Fahim M.A., Sahhaf T.A., Elkilani A.S. Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Can be any stream in a defined convergence loop
Feedback controller used to specify a simulation variable result
(Fig. C.12)
As soon as the stream colour changes, calculations are ready. Stream
Results shown in Fig. C.13.
Blocks Palette
Crude Distillation
Furnace
Flow stream
Heat stream
Solver active
Figure C.8 Simulation environment
Stream name
Figure C.9 Stream operating data and composition
Appendix C 481
Stoich coefficients
Reactions in basis environment
Reaction data are ready
Figure C.10 Reaction input data
Conversion reactor
input stream
reactor output streams
Figure C.11 Reactor design connection streams
482 Appendix C
REFERENCE
UNISIM Design, Suite R370, (2007). Honeywell Process Solutions, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Recycle controller block Recycle controller block
Figure C.12 Recycle stream controller
Worksheet editing
Figure C.13 Stream results summary
Appendix C 483
Appendix D
D. Research Octane Number for Hydrocarbons
(Antos et al., 1995)
See Table D.1
Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining
#
2010 Elsevier B.V.
DOI: 10.1016/ B978-0-444-52785-1.00030-9 All rights reserved.
Table D.1 Research octane numbers of pure hydrocarbons
Paraffins Naphthenes
n-Butane 94 Cyclopentane >100
Isobutane >100 Cyclohexane 83
n-Pentane 61.8 Methylcyclopentane 91.3
2-Methyl-1-butane 92.3 Methylcyclohexane 74.8
n-Hexane 24.8 1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 80.6
2-Methyl-1-pentane 73.4 1,1,3-
Trimethylcyclopentane
87.7
2,2-Dimethyl-1-butane 91.8 Ethylcyclohexane 45.6
n-Heptane 0 Isobutylcyclohexane 33.7
2-Methylhexane 52 Aromatic
2,3-Dimethylpentane 91.1 Benzene -
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane >100 Toluene >100
n-Octane <0 o-Xylene -
3,3-Dimethylhexane 75.5 m-Xylene >100
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 100 p-Xylene >100
n-Nonane <0 Ethylbenzene >100
2,2,3,3-
Tetramethylpentane
>100 n-Propylbenzene >100
n-decane <0 Isopropylbenzene >100
Olefins 1-Methyl-3-ethylbenzene >100
1-Hexene 76.4 n-butylbenzene >100
1-Heptene 54.5 1-Methyl -3-
isopropylbenzene
–
2-Methyl-2-hexene 90.4 1,2,3,4-
Tetramethylbenzene
>100
2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 99.3
485
REFERENCE
Antos, G.J. et al. (1995). ‘‘Catalytic Naphtha Reforming.’’ Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.
486 Appendix D
Notation
A Aromatics content
A Aromatic content of a blend
A
c
Catalyst activity
A
M
Membrane surface area
AG Acid gas
AGO Atmospheric gas oil
AR Atmospheric residue
ARDS Atmospheric residue desulphurization
ATK Aviation turbine kerosene
BAT Best available techniques
BOD Biological oxygen demand
BPCD Barrels per calendar day based on 365 days per year
BPD Barrels per day
BPSD Barrels per stream day
BTX Benzene, toluene and xylene
C
c
Coke content in the catalyst
C
D
Drag force coefficient
C
p
Heat capacity
C
p,air
Heat capacity of air
C
p,cat
Heat capacity of catalyst
C
p,s
Heat capacity of steam
CCR Conradson carbon residue
CDU Crude distillation unit
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CONV Conversion of reaction
D
T
Absorber diameter
dBA Decibels of sound pressure
DAF Dissolved air floatation
DAO Deasphalted oil
DCC Deep catalytic cracking
DEA Diethanol Amine
DHDS Deep hydrodesulphurization
DME Dimethyl ether
DNHDS Deep non-hydrodesulphurization
DOC Dissolved organic carbon
EBP End boiling point
EOR End of run
EOS Equation of state
EP Emission rate
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining
#
2010 Elsevier B.V.
DOI: 10.1016/ B978-0-444-52785-1.00032-2 All rights reserved.
487
ESP Electrostatic precipitator
EVOC Emission rate of VOC
F Performance factor
F
LV
Entrainment flooding capacity
F
st
Surface tension factor
FAE Fuel air explosives
FCC Fluid catalytic cracking
FGD Flue gas desulphurization
FOEB Fuel oil equivalent barrels
FT Fischer–Tropsch
FTA Fault tree analysis
gpm Gallons per minute
G Gibbs free energy
G
0
Carrier gas flow rate in absorption
GC Gas chromatograph
GOR Gas to oil ratio
GTL Gas to liquid
H Enthalpy
H Henry’s constant
H Stack height
H
G
Height transfer units
HAP Hazardous air pollutants
HAZOP Hazard operability
HCGO Heavy cycle gas oil
HCN Heavy cycle naphtha
HDA Aromatic hydrogenation
HDC Hydrocracking
HDI Hydro-isomerization
HDN Hydro-denitrogenation
HDS Hydrodesulphurization
HF Hydrofluoric acid
HN Heavy naphtha
HPLC High performance liquid chromatograph
HSR Heavy straight run
HSS High selective switch
HT Hydrotreating
HTN Hydrotreated naphtha
HTSC High temperature shift converter
HTU Hydrothermal upgrading
I
AP
Aniline point index
I
cp
Cloud point index
I
E
Isobutene effluent volume %
I
FP
Flash point index
I
PP
Pour point index
I
RVP
Reid vapour pressure index
488 Notation
I
vis,v
Viscosity index based on volume basis
I
vis,w
Viscosity index based on weight basis
IBP Initial boiling point
IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle
I/O Isobutane/olefin ratio
k
i
Reaction rate constant
K Watson characterization factor
K
eq
Equilibrium reaction constant
K
P
Equilibrium reaction constant for gas phase
L Solvent gas flow rate in absorption
L
eq
Equivalent level of sound
L
max
Maximum level of sound
LBG Low BTU gas
LCGO Light cycle gas oil
LCN Light cycle naphtha
LEL Lower explosive limit
LFL Lower flammability limit
LHSV Liquid hourly space velocity
LN Light naphtha
LNG Liquefied natural gas
LP Linear programming
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
LSFO Low sulphur fuel oil
LTA Lost time accident
LTSC Low temperature shift converter
LV% Liquid volume%
m
air
Mass flow rate of air to the catalyst regenerator
m
cat
Catalyst mass flow rate
m
f
Mass flow rate of the feed to the reactor
m
i
Mass flow rate of the products from the reactor
m
scat
Mass flow rate of the spent catalyst
M Molecular weight
M MON average of a blend
M
L
Liquid molecular weight
M
v
Vapour molecular weight
MAWP Maximum allowable working pressure
MDEA Methyl die ethanolamine
MeABP Mean average boiling point
MEA Monoethanol amine
MEROX Mercaptans oxidation
MMSCFD 10
6
ft
3
/day
MO Metal oxide
MON Motor octane number
MS Mass spectroscopy
MSDS Material safety data sheet
Notation 489
MTBE Methyl ter butyl ether
n Refractive index
N Naphthenes
NBP Normal boiling point
NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Nf Number of gas components in the flue gas
NG Natural gas
Ni Nickel
Np Number of products
O Olefin content in a blend
OSHA Occupational safety and health administration
P Pressure
P
M
Gas permeability
P
c
Critical pressure
PDF Process flow diagram
Petro FCC Petrochemical fluid catalytic cracking
PHA Process hazard analysis
P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram
PIONA Parrafins, isoparaffins, olefins and aromatic
PNA Polynuclear aromatics
PPE Personal protective equipment
PPM Parts per million
PSA Pressure swing adsorption
PTB Pounds per thousand barrels
Q
cat
Energy of catalyst
Q
f
Energy of oil feed to the reactor
Q
rxn
Energy of reaction
Q
scat
Energy of spent catalyst
Q
sin
Energy injected steam
Q
sout
Energy of steam out
r
A
Rate of reaction of component A
r
yi
Rate of reaction for lump i
R Refractivity parameter
R RON average of a blend
RFCC Residue fluid catalytic cracking
RME Rapeseed methyl ester
RON Research octane number
RSH Mercaptans
RVP Reid vapour pressure
R(t) Reliability of a process
S Sulphur
S Average gasoline sensitivity
S
in
Injected steam flow rate
S
out
Output steam flow rate
S
P
Tray spacing
490 Notation
SCFB Standard cubic feet per barrel
SCR Selective catalytic reduction
SDA Solvent deasphalting
SG Specific gravity
SHE Safety, health and environment
SNCR Selective non-catalytic reduction
SR Semi-regenerative
SRU Sulphur recovery unit
STP Standard temperature and pressure
SV Space velocity
t
1/2
Half life of the catalyst
t
c
Coking time
T
b
True boiling point
T
c
Critical temperature
T
f
Feed temperature
TBP True boiling point
TC Temperature controller
TCCU Tail gas clean-up
TCD Thermal conductivity detector
TNT Tri nitro toluene
TOC Total organic carbon
TSP Total suspended particulates
TSS Total suspended solids
UEL Upper explosive limit
UFL Upper flammability limit
V Volume
V
100
Saybolt universal viscosity at 100
F
V
210
Saybolt universal viscosity at 210
F
Vac Vacuum
VABP Volume average boiling point
VG Viscosity gravity constant
VGO Vacuum gas oil
VOC Volatile organic compound
VR Vacuum residue
wt% Weight percentage
WGS Water gas shift
WWE Waste water emission
x
a
Aromatics volume percentage in crude
x
n
Naphthenes volume percentage in crude
x
p
Parrafins volume percentage in crude
y Equilibrium gas composition
y
1
VGO weight fraction in 3-lump and 4-lump models
y
2
Gasoline weight fraction in 3-lump and 4-lump models
y
3
Gas and coke weight fraction in 3-lump and 4-lump models
Z Compressibility factor
Notation 491