Fattah H., Caso F. A Brief History Of Iraq

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

A BRIEF HISTORY

OF IRAQ

i-xviii_BH-Iraq_fm.indd ii 10/24/08 1:40:06 PM

A BRIEF HISTORY

OF IRAQ

HALA FATTAH

WITH FRANK CASO

A Brief History of Iraq

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by

any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the

publisher. For information contact:

Facts On File, Inc.

An imprint of Infobase Publishing

132 West 31st Street

New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fattah, Hala Mundhir, 1950–

A brief history of Iraq / Hala Fattah with Frank Caso.

p. cm.—(Brief history)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13:978-0-8160-5767-2

ISBN-10:0-8160-5767-2

1. Iraq—History. 2. Iraq—Civilization. I. Caso, Frank. II. Title.

DS70.9.F38 2008

956.7—dc22 2008008451

Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk

quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call

our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.

You can ﬁ nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonﬁ le.com

Text design by Joan M. McEvoy

Cover design by Semadar Megged / Jooyoung An

Maps by Dale Williams

Printed in the United States of America

MP Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer

recycled content.

To Muna, Tala, Alia, and Raya(tuni), so that they may

learn about their mother’s homeland.

i-xviii_BH-Iraq_fm.indd vi 10/24/08 1:40:06 PM

Contents

List of Illustrations ix

List of Maps x

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction xiii

1 Iraq, the First Society (Prehistory to 539

B.C.E.) 1

2 From the Persian Empire to the Sassanians

(539

B.C.E.–651 C.E.) 29

3 Iraq under the Umayyad Dynasty (651–750) 54

4 Abbasid and Post-Abbasid Iraq (750–1258) 76

5 Turkish Tribal Migrations and the Early Ottoman State

(1256–1638) 99

6 Imperial Administration, Local Rule, and Ottoman

Recentralization (1638–1914) 125

7 British Occupation and the Iraqi Monarchy (1914–1958) 154

8 The Growth of the Republican Regimes and the

Emergence of Baathist Iraq (1958–1979) 188

9 The Rule of Saddam Hussein and the Difﬁ cult Legacy

of the Mukhabarat State (1979–2003) 219

10 The War in Iraq (2003–2008) 246

Postscript 268

Appendixes

1 Basic Facts about Iraq 271

2 Chronology 275

3 Bibliography 289

4 Suggested Reading 295

Index 302

i-xviii_BH-Iraq_fm.indd viii 10/24/08 1:40:06 PM

List of illustrations

Warka vase 5

Cuneiform script engraved in a stone 7

Statue of the epic hero Gilgamesh 9

Steps in the biblical city Ur Kasdim 16

Detail from the Code of Hammurabi stela 20

Detail from the Ishtar Gate 27

Babylonian Cyrus Cylinder 32

Persepolis, ancient capital of the Persian Empire 34

Alabaster ﬁ gurine of a goddess or an odalisque 43

Plaster camel bearing cargo 52

Mosque of the Umayyad dynasty 71

Page from the Qur’an (Koran), eighth–ninth century 73

Ancient silver dirham 84

Drawing of a physician taking blood from a patient 90

Tomb of Zumurrud Khatun, Baghdad 96

Painting of Genghis Khan 100

Depiction of the siege of Baghdad by Mongols 102

Mausoleums of Osman I and Orhan 111

Illustration of the sultan Suleyman the Lawgiver 118

Boatmen in the city of Basra 123

Al-Kadhimain Mosque, Baghdad 140

Imperial courtyard, Baghdad 144

Arabs in traditional clothing from province of Baghdad 146

Baghdad-Berlin Railway 153

British troops marching into Baghdad, 1917 158

Photograph of King Faisal I 164

A street in Karbala 167

Aerial view of Baghdad, 1932 172

Iraqi regent Prince Abdulillah with Prime Minister

Nuri al-Said, 1942 178

Detail from the Monument of Liberation in Tahrir Square 186

Crowds gather after the 1958 military coup in Baghdad 189

First meeting of the cabinet of Iraq’s revolutionary regime 191

Poster protesting Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser 199