Daniel W.W. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences
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REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 387
44. Potteiger et al. (A-45) wished to determine if sodium citrate ingestion would improve cycling per-
formance and facilitate favorable metabolic conditions during the cycling ride. Subjects were eight
trained male competitive cyclists whose mean age was 25.4 years with a standard deviation of 6.5.
Each participant completed a 30-km cycling time trial under two conditions, following ingestion
of sodium citrate and following ingestion of a placebo. Blood samples were collected prior to treat-
ment ingestion (PRE-ING); prior to exercising (PRE-EX); during the cycling ride at completion
of 10, 20, and 30 km; and 15 minutes after cessation of exercise (POST-EX). The following are
the values of partial pressures of oxygen (P
O
2
) and carbon dioxide (P
CO
2
) for each subject, under
each condition, at each measurement time:
BC AC AC/BC
Heated Juice
0.293 0.253 0.864
0.276 0.238 0.859
0.226 0.207 0.915
0.395 0.333 0.843
Unheated Chromoplast
0.994 0.775 0.780
0.890 0.729 0.819
0.809 0.661 0.817
0.321 0.283 0.882
0.712 0.544 0.763
0.949 0.668 0.704
Heated Chromoplast
0.933 0.789 0.845
0.280 0.289 1.031
0.336 0.307 0.916
0.678 0.568 0.837
0.714 0.676 0.947
0.757 0.653 0.862
(mol>mol)(Mmol>g)(Mmol>g)
P
O
2
(mm Hg)
Measurement Times
Subject Treatment
a
PRE-ING PRE-EX 10-km 20-km 30-km 15-POST-EX
1 1 42.00 20.00 53.00 51.00 56.00 41.00
1 2 43.00 29.00 58.00 49.00 55.00 56.00
2 1 44.00 38.00 66.00 66.00 76.00 58.00
2 2 40.00 26.00 57.00 47.00 46.00 45.00
(Continued)
Source: Dr. Jin-R. Zhou.
Used with permission.
45. Teitge et al. (A-46) describe a radiographic method to demonstrate patellar instability. The 90
subjects ranged in age from 13 to 52 years and were divided into the following four groups on
the basis of clinical findings regarding the nature of instability of the knee: normal (no symp-
toms or signs related to the knee), lateral, medial, and multidirectional instability. Among the
data collected were the following radiographic measurements of the congruence angle
(degrees):
388 CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
P
O
2
(mm Hg)
Measurement Times
Subject Treatment
a
PRE-ING PRE-EX 10-km 20-km 30-km 15-POST-EX
3 1 37.00 22.00 59.00 58.00 56.00 52.00
3 2 36.00 30.00 52.00 65.00 65.00 36.00
4 1 34.00 21.00 65.00 62.00 62.00 59.00
4 2 46.00 36.00 65.00 72.00 72.00 66.00
5 1 36.00 24.00 41.00 43.00 50.00 46.00
5 2 41.00 25.00 52.00 60.00 67.00 54.00
6 1 28.00 31.00 52.00 60.00 53.00 46.00
6 2 34.00 21.00 57.00 58.00 57.00 41.00
7 1 39.00 28.00 72.00 69.00 65.00 72.00
7 2 40.00 27.00 64.00 61.00 57.00 60.00
8 1 49.00 27.00 67.00 61.00 51.00 49.00
8 2 27.00 22.00 56.00 64.00 49.00 34.00
P
CO
2
(mm Hg)
Measurement Times
Subject Treatment
a
PRE-ING PRE-EX 10-km 20-km 30-km 15-POST-EX
1 1 31.70 30.20 28.20 29.80 28.20 30.10
1 2 24.60 24.40 34.40 35.20 30.90 34.00
2 1 27.10 35.90 31.30 35.40 34.10 42.00
2 2 21.70 37.90 31.90 39.90 45.10 48.00
3 1 37.40 49.60 39.90 39.70 39.80 42.80
3 2 38.40 42.10 40.90 37.70 37.70 45.60
4 1 36.60 45.50 34.80 33.90 34.00 40.50
4 2 39.20 40.20 31.90 32.30 33.70 45.90
5 1 33.70 39.50 32.90 30.50 28.50 37.20
5 2 31.50 37.30 32.40 31.90 30.20 31.70
6 1 35.00 41.00 38.70 37.10 35.80 40.00
6 2 27.20 36.10 34.70 36.30 34.10 40.60
7 1 28.00 36.50 30.70 34.60 34.30 38.60
7 2 28.40 31.30 48.10 43.70 35.10 34.70
8 1 22.90 28.40 25.70 28.20 32.30 34.80
8 2 41.40 41.80 29.50 29.90 31.30 39.00
Sodium citrate;
Source: Dr. Jeffrey A. Potteiger. Used with permission.
2 = placebe.
a
1 =
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 389
Normal Lateral Medial Multidirectional
412 10 15
18
520
32 8
12 30
12 28
6
9
10
10 20
10
12
0
035
5
22
22
Source: Dr. Robert A. Teitge. Used with permission.
-20
-10-5
-25-15
-15-1-2
-30-6
-30-5-7
-16-5-6
-10-10-2
-25-15-9-4
-24-22
-35-20-5
-6-20-20
-14-20-20
-34-4
-16-18-10-8
-20-14-10
-40-14-5-8
-12-12-8-
20-6-26
-8-10-8-22
-26-5-25-8-16
-16-8
46. A study by Ikeda et al. (A-47) was designed to determine the dose of ipratropium bromide aerosol
that improves exercise performance using progressive cycle ergometry in patients with stable
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mean age of the 20 male subjects was 69.2 years with
a standard deviation of 4.6 years. Among the data collected were the following maximum venti-
lation values at maximum achieved exercise for different ipratropium bromide
dosage levels 1mg2:
1VE
max,
L/min2
Placebo 40 80 160 240
26 24 23 25 28
38 39 43 43 37
49 46 54 57 52
37 39 39 38 38
34 33 37 37 41
42 38 44 44 42
23 26 28 27 22
38 41 44 37 40
37 37 36 38 39
33 35 34 38 36
40 37 40 46 40
52 58 48 58 63
45 48 47 51 38
(Continued)
48. A study for the development and validation of a sensitive and specific method for quantifying total
activin-A concentrations has been reported on by Knight et al. (A-49). As part of the study they
collected the following peripheral serum concentrations of activin-A in human subjects of differ-
ing reproductive status: normal follicular phase (FP), normal luteal phase (LP), pregnant (PREG),
ovarian hyperstimulated for in vivo fertilization (HYP), postmenopausal (PM), and normal adult
males. Hint: Convert responses to logarithms before performing analysis.
390 CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
47. Pertovaara et al. (A-48) compared the effect of skin temperature on the critical threshold temper-
ature eliciting heat pain with the effect of skin temperature on the response latency to the first heat
pain sensation. Subjects were healthy adults between the ages of 23 and 54 years. Among the data
collected were the following latencies (seconds) to the first pain response induced by radiant heat
stimulation at three different skin temperatures:
Placebo 40 80 160 240
24 30 23 27 30
41 37 39 46 42
56 54 51 58 58
35 51 49 51 46
28 41 37 33 38
28 34 34 35 35
38 40 43 39 45
Source: Dr. Akihiko Ikeda. Used with
permission.
Subject
1 6.4 4.5 3.6
2 8.1 5.7 6.3
3 9.4 6.8 3.2
4 6.75 4.6 3.9
5 10 6.2 6.2
6 4.5 4.2 3.4
Source: Dr. Antti Pertovaara. Used with
permission.
35°C30°C25°C
FP LP PREG HYP PM Male
134.5 78.0 2674.0 253.1 793.1 196.7
159.2 130.4 945.6 294.3 385.1 190.6
133.2 128.3 5507.6 170.2 270.9 185.3
225.0 166.4 7796.5 219.8 640.3 335.4
146.4 115.2 5077.5 165.8 459.8 214.6
180.5 148.9 4541.9 159.0
Source: Dr. Philip G. Knight. Used with permission.
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 391
49. The purpose of a study by Maheux et al. (A-50) was to evaluate the effect of labor on glucose
production and glucose utilization. Subjects were six normal pregnant women. Among the data
collected were the following glucose concentrations during four stages of labor: latent (A1) and
active (A2) phases of cervical dilatation, fetal expulsion (B), and placental expulsion (C).
A1 A2 B C
3.60 4.40 5.30 6.20
3.53 3.70 4.10 3.80
4.02 4.80 5.40 5.27
4.90 5.33 6.30 6.20
4.06 4.65 6.10 6.90
3.97 5.20 4.90 4.60
Source: Dr. Pierre C. Maheux.
Used with permission.
50. Trachtman et al. (A-51) conducted studies (1) to assess the effect of recombinant human (rh) IGF-I on
chronic puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy and (2) to compare the results of rhIGF-I ver-
sus rhGH treatment in a model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. As part of the studies, male
Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: PAN (IA), PAN rhIGF-I (IB), normal (IIA),
and normal rhIGF-I (IIB). The animals yielded the following data on creatinine levels before (pre)
and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment:
+
+
Group
IA IB IIA IIB
Pre
44 44 44 35
44 44 44 44
44 44 44 44
53 44 44 35
44 44
44 53
4 Weeks
97 44 53 44
88 35 44 53
62 44 44 53
53 35 53 44
62 62
53 53
8 Weeks
53 53 62 44
53 53 53 62
(Continued)
52. To determine the nature and extent to which neurobehavioral changes occur in association with the
toxicity resulting from exposure to excess dietary iron (Fe), Sobotka et al. (A-53) used weanling
male Sprague-Dawley rats as experimental subjects. The researchers randomly assigned the animals,
according to ranked body weights, to one of five diet groups differentiated on the basis of amount
392 CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
51. Twelve healthy men, ages 22 through 35 years, yielded the following serum (nmol/L) levels at
0800 hours after 8 (day 1), 32 (day 2), and 56 (day 3) hours of fasting, respectively. Subjects were
participants in a study of fasting-induced alterations in pulsatile glycoprotein secretion conducted
by Samuels and Kramer (A-52).
T
3
Group
IA IB IIA IIB
8 Weeks
44 53 62 44
53 44 53 44
62 53
70 62
12 Weeks
88 79 53 53
70 79 62 62
53 79 53 53
70 62 62 53
88 79
88 70
Source: Dr. Howard Trachtman. Used with
permission.
Subject Day Subject Day Subject Day Subject Day
1 88 1 2 115 1 3 119 1 4 164 1
1 73 2 2 77 2 3 93 2 4 120 2
1593275336534863
Subject Day Subject Day Subject Day Subject Day
5 93 1 6 119 1 7 152 1 8 121 1
5 91 2 6 57 2 7 70 2 8 107 2
5 113 3 6 44 3 7 74 3 8 133 3
Subject Day Subject Day Subject Day Subject Day
9 108 1 10 124 1 11 102 1 12 131 1
9 93 2 10 97 2 11 56 2 12 83 2
9 75 3 10 74 3 11 58 3 12 66 3
Source: Dr. Mary H. Samuels. Used with permission.
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
T
3
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 393
of Fe present: Control—35 (1), 350 (2), 3500 (3), 4 (iron deficient) (4), and 20,000 (5) ppm, respec-
tively. The following are the body weights of the animals (grams) at the end of 10 weeks.
Diet Weight Diet Weight Diet Weight
1 396 1 335 1 373
2 368 2 349 4 292
3 319 3 302 5 116
4 241 4 220 4 291
5 138 5 118 5 154
1 331 1 394 4 281
2 325 2 300 5 118
3 331 3 285 4 250
4 232 4 237 5 119
5 116 5 113 4 242
1 349 1 377 5 118
2 364 2 366 4 277
3 392 3 269 5 104
4 310 4 344 5 120
5 131 5 Dead 5 102
1 341 1 336
2 399 2 379
3 274 3 195
4 319 4 277
5 131 5 148
1 419 1 301
2 373 2 368
3 Dead 3 308
4 220 4 299
5 146 5 Dead
Source: Dr. Thomas J. Sobotka. Used with permission.
53. Hansen (A-54) notes that brain bilirubin concentrations are increased by hyperosmolality and
hypercarbia, and that previous studies have not addressed the question of whether increased brain
bilirubin under different conditions is due to effects on the entry into or clearance of bilirubin from
brain. In a study, he hypothesized that the kinetics of increased brain bilirubin concentration would
differ in respiratory acidosis (hypercarbia) and hyperosmolality. Forty-four young adult male
Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed at various time periods following infusion with bilirubin. The
following are the blood bilirubin levels of 11 animals just prior to sacrifice 60 minutes
after the start of bilirubin infusion:
1mmol
/L2
Controls Hypercarbia Hyperosmolality
30 48 102
94 20 118
78 58 74
52 74
Source: Dr. Thor Willy Ruud Hansen. Used with permission.
55. The objective of a study by Strijbos et al. (A-56) was to compare the results of a 12-week
hospital-based outpatient rehabilitation program (group 1) with those of a 12-week home-care reha-
bilitation program (group 2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate to severe air-
flow limitation. A control group (group 3) did not receive rehabilitation therapy. Among the data
collected were the following breathing frequency scores of subjects 18 months after rehabilitation:
394 CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
54. Johansson et al. (A-55) compared the effects of short-term treatments with growth hormone (GH)
and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in men with
idiopathic osteoporosis. Subjects ranged in age from 32 to 57 years. Among the data collected were
the following serum concentrations of IGF binding protein-3 at 0 and 7 days after first injection and
1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after last injection with GH and IGF-I.
Patient 0 7 1 4 8 12
No. Treatment Day Days Week Weeks Weeks Weeks
1 GH 4507 4072 3036 2484 3540 3480
1 IGF-I 3480 3515 4003 3667 4263 4797
2 GH 2055 4095 2315 1840 2483 2354
2 IGF-I 2354 3570 3630 3666 2700 2782
3 GH 3178 3574 3196 2365 4136 3088
3 IGF-I 3088 3405 3309 3444 2357 3831
4 IGF-I 2905 2888 2797 3083 3376 3464
4 GH 3464 5874 2929 3903 3367 2938
5 GH 4142 4465 3967 4213 4321 4990
5 IGF-I 4990 4590 2989 4081 4806 4435
6 IGF-I 3504 3529 4093 4114 4445 3622
6 GH 3622 6800 6185 4247 4450 4199
7 IGF-I 5130 4784 4093 4852 4943 5390
7 GH 5390 5188 4788 4602 4926 5793
8 IGF-I 3074 2691 2614 3003 3145 3161
8 GH 3161 4942 3222 2699 3514 2963
9 GH 3228 5995 3315 2919 3235 4379
9 IGF-I 4379 3548 3339 2379 2783 3000
10 IGF-I 5838 5025 4137 5777 5659 5628
10 GH 5628 6152 4415 5251 3334 3910
11 GH 2304 4721 3700 3228 2440 2698
11 IGF-I 2698 2621 3072 2383 3075 2822
Source: Dr. Anna G. Johansson. Used with permission.
Group Group
123 123
12 16 24 12 16 24
16 14 16 12 12 14
16 12 18 14 12 15
14 12 18 16 12 16
(Continued)
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 395
56. Seven healthy males (mean age 27.4 years with a standard deviation of 4.4) participated in a study
by Lambert et al. (A-57), who measured intestinal absorption following oral ingestion and intestinal
perfusion of a fluid. As part of the study the researchers recorded the following percent changes
in plasma volume at six points during 85 minutes of cycle exercise in the drinking and infusion
experiments:
Group Group
123 123
12 18 24 12 12 16
12 12 24 12 15 18
12 10 18 20 16
Source: Dr. Jaap H. Strijbos. Used with permission.
Subject 1 2 3
1
2
3
Drinking
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Infusion 11
12 1.77828157
13
14
Subject 4 5 6
1
2 5.13333985
3
Drinking 4
5
6
7 -6.34285620-5.21535350-5.94416340
-7.51168220-7.86923080-4.22938570
-6.26313790-5.12242600-5.50433470
-14.43982000-17.63314100-15.36239700
-5.65380700-3.33795970-4.19974130
-9.02789810-8.40517240
-7.84726700-7.89172340-7.35202650
-5.18045500-5.7725485-7.0497788
-7.07086340-5.4111706-7.1160660
-2.9830660-6.9487760
-11.12140900-9.7651132-10.7192870
-2.49740390-1.3448910-4.2410016
-6.38160030-8.9029745-8.8259516
-10.77312900-11.7186910-13.5391010
-5.07020210-6.5752716-6.9787024
-3.52995560-7.5700000-9.7100000
-3.57781750-5.8845683-5.8845683
-16.61268200
-14.4165470-15.0291920
-7.06516950-5.9062747-9.7418719
-10.46486300-5.1496679-12.1966790
-8.02277330-7.4902674-8.4151514
(Continued)
57. Roemer et al. (A-58) developed a self-report measure of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) for
use with undergraduate populations. In reliability studies the undergraduate subjects completed the
GAD questionnaire (GAD-Q) as well as the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). The fol-
lowing are the PSWQ scores made by four groups of subjects determined by their GAD status:
GAD by questionnaire, Study II (group 1); non-GAD by questionnaire, Study II (group 2); GAD
by questionnaire, Study I (group 3); and clinical GAD (group 4).
396 CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Subject 4 5 6
8
9
10
Infusion 11
12 2.28844839 2.59034233 1.56622058
13
14
Source: Dr. C. V. Gisolfi. Used with permission.
-8.44542770-8.38462720-7.92841880
-9.45689580-10.60663700-8.35430040
-12.64667500-15.98360700-12.13053100
-2.81811090-5.58572150-1.01234570
-7.37350920-6.38160030-5.69396590
-8.26411320-12.40814000-11.64145400
Group
123 4
59.0 50.0 46.0 65.0 65.0
51.0 28.0 77.0 62.0 66.0
58.0 43.0 80.0 76.0 69.0
61.0 36.0 60.0 66.0 73.0
64.0 36.0 59.0 78.0 67.0
68.0 30.0 56.0 76.0 78.0
64.0 24.0 44.0 74.0 76.0
67.0 39.0 71.0 73.0 66.0
56.0 29.0 54.0 61.0 55.0
78.0 48.0 64.0 63.0 59.0
48.0 36.0 66.0 75.0 44.0
62.0 38.0 59.0 63.0 68.0
77.0 42.0 68.0 55.0 64.0
72.0 26.0 59.0 67.5 41.0
59.0 35.0 61.0 70.0 54.0
32.0 78.0 70.0 72.0
43.0 70.0 55.0 74.0
55.0 74.0 73.0 59.0
42.0 73.0 80.0 63.0
37.0 79.0 51.0
36.0 79.0 72.0
41.0 61.0 63.0
36.0 61.0 58.0
34.0 72.0 71.0
(Continued)