Gasch R., Twele J. (Eds.) Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design, Construction and Operation
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Wind Power Plants
•
Robert Gasch Jochen Twele
Wind Power Plants
Fundamentals, Design, Construction
and Operation
Second Edition
Editors
ISBN 978-3-642-22937-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-22938-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937488
¤ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-2 -
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Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission
TU Berlin
Fak. V Verkehrs- und
Maschinensysteme
Institut f r Luft- und Raumfahrtü
Marchstr. 12-14
10587 Berlin
Germany
robert.gasch@gmx.de
2938 1
Editors
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Robert Gasch
HTW Berlin
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Twele
Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A
12459 Berlin
Germany
Preface
In 1991, when we sent our manuscript of the first German edition „Wind Power
Plants“ to the publishing house, our lecturer Dr. Schlemmbach was asked by his
colleagues “Do you think, anyone will buy and read this book ?” It lasted only one
year, until we had to prepare the second edition.
The reason for this unexpected success was the first “feed in act” that had passed
the German parliament in 1991. Everybody was now allowed to produce electri-
city from renewable energies and to feed it into the grid for a fixed price guaran-
teed over twenty years. This political decision initiated the boom of the German
wind energy industry - similar to the Danish political decision ten years before.
In 1991 most of the authors were members of a research group at the Technical
University of Berlin, students, research fellows, postgraduate students and post-
docs. Now many of them hold prominent positions in the wind energy industry.
This has let to a tightly knit professional network, that helps to keep the book
up-to-date.
The first English edition (Solar-Praxis, Berlin and James &James, London 2002),
based on the 3
rd
German edition from 1996, was translated by Dörte Müller and
Thomas Ackermann, living in Stockholm. Richard Holmes, Berlin, translated Max
Frisch`s Questionnaire.
This new English edition is based on the completely revised and extended 5
th
German edition, Teubner, 2006. It was translated by Christoph Heilmann and
reviewed by Wilson Rickerson and Karl E. Stoffers, both from the United States,
Jeremy Dunn (Great Britain), Moran Seamus (Ireland) and Simon Cowper (Great
Britain).
Heike Müller organized with her skilful hands the graphical work and the final
layout.
Robert Gasch, Jochen Twele and Christoph Heilmann, Berlin, kept in touch with
the co-authors to coordinate the work.
We sincerely would like to thank all the contributors for their efforts. We also
would like to say thank you to the sponsors and to Dr. Merkle and Dr. Baumann
from the Springer Publishing House for their patience.
The editors Berlin, September 2011
Chapters and Authors
Chapter 0 Questionnaire 87 Max Frisch
Chapter 1 Introduction Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch,
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Twele
Dipl.-Ing. K. Ohde
Chapter 2 Historical develop- Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch,
ment of windmills Dipl.-Ing. M. Schubert
Chapter 3 Design and components Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Twele,
Dr.-Ing. C. Heilmann,
Dipl.-Ing. M. Schubert
Chapter 4 The wind Dipl.-Ing. W. Langreder,
Dr.-Ing. P. Bade
Chapter 5 Blade geometry Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch,
Dr.-Ing. J. Maurer,
Dr.-Ing. C. Heilmann
Chapter 6 Calculation of perfor- Dr.-Ing. J. Maurer,
mance characteristics Dr.-Ing. K. Kaiser,
Dr.-Ing. C. Heilmann
Chapter 7 Scaling wind turbines Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch
and rules of similarity
Chapter 8 Structural dynamics Prof. Dr. Dipl.-Ing. M. Kühn,
Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch,
Dipl.-Ing. B. Sundermann
Chapter 9 Guidelines and Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Reuter
analysis procedures
Chapter 10 Wind pump systems Dr.-Ing. P. Bade,
Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Twele,
Dr.-Ing. R. Kortenkamp
Chapter 11 Electricity generation Dipl.-Ing. W. Conrad
Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch
Chapter 12 Supervisory and Dipl.-Ing. W. Conrad,
control systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch,
Prof. Dr. A. Stoffel
Chapter 13 Concepts of electricity Dipl.-Ing. W. Conrad,
generation Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Gasch
Chapter 14 Operation at the inter- Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Twele
connected grid Dr.-Ing. C. Heilmann
Chapter 15 Planning, operation and Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Twele,
economics Dipl.-Ing. J. Liersch
Chapter 16 Offshore Windfarms Prof. Dr. Dipl.-Ing. M. Kühn
Chapters and Authors
VIII
Content
0 Questionnaire 87 from Max Frisch
1 Introduction to Wind Energy........................................................................... 1
1.1 Wind Energy in the year 2010.................................................................... 1
1.2 The Demand for Electricity ........................................................................ 4
1.3 Energy Policy and Governmental Instruments........................................... 9
1.4 Technological development...................................................................... 11
2 Historical development of windmills ............................................................. 15
2.1 Windmills with a vertical axis.................................................................. 15
2.2 Horizontal axis windmills......................................................................... 18
2.2.1 From the post windmill to the Western mill ..................................... 18
2.2.2 Technical innovations ....................................................................... 25
2.2.3 Begin and end of the wind power era in the Occident ...................... 28
2.2.4 The period after the First World War until the end of the 1960s...... 29
2.2.5 The Renaissance of the wind energy after 1980 ............................... 31
2.3 The physics of the use of wind energy ..................................................... 33
2.3.1 Wind power....................................................................................... 33
2.3.2 Drag driven rotors ............................................................................. 35
2.3.3 Lift driven rotors ............................................................................... 39
2.3.4 Comparison of rotors using drag principle and lift principle............ 42
3 Wind turbines - design and components....................................................... 46
3.1 Rotor ......................................................................................................... 48
3.1.1 Rotor blade........................................................................................ 53
3.1.2 Hub.................................................................................................... 59
3.1.3 Blade pitch system ............................................................................ 66
3.2 Drive train................................................................................................. 69
3.2.1 Concepts............................................................................................ 69
3.2.2 Gearbox............................................................................................. 77
3.2.3 Couplings and brakes ........................................................................ 84
3.2.4 Generators ......................................................................................... 86
3.3 Auxiliary aggregates and other components ............................................ 86
3.3.1 Yaw system ....................................................................................... 86
3.3.2 Heating and cooling .......................................................................... 89
3.3.3 Lightning protection.......................................................................... 90
3.3.4 Lifting devices................................................................................... 92