Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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41
6)
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) -
) .
)
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)$ -
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>
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-
.
Committee of the Re-
gions (CoR)
Created by the Maas-
tricht Treaty in 1992, the
Committee of the Re-
g
ions consists of 222
re
p
resentatives of local
and re
g
ional authorities
appointed by the Council
for four years on the ba-
sis of unanimous propos-
als from the Membe
r
States. It is consulted b
y
the Council, Parliamen
t
and the Commission in
areas affectin
g
local an
d
re
g
ional interests, such
as education,
y
outh,
culture, health and social
and economic cohesion.
It may also issue opin-
ions on its own initiative.
Followin
g
the entr
y
into
force of the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam
(
Ma
y
1999
)
,
the Committee has to be
consulted on an even
wider ran
g
e of fields
—
the environment, the So-
cial Fund, vocational
training, cross-border
;
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42
cooperation and trans-
port.
The Treat
y
of Nice
(adopted in Decem-
ber 2000) did not change
either the number or the
distribution of seats b
y
Member State in the
CoR. With a view to en-
lar
g
ement, the Treat
y
sti
p
ulates that, in future,
the number of its mem-
bers may not exceed 350.
As re
g
ards eli
g
ibilit
y
fo
r
membershi
p
, the Treat
y
p
rovides ex
p
licitl
y
tha
t
members must hold a re-
g
ional or local authorit
y
electoral mandate or be
politically accountable to
an elected assembly.
, *$% -
, -
-
.
)$ (-
$
2000
.
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350
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, &
, >
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)>$ >$
>
>$
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> >
$
.
Common a
g
ricultural
policy (CAP)
The common agricultural
policy is a matter re-
served exclusivel
y
fo
r
the Communit
y
. Unde
r
Article 33 of the EC
Treat
y
(
former Article
39), its aims are to en-
sure reasonable
p
rices
for Euro
p
e’s consumers
and fair incomes fo
r
farmers, in
p
articular b
y
establishing common ag-
ricultural market organi-
sations and b
y
a
pp
l
y
in
g
the
p
rinci
p
les of sin
g
le
prices, financial solidar-
ity and Community pref-
erence.
The CAP is one of the
most important Union
" -
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)
, -
#. '-
. 33 &-
0
$)
# (-
39
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, %%
-
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*
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)))
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-
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)$ 33 &
K$ #-
(
> )
39
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>
$
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*
, ,
$
)$
>
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,
43
policies (agricultural ex-
p
enditure accounts fo
r
some 45% of the Com-
munity budget). Policy is
decided b
y
q
ualifie
d
ma
j
orit
y
vote in the
Council after consulta-
tion of the Euro
p
ean
Parliament.
At the outset the CAP
enabled the Communit
y
to become self-sufficien
t
in a ver
y
short time.
However, it came to be
increasingly costly be-
cause Euro
p
ean
p
rices
were too high by com-
parison with world mar-
ket prices. A series of re-
forms in 1992 correcte
d
the situation b
y
cuttin
g
g
uaranteed farm
p
rices,
with compensatory pre-
miums for inputs, and by
introducin
g
a series of
«flanking measures».
With a view to enlarge-
ment a new reform pack-
a
g
e was ado
p
ted in 1999
for the period 2000-
2006. Under the ap-
p
roach
p
ro
p
osed b
y
the
Commission in A
g
enda
2000 in July 1997, it re-
inforces the chan
g
es
made in 1992 and
p
uts
the em
p
hasis on foo
d
safet
y
, environmental
objectives and sustain-
able agriculture. Moreo-
ver, it endeavours to in-
crease the
com
p
etitiveness of
Communit
y
a
g
ricultural
products, simplify agri-
cultural le
g
islation an
d
how it is im
p
lemente
d
and strengthen the Un-
ion’s
p
osition at the
World Trade Organisa-
tion negotiations (Mil-
#-
.
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45% -
#). ;-
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*
1992
-
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$
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! -
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$ $
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2000—2006 . !-
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5
«;
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1997
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1992 -
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2000
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2000» 1997 -
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1992 , -
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44
lennium Round
)
, an
d
lastly stabilise agricul-
ture expenditure.
In this s
p
irit, chan
g
es
have alread
y
been made
in the common organisa-
tion of the market in
wine, arable cro
p
s, beef
and veal and milk. The
p
ro
p
osed reduction in
intervention
p
rices has
been off-set by an in-
crease in aid to farmers
and accom
p
anied b
y
a
g
enuine inte
g
rated rural
development policy.
) ))-
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,
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-
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%
(
<$
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,
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.
Common commercial
policy
The Community has ex-
clusive responsibility for
the common commercial
policy (Article 133 of the
EC Treaty, formerly Ar-
ticle 113
)
. Under the
p
olic
y
a customs union
has been establishe
d
b
etween the Membe
r
States of the Community,
with uniform
p
rinci
p
les
g
overnin
g
chan
g
es in
tariff rates, the conclu-
sion of tariff and trade
agreements with non-
member countries, im-
"
# -
)-
) ) -
$
(
133 & 0-
$) #-
,
113). ! -
-
$ -
- #-
-
,
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@)
# -
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() 133 &-
K$ #-
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) 113). ; J$ -
> -
>$
— -
#
> -
, -
-
*> , -
45
p
ort and ex
p
ort
p
olic
y
,
etc. Decisions are taken
by
q
ualified ma
j
orit
y
in
the Council.
The Treaty of Amster-
dam amended Article
113 to allow the Council,
actin
g
b
y
unanimous
vote, to extend the sco
p
e
of the common commer-
cial policy to interna-
tional ne
g
otiations an
d
a
g
reements on services
and intellectual property.
The Treat
y
of Nice also
amended Article 113 to
allow such agreements to
be concluded by quali-
fied ma
j
orit
y
votin
g
.
There are, however, ex-
ce
p
tions concernin
g
agreements in sectors for
which res
p
onsibilit
y
is
shared between the
Member States and the
Community, which re-
main subject to unanim-
ity. Such exceptions in-
clude trade in cultural
and audiovisual services
and trade in education
services.
) %-
— , -
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$) B
* -
).
1)$ -
113 B, -
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-
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*>
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> )
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#,
>
>-
. <
)>
)>
)> -
.
Common foreign
and security
policy (CFSP)
The common foreign and
securit
y
p
olic
y
(
CFSP
)
was established and is
g
overned b
y
Title V of
" -
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-
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CFSP
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-
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-
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4 -
-
(CFSP) -
46
the Treaty on European V & & K-
Union. It replaced Euro-
pean Political Coopera-
tion
(
EPC
)
and
p
rovides
for the eventual framin
g
of a common defence
p
olic
y
which mi
g
ht in
time lead to a common
defence.
The ob
j
ectives of this
second pillar of the Un-
ion are set out in Article
11 of the EU Treat
y
an
d
are to be attained through
specific legal instruments
(j
oint action, common
p
osition
)
which have to
b
e ado
p
ted unanimousl
y
in the Council. With the
entr
y
into force of the
Treat
y
of Amsterdam,
the Euro
p
ean Union also
has a new instrument a
t
its disposal — the com-
mon strategy — which is
referred to in the Article
12 of the EU Treaty. The
Treat
y
of Amsterda
m
also provided for quali-
fied majority voting un-
der certain conditions
and since it was si
g
ne
d
the CFSP has been de-
velo
p
in
g
in
p
ractice a
t
every European Council.
The Treaty of Nice in-
troduced the
p
ossibilit
y
,
under certain conditions,
of establishing closer co-
o
p
eration in the field of
the CFSP for the imple-
mentation of joint ac-
tions and common posi-
tions. This close
r
coo
p
eration ma
y
not be
used for matters with
military or defence im-
plications.
0
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+ %
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-
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)$ -
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CFSP -
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$. <
$ #. 4
K
$
-
(KB#) -
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+ J$ $ -
> #
>
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K
$ #
> )
*
)> -
(
$,
), -
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& K$-
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K
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), -
>
,
* CFSP -
>
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47
. $. { -
)) -
>
> -
.
Common organisations
of the agricultural
markets (COM)
The common organisa-
tions of the marke
t
(
COM
)
are
p
rovisions
laid down at Community
level which
g
overn the
p
roduction of and trade
in a
g
ricultural
p
roducts
in all the Member States
of the Euro
p
ean Union.
Since the introduction of
the common a
g
ricultural
p
olic
y
(
CAP
)
, the
y
have
gradually replaced na-
tional market organisa-
tions in the sectors where
that was necessar
y
. The
common organisations of
the market seek primar-
il
y
to achieve the
g
oals
of the CAP, and in par-
ticular to stabilise mar-
kets,
p
rovide farmers
with a fair standard of
living and increase agri-
cultural productivity.
"
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(#46) -
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J > -
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> -
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, -
>, -
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> -
-
) )-
$.
Common
p
osition
(CFSP)
The common
p
osition in
the context of the com-
mon foreign and security
p
olic
y
is desi
g
ned to
make coo
p
eration more
s
y
stematic and im
p
rove
its coordination. The
Member States are re-
q
uired to com
p
l
y
with
"
#) -
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,
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4
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48
and uphold such posi- ), , >
tions which have been
ado
p
ted unanimousl
y
a
t
Council meetings.
-
%,
$
$ -
B.
;) -
, -
>
#.
Common strategy
(CFSP)
The common strate
gy
is
a new instrument intro-
duced under the common
forei
g
n and securit
y
p
olic
y
b
y
the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam.
Under the new Article 13
of the EU Treat
y
, the
European Council de-
fines the
p
rinci
p
les an
d
general guidelines for the
CFSP and decides on
common strate
g
ies to be
implemented by the Un-
ion in fields where the
Member States have im-
portant interests in com-
mon.
In concrete terms, a
common strategy sets out
the aims and len
g
th of
time covered and the
means to be made avail-
able b
y
the Union an
d
the Member States.
Common strate
g
ies are
im
p
lemented b
y
the
Council, in
p
articular b
y
ado
p
tin
g
j
oint actions
and common
p
ositions.
The Council can recom-
mend common strategies
to the European Council.
"
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K
$
#, K$$ #-
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> -
CFSP -
, -
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8 , -
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, -
) -
, -
>
)
# -
-. 4-
#, ,
$-
$ -
$. # -
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K$-
#.
Common trans
p
ort
policy
The aim of the common
trans
p
ort
p
olic
y
is to la
y
down common rules ap-
p
licable to international
trans
p
ort to or from the
"
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, -
> -
49
territory of the Member $
States or
p
assin
g
across
the territor
y
of one o
r
more of them
(
Articles
70 to 80 of the EC
Treaty). It is also con-
cerned with la
y
in
g
down
the conditions unde
r
which non-resident carri-
ers ma
y
o
p
erate services
within a Member State;
and lastl
y
, it covers
measures to im
p
rove
transport safety.
With the entr
y
into force
of the Treaty of Amster-
dam, decisions are now
taken under the codeci-
sion
p
rocedure
(
Article
251 of the EC Treat
y)
,
after the Economic an
d
Social Committee an
d
the Committee of the
Regions have been con-
sulted. However, some
special cases still remain:
x measures that are li-
able to have a major im-
p
act on livin
g
standards,
employment and the op-
eration of transport fa-
cilities are ado
p
ted b
y
the Council actin
g
unanimously, after con-
sultin
g
the Euro
p
ean
Parliament and the Eco-
nomic and Social Com-
mittee;
in the case of s
p
ecific
measures relatin
g
to sea
and air trans
p
ort, the
Council decides wha
t
p
rocedure to a
pp
l
y
in
each individual instance,
actin
g
b
y
a
q
ualifie
d
majority.
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80 & 0-
$) #-
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Communitisation
Communitisation means
transferrin
g
a matte
r
"
#
-
")
# -
50
which, in the institutional %, - , -
Framework of the Union,
is dealt with usin
g
the
intergovernmental
method (second and third
pillars) to the Commu-
nity method (first pillar).
The Communit
y
metho
d
is based on the idea tha
t
the
g
eneral interest of
Union citizens is best de-
fended when the Com-
munit
y
institutions
p
la
y
their full role in the deci-
sion-makin
g
p
rocess,
with due re
g
ard for the
subsidiarity principle.
Followin
g
the entr
y
into
force of the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam,
q
uestions
relatin
g
to the free
movement of
p
ersons,
which used to be come
under coo
p
eration on
j
ustice and home affairs
(
third
p
illar
)
, have been
«communitised» and so
will be dealt with unde
r
the Communit
y
metho
d
after a five-year transi-
tional phase.
$ #-
, ) -
$
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) -
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, >, -
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$ -
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Community acquis
The Communit
y
ac
q
uis
is the bod
y
of common
ri
g
hts and obli
g
ations
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