Gough Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada

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1813 September: Battle of Lake Erie (Put-in Bay) and subsequent

retreat of British Army to Moraviantown. 5 October: death of Indian

patriot and British ally Tecumseh.

1814 25 July: Battle of Lundy’s Lane, Niagara Peninsula, perhaps

hardest fought campaign of land war. 14 August: Schooner Nancy lost

to U.S. Navy at Nottawasaga, Upper Canada. 11 September: U.S. Navy

defeats British forces led by General Prevost on Lake Champlain. 24

December: Britain and United States sign Treaty of Ghent to end War

of 1812.

1816 19 June: Massacre of Seven Oaks, Red River; Cuthbert Grant

and associates kill HBC Governor Semple and 19 of his men.

1817 Rush-Bagot Convention limits British and U.S. naval arma-

ments on Great Lakes.

1818 Convention of 1818 between United Kingdom and United States

extends Canadian-American boundary west to Stoney Mountains.

1821 After years of acute rivalry and bloodshed, Hudson’s Bay Com-

pany and North West Company merge under name of the former.

1829 6 June: Shawnadithit, last known Beothuk, dies in Newfound-

land. 29 November: Welland Canal completed, bypassing Niagara

River and providing a waterway between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.

1834 17 February: Lower Canada assembly adopts Ninety-Two

Resolutions demanding constitutional reforms.

1837 16 November: Rebels in Lower Canada attack British troops

after British government’s attempt to run province without consent

of the Assembly. 5 December: William Lyon Mackenzie leads rebel

force in Upper Canada into Toronto with hopes of capturing the city.

7 December: Rebels, led by Mackenzie, defeated in a half-hour battle

by British forces at Montgomery’s Tavern, west of Toronto. Rebellions

continue into 1838.

1838 8 December: Nils von Scholtz, who led group of American and

other foreign invaders, hanged at Fort Henry, Kingston.

1839 11 February: Lord Durham presents British Parliament with his

Report on the Affairs of British North America.

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1840 23 July: Upper and Lower Canada merged into one province

called Canada, governed through elected Assembly and appointed

Legislative Council, under an appointed governor general. 10 August:

First manned flight, by balloon Star of the East, at Saint John, New

Brunswick.

1841 Kingston selected as capital of Province of Canada.

1842 9 August: Webster-Ashburton Treaty signed between Britain

and United States; sets boundary between New Brunswick and Maine,

at Saint John River.

1843 March: Fort Camosun (Fort Victoria), Vancouver Island,

founded as HBC trading base.

1844 John A. Macdonald elected to parliament. 5 March: First issue

of the Globe newspaper.

1845 19 May: Capt. Sir John Franklin begins third expedition to

search for Northwest Passage, does not return.

1846 15 June: Oregon Boundary Treaty signed by Britain and United

States, sets boundary along 49th parallel west of Rocky Mountains,

leaving Vancouver Island in British hands and status of San Juan Ar-

chipelago uncertain.

1849 19 January: HBC awarded charter to develop new colony of

Vancouver Island. 11 October: Montréal citizens, including French

Canadian liberals and English merchants, issue manifesto urging an-

nexation to United States; parliament buildings in Montréal destroyed

by Tory mob.

1854 6 June: United Province of Canada and United States sign Reci-

procity Treaty. 27 November: HBC ships bring 75 English coal miners,

wives, and children to Nanaimo, Vancouver Island.

1854–72 San Juan Boundary dispute results in British loss of San

Juan Island to Washington Territory.

1857 26 November: Macdonald becomes premier of Province of

Canada.

1859 Victoria Railway Bridge completed across St. Lawrence River

at Montréal.

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1861 8 November: Trent affair prompts British naval and military

reinforcement of British North America.

1862 Esquimalt, Vancouver Island, named British naval headquarters

for Pacific Station.

1864 22 June: Tories and Reformers in Canadian Assembly form

coalition led by John A. Macdonald and George Brown to unite British

North America into one nation. 1 September: Delegates from maritime

provinces and United Province of Canada meet in Charlottetown, PEI,

to discuss possible union. 28 October: Delegates from Canada, New

Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island

adopt Québec Resolutions, theoretical foundation for creation of Do-

minion of Canada.

1866 7 March: 10,000 Canadian militia called out for protection

against feared Fenian raids. 17 March: Canada-U.S. Reciprocity Treaty

of 1854 repealed by United States. 31 May–2 June: Battle of Ridge-

way, Ontario, forces Fenians to retire. December: Westminster Confer-

ence of delegates from British North American provinces discuss terms

of future confederation.

1867 Emily Howard Stowe becomes Canada’s first female medical

doctor. 29 March: British Parliament passes British North America

Act (BNA Act), providing for union of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,

and Canada into self-governing dominion called Dominion of Canada.

1 July: BNS Act goes into effect with Sir John A. Macdonald as Can-

ada’s first prime minister.

1868 22 May: Railway Act describes organization of railway com-

panies, outlines regulations for operations, and provides possible sub-

sidies for railways meeting certain government regulations. Thomas

D’Arcy McGee, “the pen of Canadian confederation,” shot and killed

in Ottawa by Fenians.

1869 22 June: Gradual Enfranchisement of Indians Act strips native

women of their status if they marry non-Indians. 22 June: Rupert’s

Land Act establishes provisional government of Rupert’s Land and

Northwestern Territory when united with Canada, and calls for lieuten-

ant governor to regulate affairs under law for the peace, order, and good

government thereof. 11 October: Led by Louis Riel, the Métis of Red

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River prevent Canadian surveyors from entering Métis territory, begin-

ning Red River Rebellion of 1869–70. 2 November: A Métis group led

by Riel take control of Fort Garry.

1870 2 March: Thomas Scott of Ontario, an Orangeman, executed by

Riel provisional government to show Canadian government that Métis

of Red River are to be taken seriously. 15 July: Manitoba enters confed-

eration. 24 August: Métis of Red River flee as military units under Col.

Garnet Wolseley arrive and establish order; Riel flees to United States.

1871 8 May: Treaty of Washington signed between Britain and

United States recognizes Canada’s boundaries, gives Americans free

access to Canada’s inshore fisheries, and provides no compensation for

Fenian raids on Canada. 20 July: British Columbia enters confedera-

tion. 3 August: First Indian treaty negotiated by Dominion of Canada

signed, under which Ojibwa and Cree of southern Manitoba surrender

43,250 square kilometers of their territory and receive reserves of land.

1872 Riel returns from exile to continue Métis crusade for rights. 14

April: Dominion Lands Act allows federal government to retain control

of all public lands and resources in western Canada. 14 June: Mac-

donald’s Conservative government passes Trade Unions Bill, workers

allowed to be members of unions.

1873 2 April: Preliminary charges of bribery made against Mac-

donald’s government, known as Pacific scandal, leading to royal com-

mission. 23 May: North West Mounted Police (later Royal Canadian

Mounted Police) established. 1 July: Prince Edward Island enters

confederation. 4 July: Revelations of Pacific scandal imply Macdonald

and Conservative government took bribes from Canadian Pacific Rail-

way Company. October: Riel first elected to Parliament. 5 November:

Macdonald and cabinet resign due to Pacific scandal; governor general

places Alexander Mackenzie and Liberals in power.

1874 22 January: Liberals defeat Conservatives in election and

Mackenzie forms first Liberal government in Canada.

1875 19 September: Supreme Court of Canada established but Judi-

cial Committee of the Privy Council in London remains ultimate legal

authority until 1949.

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1876 12 April: Parliament passes Indian Act placing natives in sepa-

rate legal category as wards of the government. 1 June: Royal Military

College of Canada opens in Kingston, Ontario. 10 August: Canadian

Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone.

1878 17 October: Macdonald again becomes prime minister.

1879 14 March: Conservatives pass National Policy legislation.

1880 26 March: Attempted assassination of George Brown. 7 May:

Indian Act of 1880 passed by federal government, formally establishes

Department of Indian Affairs. 31 July: Britain transfers sovereignty of

Arctic Islands to Canada. Alexander Tilloch Galt appointed first Cana-

dian high commissioner to United Kingdom, Canada’s first diplomatic

representative abroad.

1881 Parliament approves charter of new Canadian Pacific Railway.

1883 18 November: Standard Time, originated by Sandford Fleming,

instituted in Canada.

1885 19 March: Métis establish provisional government in North

West Territory; Louis Riel president of provisional government and

Gabriel Dumont its adjutant-general. 26 March: Northwest Rebellion

begins between Métis and Cree and the North West Mounted Police at

Duck Lake, Northwest Territories (NWT). 12 May: Canadian militia

defeats Métis at Battle of Batoche, NWT, ending Northwest Rebellion;

Riel surrenders 15 May; Dumont escapes to United States). 7 Novem-

ber: Last spike driven by Donald Smith at Craigellachie, BC, complet-

ing Canada’s first transcontinental railway. 16 November: Riel hanged

in Regina for high treason. 25 November: Rocky Mountains Park

(Banff National Park) established. 27 November: Wandering Spirit

and seven other rebel Indians hanged for murders at Frog Lake in April.

1886 4 July: Canadian Pacific Railway’s first transcontinental pas-

senger train arrives in Port Moody, BC. 20 November: Royal Conser-

vatory of Music incorporated in Toronto.

1887 28 April: North-West Territories Act specifies French be given

equal status with English in government and courts of the NWT.

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1891 5 March: Last time Macdonald leads Conservatives to election

victory. 6 June: Death of Macdonald, in Ottawa.

1893 27 October: National Council of Women formed. 27 Novem-

ber: Montréal Amateur Athletic Association wins first Stanley Cup in

hockey.

1896 6 July: Province of Québec’s boundaries enlarged to shores of

Hudson Bay. 11 July: Wilfrid Laurier leads Liberals to election victory,

becomes Canada’s first French-speaking prime minister. 27 November:

Clifford Sifton, minister of the interior, unveils extensive immigration

drive to populate prairies and elsewhere, favoring immigrants with

farming experience.

1897 Klondike gold rush in Yukon commences.

1898 13 June: Federal government proclaims Yukon District a terri-

tory, giving it separate status.

1899 30 October: Canadian contingent sails from Québec for South

Africa to fight in Boer War.

1902 9 June: Boers defeated; end of South Africa war.

1903 Alaska Boundary Commission decides boundary between Can-

ada and Alaska. 20 October: Grand Trunk Pacific operates Canada’s

second transcontinental railway, first truly transcontinental railway,

running coast to coast.

1905 1 September: Acts of parliament create Alberta and Saskatch-

ewan as provinces.

1909 Halifax and Esquimalt naval bases transferred from Britain

to Canada. 23 February: First flight in British Empire of a powered

heavier-than-air flying machine at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, by J.A.D.

McCurdy.

1910 4 March: Avalanche in Rogers Pass, BC, sweeps 62 railway

clearing workers to their death. 4 May: Royal assent given to Laurier

government’s Naval Service of Canada bill, beginning of Canada’s

navy.

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1911 2 May: Hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls officially in-

augurated. 22 September: Robert Borden becomes prime minister as

Conservatives defeat Liberals in federal election.

1912 2 September: First Calgary Stampede.

1914 29 May: Liner Empress of Ireland collides with Norwegian

merchant ship, death toll of 1,012. 19 July: Dust explosion at Hillcrest,

Alberta, coal mine kills 189 miners. 4 August: Britain declares war on

Germany, and Canada automatically enters World War I .

1916 6 February: Fire in Houses of Parliament, Ottawa.

1917 2 April: Commencement of Royal Flying Corps training at

Camp Borden, Ontario. 19 May: Conscription for Canada. 14 April:

Canadian troops capture Vimy Ridge. 12 August: Canadian flying ace

Billy Bishop awarded Victoria Cross. 28 August: Parliament passes

Military Service Act. Conscription riots in Québec. 6 December:

Belgian munitions vessel explodes in Halifax Harbor, destroying large

part of the city and killing more than 1,000. 15 December: Borden re-

elected, forms Union government that is pro-conscription, with cabinet

of Conservatives and Liberals.

1918 1 April: Riots in Québec against conscription. 24 May: Cana-

dian women win right to vote in federal elections. 5 June: Canadian-

U.S. agreement establishes air stations at Dartmouth and Sydney, Nova

Scotia, to carry out antisubmarine patrols. 8 August: Canadian Corps,

with Australian forces, crushes German divisions near Amiens. 9.

October: Canadian Corps captures Cambrai. 11 November: Canadian

Corps recaptures Mons. World War I ends with Armistice.

1919 17 February: First French Canadian prime minister, Laurier,

dies. 15 May: General strike begins in Winnipeg, lasting more than one

month. 6 June: Parliament passes Air Board Act creating board to con-

trol aeronautical matters in Canada. 14–15 June: First nonstop trans-

Atlantic flight, by Alcock and Brown, from St. John’s, Newfoundland,

to Ireland. 28 June: Canada as part of the British Empire signs Treaty

of Versailles with Germany to end World War I.

1920 First exhibition of Group of Seven artists, at Art Gallery of

Ontario. The Beaver magazine launched. 1 February: Royal North

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West Mounted Police and Dominion Police merge to become Royal

Canadian Mounted Police. 3 April: Parliament orders organization of

Royal Canadian Air Force. 10 July: Borden resigns as prime minister,

replaced by Arthur Meighen.

1921 6 December: Mackenzie King becomes prime minister as Lib-

erals defeat Conservatives.

1922 11 February: Canadian doctors Frederick Banting and Charles

Best discover insulin for control of diabetes. 28 June: National Defence

Act passed, incorporating Department of Naval Service, Department of

Militia and Defence, and Air Board. Also this year, Robert Flaherty’s

film Nanook of the North issued.

1923 2 March: Canada and United States sign Halibut Treaty, first

commercial treaty negotiated by Canada without participation of

Britain. 1 July: Chinese Immigration (Exclusion) Act closes doors to

Chinese immigrants, known as “Humiliation Day” in Chinese commu-

nities; it is repealed in 1947.

1924 1 April: King’s Regulations and orders for Royal Canadian Air

Force come into effect.

1925 30 January: Canadian Institute of International Affairs founded.

29 October: In federal election, Liberals lose majority status but King

remains prime minister as Progressives support Liberals, giving Liber-

als a functional majority.

1926 29 June: Liberal government collapses; Governor General Vis-

count Byng asks Arthur Meighen of Conservatives to form government.

2 July: Meighen defeat on no-confidence vote after three days in of-

fice. 14 September: King leads Liberals to victory and again becomes

prime minister. 19 November: Balfour Report adopted by Imperial

Conference, recognizes certain autonomous communities within British

Empire, including Canada.

1927 2 March: Judicial Committee of the Privy Council awards Lab-

rador to Dominion of Newfoundland, settling dispute between Canada

and Newfoundland. 17 September: Canada elected to a nonpermanent

seat on Council of the League of Nations.

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1929 29 October: Montréal and Toronto stock markets suffer worst

crash in history; Canada enters Great Depression. 18 November: Tidal

wave hits Newfoundland’s Burin Peninsula, leaving its mark on 50

communities and killing 27 people.

1930 5 February: Cairine Wilson becomes first Canadian woman

to hold seat in Canadian Senate. 28 July: Richard B. Bennett becomes

prime minister after Conservative victory over King and Liberals. 20

September: Parliament passes Unemployment Relief Bill focused on

public jobs to reduce effects of unemployment.

1931 11 December: Statute of Westminster enacted by British Parlia-

ment clarifies powers of dominion parliaments and allows dominions

full legal freedom. Canada requests that British Parliament retain power

to amend BNA Act.

1932 1 August: Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

formed (forerunner of New Democratic Party), a socialist, political

organization led by J. S. Woodsworth, Agnes MacPhail, and others.

1933 28 November: Newfoundland’s Assembly accepts Amulree

Report in which status of dominion is reduced and Newfoundland is

governed by British commission.

1934 3 July: Parliament creates Bank of Canada.

1935 28 June: Bennett’s Employment and Social Insurance Act

receives royal assent and is dubbed the “New Deal” after Roosevelt’s

New Deal in the United States. 1 July: Riot in Regina ends trek of “On

to Ottawa” protesters. 5 July: Canadian Wheat Act creates Canadian

Wheat Board. 14 October: Mackenzie King leads Liberals to victory

over Bennett’s Conservatives. 15 November: Canada and United States

sign trade treaty to lower tariffs.

1936 Canadian units fight in Spanish Civil War. 23 June: Canadian

Broadcasting Act creates Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), a

national, publicly owned television system.

1937 10 April: Trans-Canada Air Line Act creates national airline in

Canada; renamed Air Canada in 1965.

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1938 17 November: Canada, United States, and Britain sign trade

treaty to allow easier access into each country’s markets.

1939 2 May: National Film Board established to promote Canadian

filmmaking. 16 May: Beginning of royal visit to Canada. 10 Septem-

ber: Canada declares war on Germany, entering World War II. 17

December: Canada signs agreement with Britain to develop air training

in Canada for the Royal Canadian Air Force and other British Com-

monwealth air forces.

1940 26 March: King and Liberals reelected with a majority. 25

April: Québec becomes last province to give women the vote in pro-

vincial elections. 3 May: Rowell Sirois Commission completes study of

federal-provincial relations, a landmark study of Canadian federalism.

18 August: Canada and United States sign Ogdensburg Agreement

defense pact creating Permanent Joint Defence Board to deal with

protection of North America. December: First Canadian-built corvettes

depart for Britain, used as escorts in Battle of the Atlantic.

1941 7 December: Following Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,

Canada declares war on Japan.

1942 26 February: Relocation and internment of Japanese ordered.

2 April: In nationwide plebiscite, Canadian people vote in favor of

conscription. 11 May: German U-boat attacks two freighters in St.

Lawrence River, first enemy action in inshore Canadian waters.

1943 30 April: Rear Admiral Leonard Murray, Royal Canadian Navy,

becomes commander in chief of Canadian Northwest Atlantic with

headquarters in Halifax. 10 July: Canadian troops land in Pachino, Sic-

ily. 3 September: 1st Canadian and 5th British Divisions land in Reggio

di Calabria, Italy; 8 September: Italy signs armistice with Allies.

1944 6 June: Units of Canadian Army, along with British and Ameri-

cans, land at Juno Beach, Normandy. 16 September: Allied leaders

meeting in Québec City to discuss prosecution of war include British

Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt,

and Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King. 23 November: Parlia-

ment passes National Resources Mobilization Act to dispatch 16,000

conscripts to Britain.

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