Fleet K. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 1, Byzantium to Turkey, 1071-1453
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481
Index
Abaqa Han, Ilkhan ruler (1265–82), 64–73
death (1282), 73
and Karamanid revolt, 70–1
and Mesud, 72
‘Abd al-Laif b. ‘Abdallah, mosque in Mardin,
284
‘Abd al-Wajid b. Muhammad, scholar, 300
Abd
¨
ulaziz, Sultan (1861–76), 309
Abd
¨
ulhamid II, Sultan (1876–1909), 309
Abd
¨
ulkadir b. Gaybi al-Maragi, Maqasid
al-Alhan, 321
Abdullah b. Mahmud, craftsman, 348
‘Abd
¨
ullatif el-Ba
˘
gd
˘
adi, scholar, 414
Abd
¨
ulmecid b. Isma‘il Herevi (d. 1142), 384
Abd
¨
ulvahid b. S
¨
uleyman, craftsman, 347
Abıs¸ga, Mongol commander, 82, 85, 88, 90
Abu al-Fada’il Muhi al-din, poet, 416
Abu Ishak al-Thalabi, Qisas al-Ambiya, 410
Abu Najb al-Suhrawardi, Sufi mystic, 393
Abu Safi‘id Khudabanda, 272
Abu Sa‘id, Mongol sultan in Anatolia
(1317–1335), 90, 92, 93, 122, 267
Abu Said Bahadur Han, 316
Abusammed b. Abdurrahman (d. 1145),
scholar, 384
Abu’l-Fida, Mamluk historian, 328
Acem, Persia, 343
Achaia, principality of, and Byzantium, 39
Adana, recaptured by Byzantium, 17
‘Adi b. Musafir (d. 1162), s¸eyh, 387
Adorno, Giovanni, Genoese tax farmer, 257
Adrianople see Edirne
Adrianople, battle near (1205), 24
Aegean islands, Turkish raids on, 233
Afifeddin el-Tilemsani, Sufi, 395
Afyon, 61, 161
Ak Mescid, 281
Kubbeli Mescid, 279
a
˘
ga, head of janissary corps, 207
A
˘
gaceri, Mongol commander and emir, 89
agriculture, 12, 121
effect of rebellions on, 236–7
effect of Turkoman raids on, 234–7
means to retain peasants for, 238–9, 258
products, 239–40, 370, 372
and Turkish settlement, 370–1
Turkoman view of, 234–40
see also pastoralism
Agrilu, 91
Ahi Evren, Sufi, 375, 398
and Keramat-i Ahi Evren treatise, 417
ahilik, 245
, 375, 375n.55
ahis (religious artisan brotherhoods), 106, 161,
187
beylik of Karaman, 115
and mosque complexes, 297
role in towns, 245
Ahlat, 374
tomb of Erzen Hatun, 307
Ahmad Teg
¨
uder, Mongol khan (1282–4), 73,
74
Ahmed III, Ottoman sultan (1703–30), 178
Ahmed b. Sa’d el-Erzincani, Kitab al-Lata’f
al-’Ala’iyya, 421
Ahmed Eflaki, Manakib al-Arifin, 421
Ahmed Lakus¸i, vezir, 90, 98
Ahmed, Fakih, poet, 409
C¸ arhaname, 418
Kitabu Evsaf-i Mesacidi’s¸-S¸erife, 418
Ahmed-i Dai, poet and scholar, 411, 418–19
Camasbname, 419
C¸ engname, 419
Divan, 419
Ahmed-i Yesevi, use of Turkish language, 409
Ahmedi, poet, 418
˙
Iskendername chronicle, 132, 322, 418
Ak Manastır (Deyr-i Eflatun) monastery, 405
Ak Viran (Avren, Momino), 152
4 82
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978-0-521-62093-2 - Byzantium to Turkey, 1071-1453
Edited by Kate Fleet
Index
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Index
Akbal, son of Uruktu Noyan the
Celayirid, 84
Akbu
˘
ga, Celayirid emir, 77, 79, 81
Akcaalan, pottery kilns, 338
Akc¸e Kazanlık, 162
akın (raid), 192
akıncıs (raiders), in marcher districts, 205
Akkoyunlu, Turkoman confederation, 97,
268, 273
occupation of Erzurum (1465), 273
Aksaray, 258
carpets from, 233, 243, 328
Geyhatu’s advance to, 76
Turkoman palace at, 311
Zincirli Medrese, 298
Aksaray, battle of (1256), 57
Aks¸ehir, 238, 374, 388
cloth manufacture, 243
Ferruh S¸ah mosque, 279
medreses at, 65
tomb of Seyyid Mahmud Hayrani, 308
Aks¸ehir, battle near (1299), 84
Alada
˘
g, battle of (1338), 94
Alada
˘
g, Greater Armenia, Ilkhanid summer
court at, 52, 62
coronation of Geyhatu at, 79
Alaeddin, son of Feramurz, 72
Alaeddin Ali (d.1380), 96
Alaeddin Ali Bey (1366–80), ruler of Eretna,
96
Alaeddin Bey (d.1331
), as patron, 320
Alaeddin Kas¸ani, scholar, 413
Alaeddin Keykubad I, Seljuk sultan (1220–37),
26, 53, 260, 358
poetry, 416
and Sufism, 392
and trade, 373
Alaeddin Keykubad III, Seljuk sultan (1284,
1292–3, 1301–3), 55, 84, 85, 87
murdered on mission to M
¨
ongke, 56, 57
Alaeddin Savi, vezir, 88, 89
Alans
defeat by Ottomans (1302), 119
as mercenaries in Byzantium, 32
Alanya (‘Ala’iyya, Alaiye), 79, 374
caravansary, 314
markets, 249, 250
Albania
Byzantine campaign against, 144
and Ottomans, 136
destruction of Ottoman monuments, 157
Ottoman tax register, 134, 156
Turkish expansion into, 41, 128
Aleppo
Ayyubid architecture, 286
captured (1260), 59
Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118), Byzantine
emperor, 11–15
and First Crusade, 14
Alexios II Komnenos (1180–3), Byzantine
emperor, 20
Alexios III Angelos (1195–1203), Byzantine
emperor, 22, 24, 25, 234
Alexios IV Angelos (1203–4), 22
imprisonment of merchants, 260
Alexios V Doukas (1204), 22
Alexios, false, rebellion, 234, 236
Alexios, ruler of Trebizond, partial rule in
Byzantium, 24
Alexios Axouch, protostrator under Manuel I,
50
Alexios Strategopoulos, capture of
Constantinople (1261), 28
Ali b. Hacı Ahmed, craftsman, 342, 350
Ali b.
˙
Ilyas Ali see Nakkas¸ Ali
Ali b. Muhammed b. Hibetullah el-Buhari,
scholar, 414
Ali b.
¨
Omer Karahisari, 148
Ali Bey, son of Kara Timurtas¸Pas¸a, as patron,
320
Ali Padis¸ah, administrator, 89, 94
Alincak Noyan, 62
supporter of R
¨
ukneddin, 59
Alis¸iro
˘
gulları, Turkomans from K
¨
utahya, 89
Alp Arslan I, Seljuk sultan (1063–72), 1, 10,
356
Alp Arslan II, Seljuk sultan, Manuel I’s
expedition against,
20
alps (warrior leaders), 193
alum
production and trade, 242
taxes on, 257
trade restrictions, 263, 264
Amadeo of Savoy, the Green Count, 37
crusade of, 37, 127
Amastris (Amasra), 25
Amasya (Amaseia), 268, 373
Bayezid Pas¸a Camii, 348
Bimarhane medrese, 298
as centre of beylerbeyilik, 204
illustrated manuscripts, 322
Ottoman buildings, 274
Amasyalı Sufi Bayezid, tutor of Mehmed I, 320
Amid see Diyarbakır
‘Amr b. al-Farid, Qasıde-i Ta’iyya, 421
Anadolu Hisarı complex, Bosphorus, 131
4 83
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978-0-521-62093-2 - Byzantium to Turkey, 1071-1453
Edited by Kate Fleet
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Anadolu H
¨
useyin, Bulgaria, 153
Anadolulu, Bulgaria, 153
Anatolia, 1, 354–60
administration, 83–4
administrative division, 75
beylerbeyilik of, 204
Christianity in, 66, 355, 381
direct Mongol rule (1295–1335), 81–93
ethnic structure, 360–5
mineral resources, 240–2, 254
Mongol troops in, 62
Muslim timar-holders, 199
society, 365–7
state policy towards non-Muslims, 387–90,
403
and Turkoman nomad economy, 230
Turkoman settlements, 356–8
under Byzantium, 355
under Seljuks, 356–7
use of term, 354n.3
westernisation, 354
see also Asia Minor; Ilkhanid state
Anbarji, son of M
¨
ongke Tem
¨
ur, 79
ancestor cult, Turkic, 163
Anchialos
Byzantine occupation, 37
taken by Bulgars, 33
Andronikos, son of Manuel II, ruler of
Thessalonike, 46, 47
Andronikos I Komnenos (1183–5), Byzantine
emperor, 20, 21
Andronikos II, Byzantine emperor
(1282–1328), 31–3
and Mongol leader Ghazan, 88
war with grandson, 33, 144
Andronikos III, Byzantine emperor (1328–41),
33, 144
and Ottoman threat to
˙
Izmit, 121–2
Andronikos IV (1373–9)
as emperor, 38
revolts against John V (1373), 38, 39
Andronikos Doukas, son of Caesar John
Doukas, 10
Angelico, Fra, Enthroned Madonna with Saints,
332
Anhegger, Robert, 181, 288
Ani, Byzantine annexation, 7
Anis al-Kulub, mesnevi, 416
Ankara (Ancyranum), 113, 204, 373
Arslanhane Camii, 348
Kızıl Bey Mescidi, 348
mausoleum of Ahi S¸eraffedin, 348
taken by Ottomans (by 1380s), 122, 125
tomb of Y
¨
ur
¨
uk Dede, 307
T
¨
urbe of Hacı Bayram Veli, 348
Ankara, battle of (1402),
2, 45, 125, 130
Serbian cavalry at, 217
Anna Komene, chronicler, 139
Anna of Savoy, 33, 34
Ansbert, historian, 139
Antalya (Attaleia), 25, 109, 112, 373
annexed by Ottomans, 126, 254
buildings, 269
Hamidid Yivli Minare Camii, 288
tomb of Tekeo
˘
gulları (1377), 112
tomb of Zincirkıran Mehmed Pas¸a, 306
markets, 241, 252
international market, 249, 373
slave market, 250
port, 358
export of carpets from, 233
shipbuilding, 243
resettlement of, 258
Seljuk attack on, 25
silk brocades, 325
Turkoman siege (1147), 235
Venice and, 26
Antioch
Byzantine campaign to recover, 16
first crusade at, 15
Antonius, archbishop of Larissa (1360), 153, 173
Apolyont, Lake, Issız Han, 314
Aqsara’i, chronicler, 65, 83, 88, 98, 228
Arabs
sources, 228
as threat to Byzantium, 6
see also Islam
Arap, son of Sama
˘
gar, 74, 82, 90
architects, 320
architecture
Byzantine cloisonn
´
ee technique, 161
decoration
faience, 317, 339–41
painted, 322–4
hans (caravansarys), 161
military, 176
Mongol, in Erzurum, 90
problems of conservation, 157–8
Seljuk sultanate, 65
and town planning, 267–77
architecture, beylik and early Ottoman, 106,
110, 112, 277–320
Aydın beylik, 111
civil and commercial, 311–16
decoration, 317–18
Germiyan beylik, 113
4 84
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materials, 316–17
mosques, 116
Orhan, 124
palaces, 311–13
patronage, 318–20
roofs, 317
tombs, 305–11
Turkoman styles, 277–9
vaulting, 318
see also medreses; mosques
architecture, Ottoman, 120, 190–1
in the Balkans, 156–91
Bayezid, 131
destruction after fall of Ottoman Empire,
157
archons, rebellion against Palaeologoi, 40
Arghun, Mongol Ilkhan leader (1284–91), 74,
77–8
policy of divide and rule, 74–6
Arghun Aqa, representative of M
¨
ongke, 56
Argos, city of, 42
taken by Turks, 43
Arık, Olus¸, 278
aristocracy, Byzantium, 20
Armenia
Byzantine annexation, 9
Greater, 52
trade routes through Taurus, 115
Armenians, 6
in Byzantine army, 10
in eastern Anatolia, 361
in Erzincan, 243
and Mongols, 389
tolerance of, 388
in towns, 376
armour
coat of mail (cebe or
cevs¸en) (timariot), 201
coat of mail (ton), 194
imported, 219n.119
mail-and-plate (b
¨
ur
¨
ume), 201
armourers, 210
Arnavud Belgrad see Berat
Arpa Ke’
¨
un, Mongol Ilkhan in Anatolia, 94
Arslan Do
˘
gmus¸, Atabekiyye of, 58, 65
artillery, 49, 218–19, 241n.99
for siege warfare, 222
artillery corps, 209–10
arts, 320–51
beyliks, 110
carpets, 328–36
ceramics, 336–46
Islamic Anatolian, 106
Ottoman, 120, 129
painting, 321–4
Seljuks of Rum, 266
textiles, 324–8
Timurid, 266, 343
traditions, 266–7
woodcarving, 346–51
see also architecture; ceramics; literature
Artuk, beys of, 357
Artukid state, and Islam, 383
Artukids
tolerance of non-Muslims, 388
Turkish language, 407
Artze, commercial centre, 9n.15
Arvanid, Albania, Christian timar-holders, 199
ascetism (z
¨
uhd ve takva), 390
Asen, emperor of Bulgaria (1187), 21
al-Ashraf Khalil, Mamluk sultan, 79
Asia Minor
Byzantine fortresses, 31
Byzantium in, 6, 7, 21
Manuel I and, 19
Ottoman campaign (1390 and 1391), 39
Seljuk sultanate of Rum, 11, 13
see also Anatolia
As¸ık Ali Pas¸a, poet, 397–8, 408, 408n.128, 418
Fakrname, 418
Garibname (1330), 194, 397, 418
As¸ıkpas¸azade, Ottoman chronicler, 105, 113, 117
gaps, 120
on market taxes, 252
on Osman, 120, 245
and Ottoman architecture, 274
on Ottoman deportations, 149,
151
on Ottomans in Thrace, 145
slave prices, 252
on Timurid cultural influence, 343
askeri (military class), 216
Aslanapa, Oktay, 278
astronomy, 420
Ates¸, A., 420
Athens
capture of Acropolis, 42
Catalans in, 32
Atman see Osman
Atramyttion (Edremit), fortifications, 20, 236
Attaleia see Antalya
Attila the Hun, 138
avarız defters (registers of Ottoman
extraordinary revenue levies), 140
Avars, 138
in Pannonia, 7
Avnik, siege of (1340), 95
Axouchs family, 50
4 8 5
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
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978-0-521-62093-2 - Byzantium to Turkey, 1071-1453
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Index
Aya Yorgi (Saint George), festival of, 402
Ayas, Cilicia, 91
Ayasoluk (Ephesus), 133, 270
congregational mosque (1375), 270
˙
Isa Bey Camii (1374), 111, 284, 290, 317, 318,
319, 340
Aydın, beylik of, 27, 111, 267
annexed by Bayezid, 43, 223
architecture, 270
arts, 319
counterfeit Venetian coinage in,
247
fall of (1282), 233
and grain trade, 240
growing power of, 34
independence, 45
market taxes, 253
mercenaries with Catalans, 143
port of, 250
relations with Byzantium, 111
silk production, 325
slave market, 250
tax farming, 257
trade with Latin states, 261, 262
weights and measures, 246
Aydıno
˘
glu dynasty, 170
Ayntab (Gaziantep), town, 374
Ays¸e Hatun, wife of Geyhatu, 78
Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakkı, 278, 288
azabs (militia), 211–12
archers, 211
Azerbaijan, 363
Aziz b. Ardashir-i Astarabadi, Bazm o Razm,
421
Azize Hatun, wife of
˙
Isa Bey, 319
Azizeddin, beylerbeyi, 76
Baba
˙
Ilyas-ı Horasani (Baba Resul)
cult of, 402
revolt (1239–40), 64, 359, 368, 398
Baba Kemal-i Hocendi, Sufi, 392
Baba Tu
˘
grai, vezir, 58
debts to Mongols, 60, 71
Babai rebellion (1239–40), 64, 359, 368, 398
Shi‘i messianism in, 386
Babinger, Franz, 162, 380
Babuq, Mongol commander, 96
Badieddin al-Tabrizi, Dilsizname, 321
Badoer, Giacomo, Venetian merchant, 228,
248
Baghdad, Mongol attack on, 58, 59, 61
Bahadır, son of H
¨
usameddin Bicar, 66
Bahaeddin Kani’i, poet, 416
Bahaeddin Veled, Mevlana, Sufi mystic, 391,
392
Kitab al-Ma‘arif, 420
Badaeddin Pas¸a b. Hızır, religious
foundations at Serres, 148
Baibars, Mamluk sultan, 59, 66, 67
diplomatic links with Mongol Anatolia, 67
and Seljuk revolt (1276), 69
Baibars al-Mansuri, Mamluk historian,
57
Baidu, Mongol Ilkhan in Anatolia (1295), 81
candidate for Mongol Han, 78, 81
Baiju, Mongol general, 57
invasion of Rum (1256), 61
at Konya, 58
at K
¨
oseda
˘
g(1243), 53, 54
move to Anatolia, 57
Balaban (Domenico Doria), Genoese
merchant, 232
Balak Gazi, Artukid ruler, 388
Balat (Miletus)
caravansarys, 314
˙
Ilyas Bey Camii, 280–1, 283, 317
port, 250
export of carpets from, 233
metal imports, 242
pottery, 338
Balbi, Domenico, trader, 259
Baldwin, count of Flanders, as emperor in, 23
Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, 19
Baldwin II, Latin emperor, 30
Balik, Despot of Dobrudja, 141
Balıkesir (Balıkesri)
division of beylik of Karası, 109
town of, 271
Balkans
Byzantine influence, 8
coastal beyliks and, 112
contacts with Anatolian Turks, 141–2, 143
early Ottoman conquest and, 143–56
Miletus ware pottery in, 338
Ottoman deportations to settle, 149–52
Ottoman military advance into, 121, 122–3
Ottoman occupation, 37, 126–
8, 130, 136,
190
settlement patterns, 148
Turkic peoples in, 4, 138–43
Balkasun, Karamano
˘
glu mausoleum, 269
Baltu, son of Nabs¸i, Mongol commander, 62,
76, 81
rebellion, 82–3
Bapheus, battle of (1302), 119, 194
Barak Bey, at Yenis¸ehir, 153, 173
Bara’unkar, Mongol branch, 365
4 86
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Bari, captured by Normans, 11
Barkan,
¨
Omer L
¨
utfi, 380
Barquq, Mamluk sultan, 252
barter, 248
Barthold, W., 407
Bartolo, Domenico di, The Wedding of the
Foundlings, 333, 334
Basil II, emperor of Byzantium (976–1025), 7, 8
Battalname epic, 364, 403, 405, 410
Batu Han, son of Jochi, 54, 55
influence of, 56
Bayazid Bistami (d. 874), Sufi, 394
Bayezid I, Ottoman sultan (1389–1402), 2, 39,
42–3, 129–31
annexation of Germiyan beylik, 113, 129
buildings in Bursa, 276, 288, 294, 302
campaign in western Anatolia, 129
campaigns in Balkans, 151
defeated by Timur, 109, 130
and Karaman, 114, 129
navy, 224
as patron, 319
and resettlement of Verria Turks, 141
and siege of Constantinople (1390s), 236
silk textiles, 327
and trade,
259, 263
Bayezid II (1481–1512), 168
bedestan (covered market), 259, 313
Edirne, 172, 313
Serres, 157, 164
Skopje (
¨
Usk
¨
up), 185
Bedreddin Murad, leader of Germiyan, 76
Bektas¸i tarikat (Sufi order), 384, 387, 394, 397
belles lettres, 421
Benefatio de Molendino, Venetian merchant,
alum trade, 242
Benevento, battle of (1266), 30
Berat, Albania, mosque, 174
Bergama (Pergamon), 25, 109, 271
fortifications, 20, 236
Holbein carpets from, 336
Yıldırım Camii, 288
B
´
ero
´
e (Stara Zagora), Balkan town, 140
Bertha of Sulzbach, wife of Manuel I, 17
beyliks, 107, 267
in Anatolia, 27, 103
architecture, 106, 110, 318
Byzantine legacy, 116
coastal, 112–13
compared with Seljuk sultanate, 116–17
and dominance of Ottomans, 107
, 115
power-sharing between ruling family
members, 108–9, 116
pressure on Byzantium, 359
resources, 107, 109
rise of, and towns, 374
and rise of Ottomans, 125–6
sea power, 108, 110, 112
sources for, 105, 108, 110, 111
Timur’s policy towards, 109
tolerance of Christians, 389
see also Aydın; Eretna; Germiyan; Hamid;
˙
Isfendiyaro
˘
gulları; Kadı Burhaneddin;
Karaman; Mentes¸e; Ottoman beylik
and Empire; Saruhan; Teke
Beys¸ehir
annexed by Ottomans, 126
bedestan of S
¨
uleyman Bey, 313
Es¸refo
˘
glu Camii, 286
Es¸refo
˘
glu capital, 91, 267
pottery type, 336
rug from, 335
town walls, 269
Turkish town, 374
Bezirgan Bedreddin, merchant, as patron, 320
Bilad al-Rum, Arab designation of Anatolia,
354
Bilecik (Bekloma)
market traders,
245
nomad trade with, 232
Orhan Gazi Camii, 279, 281
bills of exchange, for trade, 248
Birgi
Aydıno
˘
glu Gazi Mehmed Bey T
¨
urbesi, 317,
340
as capital of Aydın beylik, 111
dynastic tombs, 270
medrese, 270
palace, 311
Ulu Cami, 270, 288, 290, 317, 339, 347
Bithynia
Byzantine campaign against Turks in, 16
Ottoman expansion into, 121
rebellion against Michael Palaeologos, 31
Turkish raids in, 13
Bitlis, town of, 374
Black Death (from 1348), 145
Black Sea, trade across, 229, 252
blockades, 12, 195
of Constantinople (1453), 224
see also siege warfare
Bocanegra, Simon, Doge of Genoa, 263
Bode, Wilhelm von, 331, 333
Bogomilism, 382
Bohemond I, first crusade, 15
Boniface of Montferrat, 22, 23, 26
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Bonifacio da Sori, Genoese agent to Orhan,
261
book illustration, 320
Boris/Michael, tsar of the Bulgars, 138
B
¨
orkl
¨
uce Mustafa, dervish rebel, 134, 406
Bosnia, and Ottomans, 128
Bosnia-Hercegovina, destruction of Ottoman
monuments, 157
Boucicaut, Jean le Meingre, Mar
´
echal, 44
bows, and arrows (yay and ok), 194, 201
broad arrow-heads (bilek/bilik), 201
Brani
ˇ
cevo, Serbian principality, 140
brass utensils, 243
brick
for building, 316, 317
decorative, 317
glazed, 340–1
Brindisi, battle of (1156), 18
Broqui
`
ere, Bertrandon de la, 147, 217, 225,
228
on Bursa, 277, 326
on palace at Konya, 311
on Turkish carpets, 328
on Turkish merchants, 260
on Turkish nomads, 231, 231n.18
Buddhism, 364
buffalo, as draught animals, 231
Buka, vezir in Rum, 77
Bulgaria, 21, 139
aspirations towards Constantinople, 27, 30
Byzantine conquest, 7,
8, 139
Cuman dynasties in, 140
destruction of Ottoman monuments, 157
and John V, 37
Saruhan invasion, 34
subjugated by Bayezid, 43
toponomy, 152–3
Turkish advance on, 37, 127, 144
Turkish colonists in, 152, 155
and ‘Varna crisis’ (1444), 190
voynuks, 215
Bulgars, 7, 8, 138
and Byzantium, 6, 31
treaty with Byzantium (1307), 33
Buonacorso, Niccolo di, Marriage of the Virgin,
331
bureaucrats, in towns, 376
Bur
˘
glu (Uluborlu), 56, 91
Melik’s revolt in, 80
Burhaneddin Muhakkık-ı Tirmizi, Sufi
mystic, 391, 393, 420
burial practices, 163
interments, 306
Bursa (Prousa, Prusa), 41, 119, 376
architecture, 267, 274–7
At Pazarı quarter, 276
Bey Sarayı, 276, 311
bridges, 277
complexes ; Bayezid
˙
Imareti, 131, 294;
Murad I’s complex and tomb, 163, 276;
Murad II’s complex, 276–7, 303–5;
Ye s¸il Cami/complex, 169, 274, 276,
295–7, 314, 317, 318, 324, 340–3, 350;
Yıldırım complex, 276, 302, 317
hamams, 276
hans ; Bey Han (Emir Han), 314; Bezir
Hanı of Lala S¸ahin Pas¸a, 276; Emir
Hanı (Eski Bezzazistan), 276, 314;
Geyve Han, 314;
˙
Ipek Han, 314; Kapan
Hanı of Murad I, 276
medreses, 302, 303–5; Lala S¸ahin Pas¸a
Medresesi
mosques ; Alaeddin Bey Camii (1332–3),
276;H
¨
udavendigar Camii (1385), 129,
294;
˙
Il Eri O
˘
glu Ahmed Bey Mescidi,
274; Koca Naib Camii, 276; Muradiye
Camii, 294, 343; Orhan Gazi Camii
(1337–39), 124, 160, 276, 317;S¸ehadet
Cami, 168, 171, 276, 317; Ulu Cami, 171,
276, 288, 290, 317, 318, 348
tombs ; of C¸ elebi Mehmed (Yes¸il T
¨
urbe),
310–11; of Cem Sultan, 345;ofC¸ oban
Bey, 309;ofG
¨
ulc¸ic¸ek Hatun, 310;
Hatuniye T
¨
urbesi, 324; mausoleum of
Murad I, 163; of Murad II, 310;of
Orhan Gazi, 309; of Osman Gazi, 276,
309;ofS¸ehzade Ahmed, 324;of
Yıldırım Bayezid, 310
fall of (1404), 45
fall to Orhan (1326), 236
as sancak of Murad (1331
), 198
markets (bedestans), 242, 249n.160, 313
bezzazistan (drapers’ market), 276, 326
commercial district, 276
international market, 248
slave market, 250
under Ottomans, 121, 132
silk production, 243, 326
Byzantine army
defeat at Malazgirt (Manzikert) (1071), 1, 6
and theme system, 7
weakening of, 8, 9, 119
Byzantine Empire, 6–11, 355
architectural influence, 279, 317
art, 266
end of (1453), 1
4 88
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frontiers, 15
coastal territories, 12
control over Bulgaria, 139
pressure on, 8–9, 359
influence over Christians in Anatolia, 389,
404
instability in, 8, 11, 31
civil war (1321–8), 33, 144
civil war (1341–7/1341–54), 33–5, 39, 144
civil war (1380s), 128
palace revolution (1181), 20
reforms, 12, 20
restoration under Michael VIII
Palaeologos, 29–31
Komnenoi dynasty, 11–21
and Latin rule in Constantinople (1204–61),
22–8
ninth-century expansion, 7–8
as Ottoman vassal state, 43, 45, 128, 217
perception of Turks, 227, 362
and relations with Mongols in Anatolia, 63,
103
relations with Ottoman, 45, 49–50
, 120, 122,
126, 132, 136
treaty (1403)
rural life, 370
and Seljuk sultanate of Rum, 11
see also Constantinople
Byzantine navy
rebuilding of, 14, 35
thirteenth–fourteenth century, 30, 31
under Vatatzes, 26
and Venice, 19
weakening of, 16, 35
Caffa, Genoese trading settlement, 252
Cahen, Claude, 229, 230, 363, 373, 383
Cairo
mosques, 290
see also Fustat
C¸ aka (Tzachas), Turkish emir, 13
C¸ aldıran, battle of (1514), 137
C¸ alı Bey, Admiral, 224, 251
Callipolis see Gelibolu
Camalı, alum production, 242
camels, for transport, 220
C¸ andarlı Ali Pas¸a, as patron, 320
C¸ andarlı family, as patrons, 320
C¸ andarlı Halil Hayreddin Pas¸a, Ottoman
grand vezir (d. 1387), 128, 150, 164, 281,
320
C¸ andarlı
˙
Ibrahim Pas
¸a, mosque in Serres, 164,
320
Candaro
˘
gulları see
˙
Isfendiyaro
˘
gulları
caravansarys (han), 109, 148
Antalya, 112
establishment of, 258n.235, 258–9, 373
Ilıca, 161
at
˙
Ishkali, 65
Seljuk, 314
vakıfs for, 377
Caria, beylik of Mentes¸e in, 111
carpets and kilims, 328–36, 351
Anatolian animal type, 331–5
Berlin Rug, 333
in European paintings, 331
exports, 328
Konya-type, 329–31
Marby Rug, 334
nomad trade in, 231, 233
cash
replacement of labour services, 255
for trade, 248
Catalan Grand Company of mercenaries, 32,
33
in Gallipoli, 143
principality in Greece, 32, 41, 42
in Thrace, 143–4
Ca’unkar, Mongol branch, 365
cavalry (timar eri/sipahis), 197
battle tactics, 221
commanders, 203
numbers, 209
salaried, 208–9
Serbian, 217
weapons, 217
C¸ avul, Emir, 358
cebeci (armourer), 210
C¸ ekirge, H
¨
udavendigar
˙
Imareti, 294, 302
Celaleddin Eye Bey b. Felekeddin, architect,
314
Celaleddin Hoca, official in Anatolia, 90
Celaleddin Karatay, Seljuk official, 65
Celaleddin Muhammed Rumi, Sufi mystic
and poet, 58, 63, 65, 84, 359, 390, 392,
393, 405, 417
and divine, 396–7
Fihi ma fihi, 397, 421
Majalis-i Sab‘a, 421
Mektubat, 421
poetry, 416
Celayirids, 78
as threat to Mongols, 93
C¸ elebi
˙
Ishak b.
˙
Ilyas, Saruhanid ruler, 347
C¸ elebi Mehmed, ruler in Bursa, 276, 295, 313,
319
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