Cooper L.N., Feldman D. (Eds.) BCS: 50 Years
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BCS:
50 Years
Edtedby Leon
N
Cooper
and
Dmitri Feldman
7728 tp.indd 1 10/11/10 11:23 AM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
BCS : 50 years / edited by Leon N. Cooper and Dmitri Feldman.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-9814304641 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 9814304646 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-9814304658 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 9814304654 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Superconductivity--History. 2. Superconductors--History. I. Cooper, Leon N.
II. Fel’dman, D. E. (Dmitrii Eduardovich)
QC611.92.B37 2010
537.6'23--dc22
2010038551
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The cover image was created by Richard Fishman and Xiangjun Shi.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
Copyright © 2011 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Printed in Singapore.
Lakshmi - BCS at 50.pmd 10/7/2010, 11:07 AM1
September 9, 2010 10:34 World Scientific Review Volume - 9.75in x 6.5in preface
PREFACE
More than 50 years have passed since the publication of John Bardeen,
Leon Cooper and Robert Schrieffer’s Theory of Superconductivity, known
universally as BCS. In that time so many new experiments have been done,
so much additional theory has been developed and so many papers and books
have been written that it is hardly possible to begin to span the vast universe
that this subject has become in a single volume.
Although the publication of BCS might have been thought to be the end
of a fifty year long search for the solution to the problem of superconductiv-
ity, in fact, it appears to have been more like the beginning. Since 1957, a
remarkable number of variations have been explored. There have been high
temperature and other new superconductors, applications, from Josephson
junctions and SQUIDS to type II superconducting magnets and new phe-
nomena such as the superfluidity of
3
He and the BE/BCS crossover in cold
atoms. In addition, the fundamental pairing idea has been applied to systems
as diverse as nuclei, neutron stars and quark matter, and the mathematical
methods including the concept of broken gauge symmetry, introduced by
BCS, have been applied to the standard model.
This volume begins with historical chapters presenting the point of view
of major players in the field. Although these somewhat Rashomon-like rec-
ollections do not agree in every detail, together, we believe they provide a
fascinating, first hand account of what are now long-ago events.
It follows with chapters on SQUIDS, superconductivity in complex and
disordered materials, high T
c
and other new superconductors, and concludes
with chapters on BCS beyond superconductivity including superfluid
3
He,
the BE/BCS crossover in cold atoms and the application of ideas and meth-
ods introduced by BCS to neutron stars, quark matter and the standard
model.
In all, we have tried to present an overview of the evolution of BCS from
its origins to detailed discussions of some of the most interesting current
topics and still unanswered questions.
v
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World Scientic
Edited by
Leon N Cooper
Dmitri Feldman
Brown University, USA
7728 tp.indd 2 10/11/10 11:23 AM
September 9, 2010 10:34 World Scientific Review Volume - 9.75in x 6.5in preface
vi Preface
Acknowledgments
We would like, above all, to express our appreciation to the authors who have
contributed to this volume. They fit the task of writing their chapters into
already tight schedules, and, in addition, endured some harassment from the
editors, eager to finish before the BCS 100th anniversary.
We would like to thank Richard Fishman and Xiangjun Shi for creating
the image that appears on the cover.
We would also like to express our appreciation to Lakshmi Narayanan,
Yubing Zhai and the rest of the devoted editorial team of World Scientific
Publishing Co. and last, but certainly not least, we would like to thank
Pete Bilderback without whose editorial, administrative and organizational
efforts this volume could not have come to be.
Leon N Cooper and Dmitri Feldman
This page is intentionally left blank
October 4, 2010 10:14 World Scientific Review Volume - 9.75in x 6.5in contents
CONTENTS
Preface v
I. Historical Perspectives
1. Remembrance of Superconductivity Past
L. N Cooper 3
2. The Road to BCS
J. R. Schrieffer 21
3. Development of Concepts in Superconductivity
J. Bardeen 33
4. Failed Theories of Superconductivity
J. Schmalian 41
5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and the BCS Theory
C. P. Slichter 57
6. Superconductivity: From Electron Interaction to
Nuclear Superfluidity
D. Pines 85
7. Developing BCS Ideas in the Former Soviet Union
L. P. Gor’kov 107
8. BCS: The Scientific “Love of my Life”
P. W. Anderson 127
II. Fluctuations, Tunneling and Disorder
9. SQUIDs: Then and Now
J. Clarke 145
vii
October 4, 2010 10:14 World Scientific Review Volume - 9.75in x 6.5in contents
viii Contents
10. Resistance in Superconductors
B. I. Halperin, G. Refael and E. Demler 185
11. Cooper Pair Breaking
P. Fulde 227
12. Superconductor-Insulator Transitions
A. M. Goldman 255
13. Novel Phases of Vortices in Superconductors
P. Le Doussal 277
14. Breaking Translational Invariance by Population Imbalance:
The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov States
G. Zwicknagl and J. Wosnitza 337
III. New Superconductors
15. Predicting and Explaining T
c
and Other Properties of
BCS Superconductors
M. L. Cohen 375
16. The Evolution of HTS: T
c
-Experiment Perspectives
C. W. Chu 391
17. The Evolution of High-Temperature Superconductivity:
Theory Perspective
E. Abrahams 439
IV. BCS Beyond Superconductivity
18. The Superfluid Phases of Liquid
3
He: BCS Theory
A. J. Leggett 473
19. Superfluidity in a Gas of Strongly Interacting Fermions
W. Ketterle, Y. Shin, A. Schirotzek and C. H. Schunk 491
20. BCS from Nuclei and Neutron Stars to Quark Matter and
Cold Atoms
G. Baym 509
October 4, 2010 10:14 World Scientific Review Volume - 9.75in x 6.5in contents
Contents ix
21. Energy Gap, Mass Gap, and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
Y. Nambu 525
22. BCS as Foundation and Inspiration: The Transmutation
of Symmetry
F. Wilczek 535
23. From BCS to the LHC
S. Weinberg 559
Index 569