Gough Barry M. Historical Dictionary of Canada

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Eastern North America, 1763

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Native Tribes of Eastern North America

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San Juan Boundary Dispute

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The Alaska Boundary

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Nunavut

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xxv

c. 875 Celt-Irish monks from Iceland possibly settle Cape Breton and

are absorbed into the Mi’kmaq population.

1004–1005 Leif Ericson winters in Vinland (L’Anse aux Meadows,

NFLD).

1005–1008 The brother of Leif (Thorwald Ericson) spends two win-

ters in Vinland.

c. 1420 Basque whalers begin to hunt in the Labrador Sea.

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas awards Spain imperial control of Western

Hemisphere other than Brazil (Portugal).

1497 24 June: John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) lands on Cape Breton

and claims land for King Henry VII of England.

1504 First establishment at St. John’s, Newfoundland. Norman fish-

ing village established on Avalon Peninsula.

1534 7 July: First recorded exchange between Europeans and native

peoples. Jacques Cartier trades for furs with the Mi’kmaq. 24 July:

Cartier lands at Penouille Point, St. Lawrence River, erects a cross, and

claims land for the King François I of France.

1558 First settlers arrive aboard brig Hawke in Trinity, Newfound-

land.

1583 5 August: Sir Humphrey Gilbert takes possession of Newfound-

land for Queen Elizabeth I of England.

1598 French colony called La Roche founded on Sable Island.

1603 Samuel de Champlain’s first voyage to Canada.

Chronology

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xxvi • CHRONOLOGY

1605 1 August: French colony of Port Royal established along Bay

of Fundy.

1608 3 July: Champlain founds settlement at Québec.

1609 First contact between the French in New France and the (Wen-

dat) Huron peoples. 30 July: Champlain assists Huron and allies in

defeating Iroquois on the shores of Lake Champlain.

1610 14–19 June: Champlain and Huron and Algonquin allies defeat

an Iroquois party at Richelieu River.

1610–11 Henry Hudson in the ship Discovery winters in James Bay.

Champlain sends trading explorer Étienne Brûlé to winter among Hu-

ron.

1613 July: Port Royal, Bay of Fundy, attacked and burned by Samuel

Argall, on orders from Governor Dale of Virginia; first English expedi-

tion against Acadia.

1619 August: Ill-fated expedition of Jens Munck, sailing for King of

Denmark, reaches Churchill River, Hudson Bay, and winters; finds no

Northwest Passage.

1621 James I of England grants Acadia to Sir William Alexander.

1622 July: First Scots colonists arrive in Nova Scotia.

1625 June: First Jesuit missionaries arrive in New France to bring

Christianity to native peoples.

1627 Compagnie des Cent-Associés founded under French crown

protection to colonize New France under corporate monopoly.

1629 19 July: English captain, David Kirke, captures Québec;

1632 29 March: Québec with Port Royal returned to France by

Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye.

1639 Smallpox epidemic sweeps through St. Lawrence Valley; Al-

gonquin and Huron nations suffer substantial losses.

1642 Fort Richelieu built to protect southern approach to Montréal.

1644 March: Settlers near Montréal defeated by Iroquois.

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CHRONOLOGY • xxvii

1653 Iroquois make peace with French, ending destruction of Huronia

and devastation of Huron peoples by war.

1660 May: Battle of the Long Sault, Ottawa River (near Hawkes-

bury), between 16 French led by Adam Dollard des Ormeaux and 44

native allies and some 800 Iroquois; all French fighters in this battle

are killed.

1663 Sovereign Council of New France created, and with it the first

constituted civil and military government of the colony under specifi-

cally royal auspices and regulation.

1665 30 June: France’s Carignan-Salières Regiment, 1,100 strong,

arrives to defend New France; posts constructed.

1670 2 May: Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) chartered by King

Charles II of England, subsequent to successful voyage of the Nonsuch

and establishment of Charles Fort.

1673 Construction begins of French fort at Fort Frontenac (Kingston,

Ontario).

1686 Expedition of de Troyes and Sieur d’Iberville marches from St.

Lawrence River to Hudson Bay and seizes three HBC posts. 19 No-

vember: England and France agree on neutrality pact to settle dispute

over Hudson Bay.

1690 William Phips of Massachusetts leads force to Port Royal,

which surrenders 21 May, and proceeds to Québec, but Governor Louis

de Buade Frontenac puts up stout defense. D’Iberville, with three war-

ships, enters Hudson Bay, raids Fort New Severn.

1692 22 October: Madeline de Verchères leads defense of family fort

against Iroquois.

1696 4 July: Frontenac quits Montréal with 2,150 men to punish Iro-

quois for attacks on settlements.

1700 8 September: Iroquois, Abenakis, and Ottawas agree to peace

terms with governor of New France, Louis de Callières.

1701 Detroit established by Cadillac; Iroquois enter into great treaty

of friendship with French.

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xxviii • CHRONOLOGY

1702–13 Queen Anne’s War (part of War of the Spanish Succession)

sparks many raids and massacres. In 1710, English conquer Port Royal,

rename it Annapolis Royal. In 1711, Adm. Hovenden Walker’s Royal

Navy expedition fails to reach Québec.

1713 11 April: Treaty of Utrecht signed by England, France, and

Spain. The treaty recognizes British sovereignty over Hudson Bay,

Acadia, and Newfoundland. France retains New France, Île St. Jean

(PEI), and the right to fish and use parts of the Newfoundland shore.

Spain relinquishes claims to Newfoundland.

1735 French fortress Louisbourg (begun 1719) completed on Île-

Royale, Cape Breton, and is considered strongest fort in America.

1749 9 July: Col. Edward Cornwallis establishes Halifax, a British

settlement and imperial arsenal at Chebucto, Nova Scotia.

1756 Britain declares war on France, beginning Seven Years War

(French and Indian War). 5 August: French commander Louis-Joseph

de Montcalm forces surrender of British garrison at Oswego; British

lose command of Lake Ontario.

1757 21 January: French defeat Maj. Robert Rogers and his Rangers

near Ticonderoga in Battle on Snowshoes. July/August: French take

Lake George and later Fort William Henry.

1758 26 July: British forces seize Fortress Louisbourg from French.

13 September: British capture city of Québec after battle on the Plains

of Abraham.

1760 8 September: Articles of Capitulation of Montréal establish

interim terms later sanctioned by Québec Act of 1774. 9 September:

French surrender city of Montréal, ending French conquest of New

France.

1763 10 February: British, French, and Spanish sign Treaty of Paris.

The treaty places Canada under British sovereignty, outlines boundary

of Canada that includes Great Lakes basin and stretches west to north-

eastern bank of Mississippi River; new British colony is called Québec.

7 October: Royal Proclamation creates Province of Québec and recog-

nizes certain rights of native peoples.

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CHRONOLOGY • xxix

1774 Québec Act passed by British Parliament.

1775 5 September: American forces led by Brig. Gen. Richard Mont-

gomery and Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler from Crown Point invade Saint

Jean. 31 December: American forces led by Col. Benedict Arnold at-

tempt to capture town of Québec but are unsuccessful.

1776 Loyalists from American revolutionary war settle in Nova Sco-

tia, Prince Edward Island, and Québec.

1778 Fur trader Peter Pond crosses Methye Portage and opens Atha-

basca to Montréal-based trade.

1783 Treaty of Versailles, Article I, recognizes sovereign United

States of America and defines first Canadian-American border.

1784 First Loyalists settle in Ontario; New Brunswick created as a

province.

1785 Beaver Club founded in Montréal, with membership limited fur

traders who have spent at least one year in the interior.

1788 John Meares, British trader, arrives at Nootka Sound, among the

first of many sea otter traders.

1789 Nootka Sound Incident, when Spanish commandant seizes Brit-

ish shipping, forcing diplomatic protests and threat of war; Spain backs

down.

1791 10 June: Constitutional (or Canada) Act given royal assent in

London for the division of Québec and creation of provinces of Upper

Canada and Lower Canada.

1793 22 July: Alexander Mackenzie, first to cross continent north of

Mexico, reaches Mackenzie Rock, Dean Channel, BC.

1811 3 May: HBC grants shareholder Lord Selkirk 116,000 square

miles for Red River settlement.

1812 9 June: U.S. President James Madison declares war on Britain,

beginning War of 1812.

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