Fleet K. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 1, Byzantium to Turkey, 1071-1453

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Maps

1 The Byzantine Empire, 1071 page xvii

2 Beylik Anatolia xviii

3 The Ottoman Empire, 1453 xix

Contributors

JULIAN CHRYSOSTOMIDES is the Director of the Hellenic Institute, Royal Hol-

loway and Bedford New College, University of London and is Emerita Reader in Byzantine

History at the University of London. Her books include Funeral Oration on his Brother

Theodore: Manuel II Palaeologos (Thessalonike, 1985) and Monumenta Peloponnesiaca: Docu-

ments for the History of the Peloponnese in the 14th and 15th Centuries (Camberley, 1995).

HOWARD CRANE is a Professor in the Department of the History of Art at Ohio State

University. His books include The Garden of Mosques: Haﬁz H

useyin al-Ayvansarayi’s Guide to

the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul (Leiden, 2000) and Risale-i Mi’mariyye: an Early

Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Treatise on Architecture (Leiden, 1987).

KATE FLEET is the Director of the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies, Newnham

College, Cambridge and is Newton Trust Lecturer in Ottoman History at the Faculty of

Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. Her books include European

and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: the Merchants of Genoa and Turkey (Cambridge,

1999).

AL FODOR is Head of the Department of the Early Modern Age at the Institute

of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He has published extensively on the

military and administrative organisation and the ruling elite of the Ottoman state as well

as on Ottoman political relations with Europe. His books include In Quest of the Golden

Apple: Imperial Ideology, Politics, and Military Administration in the Ottoman Empire (Istanbul,

2000), and ‘Affairs of State are Supreme’: the Orders of the Ottoman Imperial Council Pertaining to

Hungary (1544–1545, 1552) (Budapest, 2005), which he co-authored with G

eza D

avid, with

whom he has also co-edited several collections of articles on Ottoman–European relations.

MACHIEL KIEL was Director of the Netherlands Archaeological Institute in Istanbul.

He is Adviser to UNESCO for Bosnia-Hercegovina and lectures on Islamic Architecture at

Istanbul Teknik

Universitesi. He has also worked for eighteen years as a builder and stone

cutter at the Dutch Service for Historical Monuments, thus combining academic study

with work in the archives and practical experience in building. He has written extensively

on the Ottoman Balkans and his books include Studies on the Ottoman Architecture of the

Balkans (Aldershot, 1990).

List of contributors

RUDI PAUL LINDNER is Professor of History at the University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, where he teaches comparative medieval history and the history of astrophysics. He

has published on the history of steppe nomads, early Ottoman historiography, medieval

monetary history and thedevelopment of astronomical institutionsin the twentieth-century

USA. His books include Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia (Bloomington, 1983) and

Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory (Bloomington, 2006).

CHARLES MELVILLE is Reader in Persian History at the Faculty of Asian and Middle

Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. His books include A History of Persian Earthquakes

(Cambridge, 1982), which he c0-authored with N. N. Ambraseys and The Seismicity of Egypt,

Arabia and the Red Sea: a Historical Review (Cambridge, 1994) (with N. N. Ambraseys and

R. D. Adams).

AHMET YAS¸AR OCAK is a Professor in the Department of History at Hacettepe

Universitesi. His work is on Seljuk and Ottoman social, cultural and religious history and

his extensive publications include Baba

ıler

Isyanı: Alev

ıli

gin Tarihsel Altyapısı Yahut Anadolu’da

Isl

am-T

urk Heterodoksisinin Tes¸ekk

u (Istanbul, 2000), Osmanlı

Imparatorlu

gu’nda Marjinal

ılik: Kalender

ıler (Ankara, 1999), Osmanlı Toplumunda Zındıklar ve M

ulhidler Yahut Dairenin

Dıs¸ına C¸ıkanlar, 3rd edn (Istanbul, 2003), Sarı Saltık: Pop

uler Isl

am’in Balkanlardaki Destani

Onc

u, (Ankara, 2002)andK

ult

ur Tarihi Kayna

gı Olarak Men

akıbn

ameler:

Metodolojik Bir

Yaklas¸ım (Ankara, 1997).

xii

A note on transliteration

Ottoman Turkishhas been transliteratedusing modernTurkish orthography, and diacritical

marking of long vowels has not been used for Arabic and Persian terms or names. Names

have been given in their Turkish form except when in common usage in English. Where

ﬁgures are more familiar under a different form, both forms are given.

xiii

Chronology

Seljuks

1063–72 Alp Arslan

1071 Battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert)

1081–92 S

uleyman I

1092–1107 Kılıc¸ Arslan I

1107–16 Meliks¸ah

1116–56 R

ukneddin Mesud I

1156–92 Kılıc¸ Arslan II

1192–6, 1204–10 Gıyaseddin Keyh

usrev I

1196–1204 R

ukneddin S

uleyman II

1204–5

Izzeddin Kılıc¸ Arslan III

1210–20

Izzeddin Keykavus I

1220–37 Alaeddin Keykubad I

1237–43 Gıyaseddin Keyh

usrev II

1243 Battle of K

oseda

1246–48

Izzeddin Keykavus II

1248–65 R

ukneddin Kılıc¸ Arslan IV

1249–57 Alaeddin Keykubad II

1265–83 Gıyaseddin Keyh

usrev III

1283–4, 1284–93, 1294–1301, 1303–7 Gıy

aseddin Mesud II

1284, 1292–

3, 1301–3 Alaeddin Keykubad III

1307 Gıyaseddin Mesud III

Ilkhans

1253–65 H

uleg

1265–82 Abaqa

1282–4 Ahmad Teg

uder

1284–91 Arghun

1291–5 Geyhatu

1295 Baidu

1295–1304 Ghazan

xiv

Chronology

1304–16

Oljeit

1317–35 Abu Sa‘id

Beyliks

Latter part 13th century Foundation of the beyliks

?–c.1324 Osman

c.1324–62 Orhan

1326 Fall of Bursa to the Ottomans

1331 Fall of Nikaia (

Iznik) to the Ottomans

1337 Fall of Nikomedia (

Izmit) to the Ottomans

c.mid-1330s Ottoman conquest of Karası

1344 Crusader force partially occupied

Izmir

1354 Ottoman occupation of Gelibolu (Callipolis)

1362–89 Murad I

c.1369 Fall of Adrianople (Edirne) to the Ottomans

1371 Battle of C¸ irmen on the Maritsa (Meric¸)

1370s Ottoman conquest of Germiyan and Hamid

1380s Ottoman conquest of Teke

1385 Fall of Ni

s to the Ottomans

1387 Fall of Thessalonike to the Ottomans

1389 Battle of Kosovo

1389–1402 Bayezid I

1389–90 Ottoman conquest of Aydın and Mentes¸e

1394–1402 Siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans

1396 Battle of Nikopolis

1397 Ottoman defeat of Karaman

1402 Battle of Ankara

1402–13 Period of internecine ﬁghting among the

Ottomans

1413–21 Mehmed I

1416 Revolt of S¸eyh Bedreddin and B

orkl

uce

Mustafa

1421–44, 1446–51 Murad II

1422 Siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans

1430 F

all of Thessalonike to the Ottomans

1444 Battle of Varna

1444–6, 1451–81 Mehmed II

1448 Second battle of Kosovo

1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

Byzantium

1071–8 Michael VII Doukas

1078–81 Nikephoros III Botaneiates

Chronology

1081–1118 Alexios I Komnenos

1118–43 John II Komnenos

1143–80 Manuel I Komnenos

1180–3 Alexios II Komnenos

1183–5 Andronikos I Komnenos

1185–95, 1203–4 Isakios II Angelos

1195–1203 Alexios III Angelos

1203–4 Isakios II Angelos and Alexios IV Angelos

1204 Alexios V Doukas

Fall of Constantinople to the fourth crusade

1204–61 Latin kingdom of Constantinople

1204–1461 Latin kingdom of Trebizond

1204–22 Theodore I Laskaris

1222–54 John III Doukas Vatatzes

1254–8 Theodore II Laskaris

1258–9 John IV Laskaris

1259–82 Mıchael VIII Palaeologos

1282–1328 Andronikos II Palaeologos

1328–41 Andronikos III Palaeologos

1341–91 John V Palaeologos

1341–7 Civil war in Byzantium

1347–54 John VI Kantakouzenos

1373–6 Manuel II Palaeologos

1376–9 Andronikos IV Palaeologos

1391–1425 Manuel II Palaeologos

1425–48 J

ohn VIII Palaeologos

1448–53 Constantine XI Palaeologos

xvi

200

400 km

200

300 miles

300

100

Crete

Monembasia

Cyprus

Trebizond

Nicaea

Smyrna

Chios

Lesbos

Manzikert

Philomelium

Rhodes

Kephalonia

Corfu

Meletene

Tarsus

Adana

Attaleia

Thebes

Corinth

Dyrrachium

Laodikeia

Amorion

Pergamon

Adramyttion

Ikonion

Zakynthos

Thessalonike

Philippopolis

Methone

Trnovo

Sinope

Heraclea

Korone

Adrianople

Philadelphia

Amisos

Khonai

Miletus

Antioch

Amastris

Nikomedaea

Naxos

Andros

Euboea

Karpathos

Mesembria

Anchialos

Lemnos

Athens

Tenedos

Callipolis

Didymoteichon

Brussa

Argos

Nauplia

Lake Van

Panidos

Black Sea

CILICIA

THRACE

DALMATIA

PELOPONNESE

MACEDONIA

SIRMIUM

BYTHINIA

Constantinople

Map 1 The Byzantine Empire, 1071

200

200 miles

300 km

100

Crete

Cyprus

Trebizond

Chios

Lesbos

Antalya

Adana

Malatya

Sinop

Ankara

Denizli

Bergama

Edremit

Konya

Samsun

Balat

Amasra

Bursa

Giresun

Kastamonu

Ulubat

Ayasoluk

Kütahya

Aksaray

Kayseri

Amasya

Tokat

Bayburt

Erzincan

Erzurum

Sivas

Mardin

Urfa

Amid

(Diyarbakır)

Elbistan

Ayas

DULKADIR

KARAMAN

TEKE

AYDIN

SARUHAN

KARASI

OTTOMANS

Izmir

Alasehir

MENTESE

HAMID

GERMIYAN

Izmit

Aksehir

Kösedag

Sebinkarahisar

Gümüshane

Lake Van

Constantinople

Iznik

Rhodes

Map 2 Beylik Anatolia

200

400 km

200

300 miles

300

100

Crete

Cyprus

Trebizond

Iznik

Chios

Lesbos

Aksehir

Rhodes

Malatya

Antalya

Adana

Denizli

Bergama

Edremit

Konya

Selanik

Tırnovo

Filibe

Methone

Korone

Sinop

Alasehir

Samsun

Edirne

Balat

Amasra

Naxos

Andros

Negroponte

Gelibolu

Bursa

Dimetoka

Nikopolis

Varna

Giresun

Kastamonu

Ulubat

Ayasoluk

Kütahya

Ankara

Aksaray

Sivas

Erzurum

Tokat

Erzincan

Amasya

Mardin

Urfa

Komotene

Manastır

Ohrid

Nis

Vlorë

Üsküp

Kosovo

Sofia

Vidin

Siroz

Vardar

Yenicesi

Ragusa

(Dubrovnik)

Istanbul

Izmir

Izmit

Map 3 The Ottoman Empire, 1453