Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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51
the declarations and ; -
x resolutions adopted by
the Union;
x measures relatin
g
to
the common forei
g
n an
d
security policy;
x measures relatin
g
to
justice and home affairs;
x international agree-
ments conclude
d
b
y
the
Communit
y
and those
concluded by the Mem-
ber States between them-
selves in the field of the
Union’s activities.
Thus the Community ac-
q
uis com
p
rises not onl
y
Communit
y
law in the
strict sense, but also all
acts ado
p
ted under the
second and third
p
illars
of the Euro
p
ean Union
and the common objec-
tives laid down in the
Treaties. The Union has
committed itself to
maintaining the Commu-
nity acquis in its entirety
and developing it further.
Applicant countries have
to accept the Community
ac
q
uis before the
y
can
join the Union. Deroga-
tions from the ac
q
uis are
granted only in excep-
tional circumstances an
d
are limited in scope.
In
p
re
p
aration for the
next enlar
g
ement, the
a
pp
licant countries now
need to transpose the ac-
q
uis into their national
le
g
islation and will have
to im
p
lement it from the
moment of their acces-
sion.
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52
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Community and
intergovernmental
methods
The Communit
y
metho
d
is the expression used for
the institutional operat-
in
g
mode set u
p
in the
first pillar of the Euro-
p
ean Union. It
p
roceeds
from an integration logic
with due res
p
ect for the
subsidiarit
y
p
rinci
p
le,
and has the followin
g
salient features:
x Commission monop-
oly of the right of initia-
tive;
x wides
p
rea
d
use of
qualified majority voting
in the Council;
x an active role for the
European Parliament;
x uniform inter
p
retation
of Communit
y
law b
y
the Court of Justice.
It contrasts with the in-
ter
g
overnmental metho
d
of o
p
eration used in the
second and third
p
illars,
which
p
roceeds from an
inter
g
overnmental lo
g
ic
of cooperation and has the
following salient features:
x the Commission’s
ri
g
h
t
of initiative is
shared with the Membe
r
States or confined to
specific areas of activity;
x the Council
g
enerall
y
acts unanimously;
x the European Parlia-
ment has a purely con-
sultative role;
the Court of Justice plays
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53
only a minor role. )$ ); > -
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Community
«bridge» (Title VI
of the EU
Treaty)
The Treaty of Maastricht
introduced the possibility
of brin
g
in
g
some areas
covered b
y
Title VI of
the EU Treat
y
under the
Communit
y
framewor
k
(qualified majority vot-
in
g
, as
p
rovided for in
the former Article 100c).
This
p
rocedure, known
as the «brid
g
e», re
q
uire
d
unanimity in the Council
and ratification b
y
each
Member State in accor-
dance with its national
constitutional require-
ments.
With the entr
y
into force
of the Treaty of Amster-
dam, an
y
areas fallin
g
under the new Article 29
in Title VI may be trans-
ferred to the new Title
IV of the EC Treat
y
. As
in the
p
ast, an
y
decision
to brin
g
such matters
within the Communit
y
framework will have to
b
e taken b
y
the Council
unanimously and ratified
by each Member State.
«'» "-
(& VI <-
!
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0
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54
-.
Community law
Strictly speaking, Com-
munit
y
law consists of
the foundin
g
Treaties
(p
rimar
y
le
g
islation
)
an
d
the provisions of instru-
ments enacted b
y
the
Communit
y
institutions
by virtue of them (sec-
ondary legislation).
In a broader sense,
Community law encom-
passes all the rules of the
Communit
y
le
g
al order,
including general princi-
p
les of law, the case law
of the Court of Justice,
law flowin
g
from the
Communit
y
’s external
relations and supple-
mentary law contained in
conventions and simila
r
a
g
reements conclude
d
b
etween the Membe
r
States to
g
ive effect to
Treaty provisions.
All these rules of law
form
p
art of what is
known as the Commu-
nity acquis.
> "
5
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) &-
.
' J *-
) ,
-
#.
Community Goods
Wholl
y
obtained o
r
p
roduced in the customs
territory of the Commu-
nit
y
under the conditions
referred to in Article 23
and not incor
p
oratin
g
g
oods im
p
orted fro
m
countries or territories
not formin
g
p
art of the
customs territor
y
of the
Community.
Imported from countries or
territories not formin
g
part of the customs terri-
= "
<, -
$
%
#
,
..23 )
,
%
$,
)
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. 23, -
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@
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55
tory of the Community % #,
$,
which have been
released for free
circulation.
obta;ined or
p
roduced in
the customs territor
y
of
the Communit
y
, eithe
r
from goods referred to in
the second indent alone
or from goods referred to
in first and secon
d
indents
)$ .
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$ -
% #
,
, -
-
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) -
$
#, -
> > >
>
.
;> -
> -
$ #-
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$
,
>
$ $ -
.
Community legal in-
struments
The term Community le-
g
al instruments refers to
the instruments available
to the Community insti-
tutions to carr
y
out thei
r
tasks under the Treat
y
establishing the Euro-
p
ean Communit
y
with
due respect for the subsidi-
arity principle. They are:
x re
g
ulations: these are
b
indin
g
in their entiret
y
and directly applicable in
all Member States;
x directives: these bin
d
the Member States as to
the results to be
achieved; they have to be
transposed into the na-
tional le
g
al framewor
k
and thus leave a mar
g
in
for manoeuvre as to the
form and means of im-
plementation;
x decisions: these are
full
y
bindin
g
on those to
whom they are ad-
dressed;
x recommendations an
d
opinions: these are non-
binding, declaratory in-
struments.
D
"
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56
); ) >-
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Community powers
Communit
y
p
owers are
those which are con-
ferred on the Community
in s
p
ecific areas. The
Euro
p
ean Communities
are thus able to act onl
y
within the framework of
the Treaties.
There are three t
yp
es of
powers, which depend on
the mode of attribution:
x Ex
p
lici
t
p
owers: these
are clearly defined in the
Treaties.
Im
p
lici
t
p
owers: where
the European Commu-
nit
y
has ex
p
licit
p
owers
in a
p
articular area
(
e.
g
.
trans
p
ort
)
, it also has a
p
owers in the same fiel
d
with re
g
ard to external
relations (e.g. negotiation
of international agree-
ments).
Subsidiar
y
p
owers:
where the Communit
y
has no explicit or im-
plicit powers to achieve a
Treaty objective con-
cerning the single mar-
ket, Article 308 allows
the Council, actin
g
unanimousl
y
, to take the
measures it considers
necessary.
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57
>.
Competition
A situation in a market in
which sellers of a prod-
uct or service independ-
ently strive for the pa-
trona
g
e of bu
y
ers in
order to achieve a par-
ticular business objec-
tive, e.
g
.,
p
rofits, sales
and/or market share.
Competitive rivalry be-
tween firms ma
y
take
p
lace in terms of
p
rice,
quality, service or com-
b
inations of these an
d
other factors which cus-
tomers ma
y
value. Fai
r
and undistorted competi-
tion is a cornerstone of a
market econom
y
and the
Euro
p
ean Commission
has been vested with the
p
owers necessar
y
to
oversee and enforce EU
competition law to en-
sure effective competi-
tion in the internal mar-
ket.
The rules on competition
are intended to ensure
that a European eco-
nomic area based on
market forces can func-
tion effectivel
y
. The
Euro
p
ean Communit
y
’s
competition policy (Arti-
cles 81 to 89 of the EC
Treat
y
, formerl
y
85 to
94) is based on five main
principles:
x the prohibition of con-
certed practices, agree-
ments and associations
b
etween undertakin
g
s
which ma
y
affect trade
b
etween Member States
and
p
revent, restrict o
r
distort com
p
etition within
the common market;
x the prohibition of abuse
;
#
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%
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$
0$) #-
( 81—89
& 0$-
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,
85—94
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() 81—89 &-
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58
of a dominant position , - > , -
within the common mar-
ket, in so far as it may af-
fect trade between Mem-
ber States;
x su
p
ervision of ai
d
g
ranted b
y
the Membe
r
States, or throu
g
h State
resources in whateve
r
form whatsoever, which
threatens to distort com-
p
etition b
y
favourin
g
certain undertakin
g
s o
r
the
p
roduction of certain
goods;
x preventive supervision
of mergers with a Euro-
pean dimension, by ap-
p
rovin
g
or
p
rohibitin
g
the envisaged alliances;
x liberalisation of cer-
tain sectors where public
or
p
rivate enter
p
rises
have hitherto evolve
d
monopolistically, such as
telecommunications,
transport or energy.
The first two
p
rinci
p
les
may, however, be subject
to derogations, particu-
larl
y
when an a
g
reemen
t
b
etween undertakin
g
s
im
p
roves the
p
roduction
or distribution of prod-
ucts or promotes techni-
cal
p
ro
g
ress. In the case
of state aid schemes, so-
cial subsidies, or subsi-
dies to
p
romote culture
and conservation of he
r
i-
ta
g
e, are also exam
p
les
of
p
ossible exce
p
tions to
the strict a
pp
lication of
competition rules.
The difficulty of pursu-
ing an effective compe-
tition
p
olic
y
lies in the
fact that the Communit
y
must continuall
y
j
u
gg
le
aims that are sometimes
contradictor
y
, since i
t
) ;
— -
-
-
)
, )
-
-;
— -
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-
)-$
*
)-, -
-
, -
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-
;
$
$)-
, -
-
);
—
,
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, -
%,
-
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;
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,
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$ . '-
%
, )
$
$
)
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59
has to ensure that: %. -
x the
q
uest for
p
erfec
t
competition on the inter-
nal market does no
t
make European busi-
nesses less com
p
etitive
on the world market;
efforts to liberalise do
not threaten the mainte-
nance of
p
ublic services
meeting basic needs.
<)
*% -
%
*, #-
)
, -
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%
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$
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>;
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.
Concentration
A concentration is the
result of a mer
g
er
b
etween two or more
p
reviousl
y
inde
p
endent
enterprises, but may also
be the result of the take-
over of an enter
p
rise b
y
another enterprise acting
alone
(
sole control
)
or
by two or more enter-
;
5 )-
)% ) -
-
,
) -
,
(-
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;
5
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> $,
>) -
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, $-
60
prises acting jointly (joint
control).
) )
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(>$ -
)
)
Under European compe-
tition law, concentrations
with a Community di-
mension
(
i.e. exceedin
g
the turnover thresholds
laid down in the 1989
Merger Control Regula-
tion
)
are sub
j
ect to a
control
p
rocedure which
g
ives the Commission
the
p
ower to assess thei
r
com
p
atibilit
y
with the
common market and,
where a
pp
ro
p
riate, to
prohibit them. Under that
Regulation, a concentra-
tion with a Communit
y
dimension «which cre-
ates or stren
g
thens a
dominant
p
osition as a
result of which effective
com
p
etition would be
si
g
nificantl
y
im
p
eded in
the common market or in
a substantial
p
art of i
t
shall be declared incom-
patible with the common
market».
With a view to deter-
minin
g
the com
p
atibilit
y
of a concentration with
the common market, the
Commission takes ac-
count on a case-b
y
-case
b
asis of several factors,
such as the conce
p
ts of
«Community dimen-
sion», «dominant posi-
tion», «effective compe-
tition» and «relevan
t
market».
) ()$ -
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, »
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