Danver Steven L. (Edited). Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia (ENG)
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BROOKS-BAXTER WAR (1874) 545
Baxter, Elisha (1827–1899) 549
Brooks, Joseph (1821–1877) 550
Republican Party 551
FLIGHT OF THE NEZ PERCE
´
(1877) 553
Indian Reservations 557
Joseph, Chief (1840–1904) 558
Relocation 560
Surrender Speech of Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce
´
,
October 5, 1877 561
GREAT RAILROAD STRIKES (1877) 563
Pittsburgh 569
Railroad Workers 570
Robber Barons 571
Workingmen’s Party of the United States (WPUS) 572
HAYMARKET RIOT (1886) 575
Anarchism 585
Bombings 586
Eight-Hour Workday 587
May Day 589
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company 590
The Circular of Anarchist August Spies (1886) 591
Excerpts from the Merritt Conspiracy Act (1887) 592
SEATTLE RIOT (1886) 593
Chinese Immigrants 597
Knights of Labor 598
WOUNDED KNEE I (1890) 601
Dakota Uprising (1862) 611
Sioux 613
Sitting Bull (c. 1831–1890) 614
Excerpts from Philip Wells’s Eyewitness Account
of the Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) 616
xii Contents
HOMESTEAD STRIKE (1892–1893) 619
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (AA) 629
Carnegie Steel 630
Lockouts 631
Pinkerton National Detective Agency 632
Yellow-Dog Contracts 633
Account of Violence between Strikers and Company
Security Guards (1892) 634
Account of the Course of the Strike (1892) 637
Two Examples of Yellow-Dog Contracts (1904 and 1917) 640
PULLMAN STRIKE (1894) 643
American Railway Union (ARU) 651
Debs, Eugene V. (1855–1926) 652
Pullman Palace Car Company 654
Wage Cuts 656
Two Excerpts from U.S. Strike Commission Report
on the Railway Strikes of 1894 657
LATTIMER MASSACRE (1897) 661
Eastern European Immigrants 665
Miners 666
Strikers’ Resolutions and Editorials Appearing in the
Philadelphia Public Ledger Following the Deaths of Striking
Coal Miners at the Lattimer Mine, Hazleton, Pennsylvania (1897) 668
NEW ORLEANS RACE RIOT (1900) 671
Charles, Robert (c.1866–1900) 675
Jim Crow Laws 676
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 678
ATLANTA RACE RIOT (1906) 681
Economic Competition 685
White Supremacy 686
SPRINGFIELD RACE RIOT (1908) 689
Jewish Americans 693
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 694
Contents xiii
BLACK PATCH WAR (1909) 697
American Tobacco Company (ATC) 701
Dark Tobacco District Planters’ Protective Association (DTDPPA) 702
Statement of Charles H. Fort, President of the Tobacco Growers’
Association of the United States, February 4, 1904 703
LUDLOW MASSACRE (1914) 707
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF&I) 713
Industrial Violence 714
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) 716
Excerpt from Godfrey Irwin’s Account of the Killings
at the Mining Encampment in Ludlow, Colorado (1914) 718
Walter Fink’s Depiction of Events at the Ludlow Camp (1914) 719
Index I-1
VOLUME 3
PLAN DE SAN DIEGO (1915–1916) 727
Mexico 733
Tejanos 735
Texas Rangers 736
GREEN CORN REBELLION (1917) 739
Conscription Act (World War I, 1917) 743
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) 744
Socialism 746
HOUSTON RIOT (1917) 749
Black Soldiers 753
Discrimination 754
BOSTON POLICE STRIKE (1919) 757
Coolidge, Calvin (1872–1933) 761
Unionization 762
RED SUMMER (1919) 765
Great Migration 773
Lynching 775
Race Riots 777
xiv Contents
Excerpt from the Cook County Coroner’s Report Regarding
the 1919 Chicago Race Riots (1920) 778
Excerpts from the “Anti-Lynching” Hearings Held before the
House Judiciary Committee (1920) 782
Excerpts of Testimony from Laney v. United States Describing Events
during the Washington, D.C., Riot of July 1919 (1923) 789
BATTLE OF BLAIR MOUNTAIN (1921) 793
Coal Mining 797
Hatfield, Sid (1893–1921) 798
Matewan Massacre (1920) 799
TULSA RACE RIOT (1921) 801
Ku Klux Klan 805
Segregation 806
Final Report of the Grand Jury on the Tulsa Race Riot (1921) 808
Excerpts from the Preliminary and Final Reports of the
Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of
1921 (2000 and 2001) 809
BONUS ARMY (1932) 829
Battle of Anacostia Flats (1932) 835
Great Depression (1930s) 836
Hooverville 837
MacArthur, Douglas (1880–1964) 840
Veterans’ Rights 841
Waters, Walter W. (1898–1959) 843
Maintaining Order in the District of Columbia: Excerpts of
President Herbert Hoover’s Letter to the District Commissioner
and from His Press Conference (1932) 844
TOLEDO AUTO-LITE STRIKE (1934) 847
American Federation of Labor (AFL) 851
Battle of Toledo (1934) 852
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) 854
WEST COAST LONGSHOREMEN’S STRIKE (1934) 857
Bloody Thursday (1934) 861
Bridges, Harry (1901–1990) 862
Contents xv
Communism 864
International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) 865
San Francisco 866
ZOOT SUIT RIOTS (1942) 869
Mexican Americans 877
Police Brutality 878
Servicemen 880
BATTLE OF ATHENS (1946) 883
Mansfield, Pat (dates unknown) 887
Political Corruption 888
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1953–1968) 891
Carmichael, Stokely/Kwame Ture (1941–1998) 903
King, Martin Luther Jr. (1929–1968) 904
Malcolm X (1925–1965) 907
March on Washington (1963) 908
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 910
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 912
President John F. Kennedy’s Proclamation and Executive Order
against State Resistance to Desegregation in Mississippi (1962) 913
Excerpts from the Civil Rights Act of 1964 915
ANTIWAR MOVEMENT (1960
S–1970S) 925
Counterculture 937
Kent State (1970) 938
The Moratorium (1969) 941
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 943
Speech Delivered by Paul Potter, President of Students
for a Democratic Society, at the Washington Monument (1965) 945
Students for a Democratic Society Leaflet Distributed
at the Antiwar March on Washington (1965) 950
Statements of the Fort Hood Three (1966) 951
Excerpts from United States v. Spock: Dr. Benjamin Spock,
William Sloane Coffin, and Others Accused of Conspiring
to Aid and Abet Draft Evasion (1969) 957
A Father’s Disgust with Antiwar Demonstrations (1970) 960
xvi Contents
Displaying the Flag on the Seat of His Pants: Excerpts
from Smith v. Goguen (1974) 961
WATTS RIOT (1965) 965
Arson 973
Looting 974
Excerpt from the Governor’s Commission Report
on the Watts Riots in Los Angeles, California (1965) 976
DETROIT RIOTS (1967) 987
Excessive Force 993
Housing 994
Kerner Commission (1967–1968) 995
Excerpts from Cyrus R. Vance’s Report on the Riots in Detroit (1967) 997
CHICAGO RIOTS (1968) 1009
Chicago Seven 1019
Daley, Richard J. (1902–1976) 1021
Democratic National Convention (1968) 1022
Hayden, Tom (1939–) 1024
Hoffman, Abbie (1936–1989) 1025
National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (Mobe) 1027
ALCATRAZ ISLAND OCCUPATION (1969–1971) 1031
Indians of All Tribes 1035
Oakes, Richard (1942–1972) 1036
Termination 1038
Trudell, John (1946–) 1039
The Alcatraz Proclamation to the Great White
Father and His People, November 1969 1040
FEMINIST MOVEMENT (1970
S–1980S) 1043
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1053
Roe v. Wade (1973) 1055
Steinem, Gloria (1934–) 1056
ATTICA PRISON RIOT (1971) 1059
Cruel and Unusual Punishment 1063
Rockefeller, Nelson A. (1908–1979) 1064
Contents xvii
TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES (1972) 1067
American Indian Movement (AIM) 1071
Indian Treaties 1072
Red Power 1073
WOUNDED KNEE II (1973) 1075
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) 1079
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 1080
Pine Ridge Reservation 1081
Wilson, Dick (1934–1990) 1082
SAGEBRUSH REBELLION (1979–1981) 1085
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 1089
Public Lands 1090
Reagan, Ronald (1911–2004) 1091
Watt, James G. (1938–) 1093
LOS ANGELES UPRISING (1992) 1095
Denny, Reginald (1953–) 1101
King, Rodney (1965–) 1102
Los Angeles Police Department 1103
Williams, Damian Monroe (1973–) 1105
Progress Report of the Presidential Task Force
on Los Angeles Recovery (1992) 1106
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION PROTESTS (1999) 1121
Direct Action Network 1125
Economic Justice 1126
Globalization 1127
DAY WITHOUT AN IMMIGRANT (2006) 1129
Undocumented Immigrants 1133
List of Contributors 1137
Index I-1
About the Editor
xviii Contents
Bear Flag Revolt (1846)
California experienced culture c lash in the m id-1840s. While diversity is a fine
theory, a majority is going to impose its shared political, social, religious, and eco-
nomic beliefs, whether in a nation, province, town, or even family. Only a few
hundred participants decided the outcome of the June 1846 Bear Flag Revolt.
In January and February 1845, California experienced a reoccurring comic
political revolution when Californios ousted Mexican governor Manuel Micheltor-
ena, but this time American “foreigners,” that is, nonciti zens, participated. New
governor Pı
´
o Pico ruled from Los Angeles, the center of a population for 7,000
Californios, while Commandant General Jose
´
Castro stayed in Monterey. By
June 1846, both planned to depose the other.
The presence of Americans emphasized the changing population. In 1841, John
Bidwell brought the first overland party of settlers to California. However, to own
land, they had to convert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens. B y 1845,
arrivals increased American numbers to 1,300, and they resided mostly in the
isolated frontier counties of Sacramento, Yolo, Napa, Sonoma, and Marin.
A majority came to farm, but wild trappers, hunters, and adventurous spirits
were ready for a fight. Prefect Manuel Castro quipped in January 1846, “The idea
of those gentlemen is that God made the world and them also; therefore, what
there is in the world belongs to them as sons of God.” That also meant preventing
takeover by the British, who had a mighty 80-gun man-of-war at San Blas.
W ith the example of the loss of Texas before them, the Mexican government pre-
pared for war with the United States. On July 10, 1845, it banned immigrants from
Missouri and Oregon from entering California. These orders reached California in
mid-September, and General Castro undertook to enforce them. He met with settlers
at Sonoma on November 6 and at Sutter’s Fort on November 11. Castro had Mexican
citizens sign bonds for the settlers’ good behavior and told them they could remain
in California only provisionally. He also offered to buy New Helvetia so he could
expel John Sutter, the settlers’ greatest friend, from California. Tensions increased
rapidly thereafter.
In December 1845, U.S. Army captain John Charles Fre
´
mont arrived with 50
heavily armed t opographical engineers under orders to give M exican authorities
no “just cause of complaint.” However, the self-centered Fre
´
mont became
333
typically arrogant and abrasive. On March 5, 1846, General Castro ordered
Fre
´
mont to leave the vicinity of Monterey specifically and his department
generally.
Fre
´
mont, in defiance, took his command into the Gavilan Mountains and on
today’s Fre
´
mont Peak, raised the U.S. flag. After more posturing, on March 10,
Fre
´
mont marched to Sutter’s Fort and then to Oregon. He complained to his
wife on April 1, “I have become disgusted with everything belonging to the
Mexicans.”
In April 1846, Mexican Californian military leaders gathered in Monterey to dis-
cuss the future, including on whether to align with Great Britain or the United States.
While in session, the U.S. warship Portsmouth, 20 guns, arrived. On April 17, the
USS Cyane brought disguised Marine lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie with secret
instruction s from Secretary of State James Buchana n for Consul Thomas Larkin
and Captain Fre
´
mont. Generals Castro and M ariano Va llejo spotted his ruse
immediately.
Likewise on April 17, settler William Todd wrote home to Kentucky, “The
Mexicans talk every spri ng and fall of driving the foreigners out of the country.
They must do it this year or they can never do it.” To emphasize this point, Sub
Prefect Francisco Guerrero at San Francisco proclaimed that Ameri cans who did
not leave when asked could be “expelled w henever the government may find it
convenient.”
Concurrently, Fre
´
mont’s heavy hand came down upon th e Native Americans.
Larkin complained on March 1, 1846, that “the wild Indians are carrying off
thousands of horses” necessary for cattle ranching and farming. On his way north,
Fre
´
mont stoppe d for several weeks i n March and April at Peter Lassen’s ranch
along the Sacra mento River. Here, his men massacred 175 Indians peaceably
going about their daily lives.
On May 9, Gillespie caught u p with Fre
´
mont at K lamath Lake in Oregon and
delivered his instructions, which essentially told Fre
´
mont to watch for opportuni-
ties. Fre
´
mont abandoned exploring and returned to the Sutter Buttes, 60 miles
from Sacramento, to await developments in the approaching war between the
United States and Mexico. Local pressures increased tensions.
In late May 1846, rumor joined Indian and Californio attacks on Americans.
Captain John Sutt er talked to the Miwok chief, who said that G eneral Castro
encouraged Indians to burn wheat fields and kill settlers, and in particular, Castro
had given Chief Eusebio a new rifle to shoot Sutter. Only force of personality
allowed Sutter to maintain his fortified settlement on the California frontier among
competing Indians, Californios, and overland immigrants. If the Swiss immigrant
would not sell, Castro knew New Helvetia would collapse with Sutter’s death.
Castro would then finish off the weakened Americans.
334 Bear Flag Revolt (1846)
Gillespie picked up the rumor on May 29, Sutter recorded it in his diary on
June 3, and his biographer Al Hurtado concluded Sutter had a “sincere belief that
it was real.” Sutter checked attempts on his life, while Fre
´
mont’s men predictably
massacred five villages along the Sacramento River of innocent Maidus.
The alleged Californio threat, though, led worried Americans to look to the
army officer for leadership. Between May 3 0 and June 8, they gathered around
Fre
´
mont. Settler William Ide received an unsigned note reading: “Notice is hereby
given, that a large body of armed Spaniards on horseback, amounting to 250 men,
has been seen on their way to the Sacramento Valley, destroying crops, burning the
houses, and driving off the cattle. Capt. Fre
´
mont invites every freeman in the
valley to come to his camp.”
In this case, loose talk gave rumor credibility. On June 5, General Castro asked
General Vallejo for 170 horses to be driven to his headquarters in S anta Clara to
use in his co ming campaig n against Governor Pico. However, whe n L ieutenant
Francisco Arce crossed with the herd at Knight’s Landing (Grafton, Yolo County),
he made belligerent remarks about using them a gainst the Americans. Ferryman
William Knight rushed to Fre
´
mont’s camp.
Settlers badgered Fre
´
mont as to whether he would participate, and he gave dif-
ferent answers at different times. Recent biographer Tom Chaffin concluded he
was a “nervous prevaricator.” General Mariano Vallejo felt Fre
´
mont had a “very
elastic conscience,” while Ide suspected Fre
´
mont wanted “neutral conquest,” that
is, he wanted General Castro to begin hostilities.
With implied consent from Fre
´
mont, on June 9, Zeke Merritt left with a small
party of men, who surp rised Arce on June 10, and returned with the horses early
on June 11. Fre
´
mont “highly applauded” the act, according to Ide, but refused to
accept the horses for the United States. The raid, though, led the settlers to neutral-
ize the one Mexican settlement in the area, Sonoma. Merritt’s party of 33 started
that afternoon.
The set tlers arrived in the undefended town early on September 14, and began
spirited negotiations with the hospitable General Vallejo for his surrender.
Merritt began, Bob Semple joined him, and then John Grigsby and Sam Kelsey
came in. Finally teetotaler William Ide found that “The bottles had well nigh
vanquished the captors!” The victors finally marched Vallejo, his brother Salvador,
son-in-law and Alcalde Jacob Leese, and secretary Victor Prudon off to Fre
´
mont’s
camp.
Outside Vallejo’s Casa Grande, the restless settlers kept good order. Leaders
promptly squelched the one who wished to loot. However, the nature of their revolt
baffled them. John Grigsby asked if the leaders had “Captain Fre
´
mont’s name in
black an d white to au thorize you in this you have done?” When none could pro-
duce such a document, Grigsby declared, “I have been deceived. I resign and back
Bear Flag Revolt (1846) 335