Epstein N., Grace J.R. Spouted and Spout-Fluid Beds: Fundamentals and Applications
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Index
acceleration distance of particles, 34
aeration. See auxiliary gas
agglomeration, 157, 223–224, 238, 240, 246, 255,
260, 263, 288
agricultural products, 222, 240
angle of internal friction, effect of, 46, 286
annulus
definition, 1
in electrochemical reactors, 271
fluidization of, 35, 39, 322
gas flow in, 39–47, 109, 112, 132, 135
in mechanically spouted beds, 298
particle motion in and from, 10–11, 144
particle velocity in, 8, 74–76, 94–96, 113, 132
reverse gas flow in, 133
in three-phase spouted beds, 331
voidage in, 43, 45, 54, 111–114, 130, 327
applications
of conical spouted beds, 97–100, 260
of electrochemical spouted beds, 275–280
of mechanically spouted beds, 304
of powder-particle spouted beds, 182–184
of spouted beds with draft tube, 133–138
of spout-fluid beds, 119–122
atomization, 223, 226, 228, 230
attrition of solids, 164, 175, 224, 240–241, 288, 332
auxiliary gas, effect of, 105, 107–119, 128, 191, 243
baffles and inserts, 154, 274, 291–292.Seealso
draft tubes
bed height, effect of, 44, 85, 153
bubbles, 106, 116
bubbling fluidization, 5–7, 30
carbonization. See pyrolysis
catalytic reactors, 305–318
cavity. See internal jet or spout
channeling, 10–12
chemical reactors. See reactors
chemical vapor deposition, 230
choking, 35–36, 38
coating
of particles, 10, 152, 164, 208–210, 222–233
of prosthetic devices, 150, 230
of tablets, 165, 227, 229, 238
uniformity of, 241–242, 245
in Wurster coater, 238–246
cohesive solids, 192
column diameter, effect of on hydrodynamics,
284–285
combustion, 119–120, 137, 251, 260–264
computational fluid dynamics, 57–77, 133, 194,
291, 294
of drying of solids, 201
Eulerian-Eulerian approach, 57–68, 76, 96, 97,
119, 162
Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, 68–77, 119
of gasifier, 258
concentration profies, 308–310
configuration of reactor. See Geometry of column
conical vessels, spouting in, 2, 3, 5, 8, 81–100
bed expansion in, 84–87
with draft tubes, 133
for drying, 193, 195, 210
minimum spoutable bed height for, 83
minimum spouting velocity in, 23–24, 83–84
mixing and segregation in, 90–92, 154–156
particle velocity in, 94
pressure drop in, 84–85
reaction in, 313, 314–318
spout geometry in, 92–93
cone angle, effect of, 22, 83, 84–85, 130, 134,
210–211, 313
contact angle. See wettability
control, 310
corners, 273
crossflow between spout and annulus, 96, 109,
113–114, 128, 143, 197
cycle time of particles, 96–97, 142, 143, 147, 243,
300–302
dead zones, 82, 187, 211, 246, 273, 285–286, 313
design recommendations, 29–30, 82–83, 97,
165–166
diamond production, 137
dilute solids transport. See pneumatic conveying
338 Index
dilute spouted bed, 85–87, 89–90, 97, 257
dimensionless groups, 7, 30, 285–289
discrete element models, 57, 66–69, 119, 133, 246,
312–313
discharge of solids, 2, 150, 157, 177
dispersion, 87–89, 312, 314
draft tubes, 12, 128–138, 189–191, 238–242, , 245,
317
in electrochemical reactors, 270–273, 275
porous draft tubes, 134
multiple draft tubes, 136
in three-phase spouted beds, 331
drag relations, 57–58, 59–60, 63, 66–67
drying of solids, 10, 122, 187–201
in conical spouted beds, 98
of grains, 4, 187, 189–192
heat and mass transfer in, 162–163
in mechanically spouted beds, 298
modeling of, 189, 191, 194–195, 198–201, 215
drying of solutions, suspensions and pastes,
206–219
heat transfer in, 165
in mechanically spouted beds, 298–300, 302,
303
modeling of, 215–218
electrochemical reactors, 5, 269–280
applications of, 275–280
electrodes in, 270
electrostatics, 288
elutriation/entrainment, 175–177, 178–180, 184,
232, 328
energy balances, 310
erosion, 304
feeding of particles, 2, 175, 251–252, 263
feeding of pastes, solutions and slurries, 206
fiber optic probe, 8, 9, 43, 62, 154, 180
film coating, 224–225, 238
fine particle spouting, 11–12, 136, 175–184, 241,
327–328
fixed beds, spouted and, 9–10
flow regimes, 5
in liquid spouting, 322–323
in slot-rectangular spouted beds, 290
in spout-fluid beds, 106–109, 118
for three-phase spouting, 330, 332
flow split between spout and annulus, 53–54, 109
flue gas desulfurization, 182–183
fluidization
of annulus, 35
circulating fluidized bed, 137
comparison with spouting, 2–4, 10–13, 15, 17,
89, 98, 100, 150, 271, 308
three-phase fluidization, 329
food processing, 191–194, 201, 221, 238–240
fouling of wall, 241, 329
fountain
in conical spouted beds, 92–94
definition, 1
height, 117
in liquid spouted bed, 324, 328
moisture effect on, 212, 214–215
particle concentration in, 63
particle velocities in, 8, 144
role in drying, 197
role in elutriation of fines, 180
role in reactors, 311
role in segregation, 150–153, 157
gas distributor, 238, 241, 247, 264, 291, 292
gas entrance, 29–30, 85, 134–135
gasification, 82, 120–122, 137, 138, 250–257
modeling of, 257
gas inlet. See gas entrance
gas-liquid spouting. See three-phase spouting
gas-liquid-solid spouting. See three-phase spouting
geometry of column, 1–2, 8, 13, 189–190
granular temperature, 61
granulation, 10, 122, 222–233
half-sectional columns, 7–8, 17, 33, 52, 119, 129,
131
heat transfer
between fluid and particles, 161–166
between immersed tube and bed, 168–169, 262
between spout and annulus, 170, 197
transient, 133
between wall and bed, 166–168
history of spouting, 3–5
hot melt coating, 225
humidification, 164
hysteresis, 18, 19, 134
incineration, 136–137
initiation of spouting, 17–26
inlet diameter, 27–28, 82
intermittent spouting, 193
internal jet or spout, 20–22, 105
interparticle forces, 216–218
jet penetration, 25–26, 39, 115
jet spouted bed. See dilute spouted bed
kinetic theory of granular flow, 58–62, 119
large columns, 25, 33, 37, 187, 256, 262, 284, 285
laser Doppler anemometry, 8
liquid bridges, 212, 216, 223–224, 226
liquid-gas-solid spouting. See three-phase spouting
liquid-solid spouting, 322–329.Seealso
electrochemical reactors
Index 339
applications of, 5, 184
bed expansion for, 328
with draft tubes, 136
mass transfer in, 328–329
maximum spoutable bed depth in, 35, 41,
326–327
minimum spouting velocity in, 324–325
pressure drop in, 324, 325–326
mass balances, 305–310
mass transfer
between annulus and spout, 115, 306, 308
between fluid and particles, 162–164, 216, 328
in liquid-solid spouting, 328–329
in three-phase spouted bed, 330
maximum pressure drop. See peak pressure drop
maximum spoutable bed depth
definition, 5–7
for liquid spouted bed, 326–327
mechanism controlling, 35–39
in powder-particle spouted beds, 180–182
in slot-rectangular spouted beds, 290
in spout-fluid beds, 114
maximum spouting velocity, 8
mechanically spouted beds, 164, 297–304
drying in, 298–299
metal electrodeposition, 272, 273, 275–279
microwave drying, 304
minimum fluidization velocity, 35, 46, 130
minimum spout-fluidization velocity, 110–111
minimum spouting velocity, 7, 8, 23–26, 31–34,
110–111, 132, 134
for conical spouted beds, 23–24, 84–85, 134
correlations for, 24–25, 32, 97
for liquid spouted beds, 324–325
moisture, effect of, 212–214, 217
minimum turnover flowrate, 130
mixing. See also segregation of solids
of gas, 115, 195, 307, 313
of particles, 116, 141–157, 200, 301
models. See also computational fluid dynamics
of catalytic reactors, 305–313
for coating and granulation, 230, 245
for drying, 189, 191, 196–200, 215–218
for gasification, 157–158
for heat and mass transfer, 162, 165, 168
moving beds, spouted bed and, 10, 11
multiple-spout beds, 120, 262, 264, 284, 291–293
nozzles, 131, 136, 193, 223, 238, 247, 274, 330
nuclear fuel coating, 228–230
optical fiber probe. See fiber optic probe
particle coating. See coating, of particles
particle porosity, 189, 308
particle segregation. See segregation of solids
particle shape, effect of, 31, 36, 94, 189, 286, 288
particle shrinkage, 199
particle size distribution, effect of, 91
particle velocities, 9, 63–64, 69, 72–75, 93–94, 145
pastes, drying of, 206–219
peak pressure drop, 18, 22–23, 85, 97, 290, 324
pharmaceuticals, 222, 233, 238
photocatalytic reactor, 136
piezoelectric probes, 9
pitot tube measurements, 8
plasma jet, 260
pneumatic conveying, 10, 175, 240
polymerization, 82, 97–98, 157, 313–316
positron emission particle tracking, 244, 246
powder-particle spouted beds, 175–184
pressure distribution, 12, 20–21
pressure drop. See also peak pressure drop
for conventional spouted bed, 47–51
for liquid spouted bed, 324, 325–326
for mechanically spouted bed, 302–303
moisture effect on, 211–213, 217
in spout-fluid bed, 107
pressure, effect of, 37, 97, 117–118, 254, 257,
286
pressure fluctuations, 106, 117, 155
pressure gradient, 39–51
pressure profiles, 47–51, 109, 117–118
pulsations, 148–149, 156, 193, 288, 319
pyrolysis, 82, 98–100, 133, 251, 258–260, 264
pyrolytic carbon deposition, 148, 228–230
radioactive particle tracking, 144
reactors. See also catalytic reactor; combustion;
gasification; pyrolysis; electrochemical
reactors
shape of, 272–273
modeling of, 10, 69, 305–310
residence time distribution. See mixing
restitution coefficient, 97, 287, 288
rotating jet-spouted bed, 193
scale-up, 12, 58, 63, 218, 254, 257, 283–294
of electrochemical spouted bed, 273, 275, 277
of mechanically spouted bed, 303, 304
sector column, 9
segregation of solids
baffle-induced, 154
in conical spouted bed, 90–92, 154–156
in conventional spouted bed, 149–154
in modified spouted bed, 157
in multi-spout bed, 156–157
in spout-fluid bed, 157
top surface, 153–154
semi-cylindrical columns. See half-sectional
columns
340 Index
separators, 274, 280
shape. See particle shape; reactor, shape of; spout,
geometry of
side outlet draft tube spouted bed, 135–137
silicon carbide deposition, 228–230
slot-rectangular spouted bed, 9, 75, 283,
288–291
slug flow, 6, 7, 8, 30, 106
slurries, drying of, 206
solids circulation, 141, 208
with draft tube, 128–129, 135
solutions, drying of, 206
sphericity. See particle shape
spout
definition, 1
diameter, 9, 51–53, 92–93, 111
geometry of, 7–9, 71–75, 92–93, 111
particle velocities in, 75–76, 94–96
temperature distribution in, 162
spouted bed, definition of, 1
spout-fluid bed, 12–14, 105–122
advantages of, 106
as chemical reactors, 308
for combustion, 262
distributor for, 14
with draft tube, 128–138
for drying, 192
flow regimes in, 105–107
heat transfer in, 167
maximum spoutable bed depth in, 114
minimum spouting velocity in, 110–111
particle velocity in, 113
scale-up of, 293
segregation in, 157
voidage in, 111
spray. See atomization; nozzles
stability criteria
for conical spouted beds, 82–83
for conventional spouted beds, 29–30, 284
stirring, 192
suspension coating, 230–232
swirl, 164, 247, 297
temperature, effect of, 37–38, 52, 97, 118, 259–260,
286
temperature uniformity, 169–170, 319
three-phase spouting, 132, 329–333
top-sealed spouted bed, 137
tracers, 141, 142, 143, 147, 149, 156, 243, 301
transients, 133, 311, 314
transport disengaging height, 177, 178–180
triangular spouted bed, 191–192
turbulence, 68–69, 75, 76, 132–133, 143, 312,
332
two-dimensional spouted bed. See slot-rectangular
spouted bed
urea granulation, 226, 233
vacuum, 97–98
velocities. See particle velocities
voidage, 64–67
in annulus, 43, 45, 54, 111
in fountain, 93
in spout, 93
wall effects, 8, 288
wall friction, 46, 70, 75, 97
wastewater treatment, 136, 279–280
weirs, 272
wettability, 230–232
Wurster coater, 238–247