted as national symbol by Canadian

Sovereignty Act. 30 July: Liberal government creates Petro-Canada

Corporation when global energy crisis increases oil prices alarmingly.

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1976 4 June: Canada declares 200-nautical-mile coastal fishing zone.

14 July: Parliament abolishes capital punishment. 17 July: 21st Sum-

mer Olympics opens in Montréal. 15 November: Lévesque and Parti

Québécois win provincial election.

1977 26 August: Québec’s provincial parliament passes Bill 101,

creating Charter of the French Language, all children to attend French

school unless one of their parents attended an English primary school.

6 September: Highway signs changed to metric system.

1978 15 September: Sudbury labor strike at nickel producer INCO

begins, with catastrophic effects to community (ends 7 June 1979). 18

October: Allan Blakeney’s New Democratic Party (NDP) government

in Saskatchewan wins third straight election.

1979 29 January: During Iranian revolution, anti-American actions

in Tehran lead to cloak-and-dagger rescue through Canadian embassy.

22 May: Joe Clark becomes prime minister as Progressive Conserva-

tives form minority government. 13 December: Clark defeated in no-

confidence vote and forced to call election.

1980 18 February: Trudeau elected prime minister as Liberals gain

majority; Jeanne Sauvé becomes first woman speaker of the House

of Commons. 22 April: Canada votes to boycott Moscow Summer

Olympics in response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 22 May: In

a referendum, people of Québec vote to stay with Canada by a margin

of 59 to 41 percent. 27 June: “O Canada” adopted as national anthem.

1981 23 September: Québec bans public signs in English language.

14 November: Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System, the Can-

adarm, used in space by NASA space shuttle Columbia.

1982 15 February: Ocean Ranger oil-drilling crew lost in storm on

Grand Banks, worst marine disaster in Canada since World War II. 17

April: New Canadian constitution becomes law as Queen Elizabeth

II signs royal proclamation, final step in patriation process. The new

constitution includes an amending formula to the British North America

Act and provides Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

1983 Royal Commission on Equality in Employment recommends

employment equity law. 23 December: Sauvé becomes first woman

appointed governor general of Canada.

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1984 29 February: Trudeau announces retirement after 16 years in

office. 16 June: John Turner selected as prime minister by Liberals

following retirement of Trudeau. September: Pope John Paul II makes

first papal visit to Canada. 4 September: Brian Mulroney becomes

prime minister as Progressive Conservatives win electoral majority. 5

October: Marc Garneau becomes first Canadian astronaut in space, as

part of a NASA mission on space shuttle Challenger.

1985 20 February: First test flight of American cruise missile over

Canadian air space. 24 June: Air India jet explodes, killing 329, includ-

ing 280 Canadians. 28 June: Bill C-31, amended Indian Act, reinstates

pensions and confers status on descendants. 11 August: American ice-

breaker Polar Sea passes through Northwest Passage without permis-

sion of Canadian government.

1986 17 March: Prime Minister Mulroney and U.S. President Ronald

Reagan sign agreement to deal with acid rain. 2 May: World’s fair Expo

86 officially opens in Vancouver, BC. 4 August: Canada imposes eco-

nomic sanctions on South Africa as measure against apartheid.

1987 4 October: Canada and United States agree on terms of a free-

trade agreement.

1988 February: Calgary hosts 15th Winter Olympics. 22 September:

Prime Minister Mulroney delivers apology to Japanese in Canada for

internment and other wrongs. 24 September: Ben Johnson sets world

record in 100 meters and wins gold at Seoul Olympics; two days later

he loses medal after testing positive for anabolic steroids. 21 Novem-

ber: Mulroney and Progressive Conservatives reelected with majority.

15 December: Supreme Court strikes down Québec’s French-only sign

law. 18 December: Québec Premier Robert Bourassa uses section 33

of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the “notwithstanding”

clause) to enforce French-only sign law in Québec.

1989 2 December: Audrey McLaughlin becomes leader of New

Democratic Party, first woman to lead national political party. 6 De-

cember: In Montréal Massacre, 14 women killed by a gunman.

1990 25 January: Andrew Thompson, deputy chief economist for

Royal Bank of Canada, indicates Canada in a mild recession. 21 May:

Lucien Bouchard resigns as environment minister due to failure of

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Meech Lake Accord. 24 May: In Regina v. Sparrow, Supreme Court

rules native rights cannot arbitrarily be restricted or abolished by

governments. 31 May: Supreme Court rules that governments cannot

unilaterally ignore treaties with natives. 23 June: Jean Chrétien elected

leader of federal Liberals. 11 July: Mohawks in Oka, Québec, erect

barricades to protest expansion of municipal golf course on disputed

land. 25 July: Lucien Bouchard forms Bloc Québécois with MPs from

Québec. 7 August: HMCS Halifax, first of 12 patrol class frigates,

launched at Saint John, New Brunswick. 9 August: British Columbia

reverses 117-year-old policy by acknowledging rights to aboriginal

land title. 6 September: New Democratic Party of Ontario, led by Bob

Rae, elected to a majority.

1991 1 January: Federal Goods and Services Tax becomes law. 22

January: Following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, House of Commons

passes motion to go to war with Iraq as part of UN coalition. 27 Febru-

ary: Cease-fire announced in Persian Gulf War. 15 April: Canada agrees

to send peacekeepers to Iraq-Kuwait border for a one-year UN mission.

17 April: Canada sends monetary aid to Iran to help with massive influx

of Kurdish refugees. 12 June: Ovidi Mercredi, a Cree, elected by As-

sembly of First Nations as national chief. 5 December: Senate assents

to gun control bill that stiffens regulations on buying and storing guns.

16 December: Federal government and Inuit of NWT tentatively settle

massive land claim deal to create a new territory called Nunavut.

1992 30 January: NASA’s space shuttle Discovery returns to Earth

with Canadian crew member Roberta Bondar, the second space pioneer

from Canada. 21 February: Canada joins UN peacekeeping coalition

force to enforce a cease-fire in former Yugoslavia. 2 March: Canada

sends 100 troops to Cambodia as part of UN peacekeeping force. 6

March: Commercial salmon fishing in Newfoundland banned for five

years to stop depletion. 22 April: Gwich’in of Mackenzie Delta sign

land claim settlement with federal government. 4 May: Plebiscite on

proposed boundary to create Nunavut approved by NWT voters. 30

May: Canada backs UN trade sanctions against Yugoslavia to attempt

to halt bloodiest fighting since World War II. 1 July: Canada celebrates

125th birthday. 13 October: Michael Ondaatje, Canadian novelist, wins

Man Booker prize, for The English Patient. 24 October: Toronto Blue

Jays first Canadian team to win World Series. 26 October: Charlotte-

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town Accord rejected in nationwide referendum. 30 October: Inuit,

federal, and territorial leaders sign political accord for division of NWT

and creation of Nunavut effective 1 April 1997. 15 December: Canada

sends troops under UN flag to Somalia to assist in humanitarian relief.

17 December: Prime Minister Mulroney signs North American Free

Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S. President George H. W. Bush

and President Salinas of Mexico.

1993 13 January: Major General Lewis MacKenzie retires from

Canadian Armed Forces after completing mission that included leading

UN peacekeeping force of 1,200 in war-torn Yugoslavia. 16 February:

1,200 troops of Royal Canadian Regiment deployed into devastated

area of Sarajevo to escort UN convoys. 29 March: Catherine Callbeck

becomes first elected woman premier of province as Liberals win

landslide victory in Prince Edward Island. 15 June: Kim Campbell

replaces Prime Minister Mulroney as leader of Conservatives. 15 June:

Canada ends 29 years of peacekeeping duty in Cyprus. 31 August: A

500-year-old way of life in Atlantic Canada ends as federal government

virtually closes East Coast cod fishing due to rapidly depleting stock.

14 September: Québec Premier Robert Bourassa retires from politics.

24 September: Canadian government lifts sanctions against South Af-

rica. 25 October: Chrétien leads federal Liberals to landslide victory;

Progressive Conservatives reduced to two seats, and newly formed Bloc

Québécois becomes Official Opposition; Campbell resigns. 4 Novem-

ber: Chrétien sworn in as Canada’s 20th prime minister.

1994 1 January: NAFTA comes into effect, bringing Mexico into

partnership with Canada and United States to create world’s largest

free-trade zone. 10 May: South Africa opens embassy in Ottawa. 20

June: Canada resumes economic aid to Cuba. 14 July: Canadian gov-

ernment announces it will not take part in an invasion of Haiti. Septem-

ber: In Québec provincial election, Parti Québécois (PQ) succeeds with

platform calling for proceeding with separation from Canada.

1995 January: Canadian Airborne Regiment disbanded. March:

Spanish fishing vessel Estai seized on Grand Banks, and North At-

lantic Fishing Organization acquires enhanced regulatory powers.

Jacques Parizeau resigns as premier of Province of Québec, and Luc-

ien Bouchard announces intention to leave House of Commons and

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seek leadership of PQ. 2 September: Serial rapist and murderer Paul

Bernardo found guilty as charged. 14 October: Alexa McDonough

chosen leader of Federal NDP. 26 October: Cree and Inuit of Québec,

by referendum, reject separation from Canada. 27 October: Montréal

unity rally held. 30 October: “No” forces win Québec referendum by

slim margin; Jacques Parizeau promises to “exact revenge” for loss. 31

October: Newfoundland passes constitutional amendment reforming

school system.

1996 22 March: Nisga’a agree to land claim and self-government

settlement. 28 May: BC’s NDP reelected under Glen Clark. Septem-

ber: Guy Bertrand wins right to seek injunction preventing any further

referenda on Québec sovereignty; Québec government then declares

courts have no jurisdiction over such issues.

1997 31 May: Crowds walk newly opened Confederation Bridge

between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. 2 June: Liberals

under Chrétien reelected in national election, with reduced majority. 19

July: Canadian fishing boats blockade Alaskan ferry at Prince Rupert,

BC; diplomatic solution reached by Canadian and U.S. representatives.

17 November: Hibernia crude pumped from Newfoundland’s first

offshore oil field. 25 November: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

(APEC) group meets in Vancouver, with protests and demonstrations.

26 November: Justice Horace Krever’s report on “tainted blood” sup-

ply filed in Parliament, cites neglect and mismanagement by authorities.

1998 January: Ice storm, “storm of the millennium,” batters eastern

Ontario, southern Québec, Atlantic Canada, and New England, causing

24 deaths and at least $1 billion in damage.

1999 24 March: Four Canadian CF-18s join NATO raid on Serbian

position in Prista, Kosovo, and areas north of Belgrade.

2000 1 April: Nunavut becomes Canada’s third territory. 27 Novem-

ber: Liberals under Chrétien win majority in national election. Sep-

tember: Pierre Trudeau’s death sparks outpouring of grief and national

reflection. Stockwell Day elected leader of Canadian Alliance Party.

2001 U.S.-Canada Auto Pact ends. 20–21 April: Summit of the

Americas, chaired by Prime Minister Chrétien, held in Québec City;

representatives of 34 countries propose free-trade pact for Americas.

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11 September: Terrorists hijack four commercial airplanes, destroy

World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York, and attack Pentagon,

bringing forth “war against terrorism” and later NATO military action

in Afghanistan with Canadian participation.

2002 18 April: Four Canadian soldiers die in Afghanistan in “friendly

fire” incident, sparking discussions of Canadian-U.S. military relations

and command and control. June: G-8 initiative launched at Kananaskis,

Alberta, for clean-up of world nuclear sites. 10 December: Parliament

ratifies Kyoto Protocol, which calls for reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions by at least 5.2 percent by 2012; later abandoned as govern-

ment policy.

2003 April: Jean Charest forms Liberal government after electoral

defeat of Bernard Landry’s Parti Québécois. Severe acute respiratory

syndrome (SARS) arrived in Canada from China, provoking health

care emergency in Ontario. 10 June: Same-sex couples get legal right

to marry in Ontario by Ontario court ruling; first gay marriage takes

place same day. 15 October: Progressive Conservatives and Canadian

Alliance establish Conservative Party of Canada. Canadian parliament

decides not to join U.S.-led coalition against Iraq.

2004 11 February: Auditor General of Canada, Sylvia Fraser, pro-

duces scathing details against Martin government and Royal Canadian

Mounted Police (RCMP), prompting firing of Minister Alfonso Galiano

and launching of inquiries. 28 June: 38th federal election returns Liber-

als in minority government. Fire on board HMCS Chicoutimi, resulting

in death of Lt. Chris Saunders, forces government inquiry into sub-

marine acquisition program. 23 November: Federal cabinet approves

extension of 2002 agreement with U.S. on mutual military assistance.

Foreign Affairs Minister Pierre Pettigrew authorized to sign official ex-

change of notes with United States to improve bilateral security through

enhanced military cooperation with respect to maritime, land, and civil

support functions.

2005 27 January: Government of Canada agrees with Nova Scotia

and Newfoundland and Labrador on sharing off-shore oil revenues, an

eight-year term to be renegotiated on expiry. Also this year: Senate ap-

proves bill to legalize same-sex marriage. Commission set up to inquire

into “Sponsorship scandal” later ends with inconclusive action.

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