Chris Young. Garden Design
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GARDEN DESIGN movements may
be clearly defined when they are first
introduced, but over time they can
evolve as designers, influenced by a
range of cultures and styles, bring
their own ideas into play. Fusion
gardens represent a positive aspect of
this process, combining key elements
from different, and often contrasting,
styles. Modernist, minimalist, Japanese, and
conceptualist ideas mix with classical, Art Deco,
or romantic details to produce eclectic designs.
Gardens may be laid out in clear squares
and rectangles, or circles and ellipses, or
designers may use a combination of angular
and round shapes. A wide range of materials
are employed, but designs frequently include
a mix of natural elements and manufactured
hard landscaping, such as glass, plastic, steel,
ceramics, and concrete. Glass floors or bridges,
and clear or translucent screens introduce a
contemporary look, and are often lit to create
exciting night-time effects.
Planting palettes are restricted, with the
emphasis on low-maintenance, architectural,
textured, or colorful plants—the former
used to create focal points or repeated several
times to create sculptural impact.
Bamboos, ornamental grasses, and
simple monoculture planting are
sometimes employed, and may be
combined with formal clipped
hedges, creating a tension of styles.
Rather than reflective or
planted pools, fusion gardens
make use of water jets and cascades that
inject movement and sound into the design.
Sculpture is another prominent element in
these gardens, with seating and furniture
treated as design features.
Designers also focus attention on sophisticated
lighting designs, which form an essential part
of the overall garden composition. Lighting
adds texture and interest to the design, while
expanding the enjoyment of the space, both
functionally and visually, into the evening.
Architectural foliage and
flowers provide focal points.
Manufactured materials are mixed with natural elements.
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Fusion gardens
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What is fusion style?
CHOOSING A STYLE
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Fusion is a mix, sometimes accidental, but often deliberate, of
styles and trends from a wide range of fields. Short-lived, and
therefore more experimental, show gardens offer a platform
for these eclectic creations and allow designers the freedom
to innovate. Color, sculpture, and garden art often provide focal
points and a sense of theater, and planting follows a similar
route with architectural specimens. Lighting adds to the drama.
FUSION GARDENS IN DETAIL
Rendered walls are typical of this style, as they provide backdrops or
surfaces on which art and sculpture can be displayed. Color, usually
intense and bold, is also important, creating a vibrant atmosphere.
A wide range of materials is associated with the fusion style,
and in some gardens the combinations can become quite complex.
There is often also a mixture of man-made and natural surfaces,
with combinations such as concrete and timber, or stone and steel.
By keeping the overall design simple, these textural contrasts are
more clearly appreciated.
Furniture is often used to express particular architectural or
stylistic references, or may be used to introduce lively or rich color.
Large sculptural plants add scale and drama, and are sometimes
repeated throughout the garden to amplify ideas. In addition,
planting for color and texture is common, with pots and containers
used to reinforce stylistic concepts.
Simple lawn
Mixed
flowerbed
Water feature
adds color
and sound
Cacti are focal
points close to
the house
Large pavers
create feeling
of space
DESIGN INFLUENCES
This relatively recent style borrows
from a range of ideas. As such,
there is no purity or philosophy
for fusion, but there is energy and
confidence. Travel and a shrinking
world have opened up a wide
range of influences—from jungle
planting to Japanese gravel, from
Modernism to the Mediterranean,
and from formal to conceptual.
This gazebo by Michael Schultz
and Will Goodman uses Japanese
elements with Art Deco and
Post-Modernist overtones.
The personality of the resulting
designs may not please purists,
but fusion style is about breaking
rules and pleasing oneself.
The Hurst garden by Schultz Goodman.
MODERN SYNTHESIS
This design by Steve
Martino (above right)
combines the rectilinear
geometry of Modernism
with architectural
succulents and dry,
desert-style planting.
The curved steel plates
add drama to the pool,
creating shadows and
light play both during
the day and after dark.
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KEY DESIGN ELEMENTS
MODERN
MATERIALS
Fusion gardens often
include materials that
are not traditionally
associated with gardening,
such as glass, steel, and
plastic, with planting
softening the lines.
SCULPTURAL
PLANTS
Although a wide variety
of plants are used in fusion
gardens, many are selected
for their sculptural qualities
of grasses, Yucca or Astelia
are typical, and palms are
used for height.
ECLECTIC FLOOR
PLAN
The mixing of styles can
produce interesting and
complex layouts with
Modernist designs mixed
with Mediterranean gravel
planting, or formality
combined with the
asymmetry of Japan.
LIGHTING
Light effects are key
style devices, picking up
architectural details,
specimen plants, and
decorative topiary. The
development of lighting
technology with fiber
optics and LEDs produces
spectacular results.
WATER CASCADES
AND FOUNTAINS
Cascades, fountains, and
mist sprays—which can
be controlled by computer
to produce complex
and changing displays—
provide movement,
atmosphere, and sound.
VIBRANT COLORS
Bold colors are often
used in surface finishes to
make connections between
plants and hard materials.
Rendered walls, ceramics,
paving, and lighting can
all contribute to the color
drama while creating an
exciting ambience.
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Interpreting the style
Designing an eclectic fusion garden is a liberating and fun experience, where
rules for other styles can be rewritten. Color can be a controlling element,
with rich or strident tones making clear connections between materials and
planting. Also try mixing formal and informal elements, and solid materials
with transparent glass or plastic to create a bold, new design.
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BEDROCK OF DESIGN
Like a geological phenomenon, these angled
layers of red sandstone rise out of a pond
and are juxtaposed with dry, Mediterranean
planting combinations with glaucous foliage.
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SOLID SEATING
A touch of the domestic interior is brought
to this outdoor terrace, with its concrete
seating and coffee table. Planting softens
the effect in specific places.
p
WATER AND EARTH
Water gently cascades over this shallow
plate, cantilevered from a rendered wall, and
into the trough below. The structure’s warm
earth-tones glow in the sun.
pp
DIVING IN
In this small section of a much larger,
compartmentalized garden, by US landscape
designer Michael Schultz, thin metal “snakes”
wriggle between paving and into a pond.
CHOOSING A STYLE
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ROUGH WITH THE SMOOTH
Walls of rammed earth, which also act as screens, give
this garden a rough texture that contrasts beautifully
with the smooth limestone paving. The sandy tones of
the planting echo the dune location.
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BLOCKS AND UNDULATIONS
White concrete cubes are counterpoints to the turf that
ripples across this garden. They create a sculpted
quality that offsets the stark walls of the house.
“Fusion brings ideas together
in a melting pot and bends
the rules of garden-making
”
INTERPRETING FUSION STYLE
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GARDENS TO VISIT
LONDON WETLAND CENTRE, London, UK
Cleve West’s sustainable, sculpture-filled plot.
www.wwt.org.uk
BARRACK HILL PARK, Donegal, Ireland
When it is finished, Diarmuid Gavin’s design
will be one of the most exciting public spaces
in Ireland. www.diarmuidgavindesigns.co.uk
GARDEN OF AUSTRALIAN DREAMS,
Canberra, Australia
Richard Weller and Vladimir Sitta’s garden.
www.nma.gov.au
GARDENS OF GOTHENBURG, Sweden
Four parks take part in this festival of gardens.
www.goteborg.com
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HOT STUFF
The fiery magenta walls
of these raised beds of
annuals serve to unify this
garden visually, while floral
shapes punched into panels
enclose the space.
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Fusion garden plans
Gardens that use a range of stylistic references can easily become confused, yet
these spaces by Paul Cooper and Cleve West manage to maintain clarity of vision.
One, a north-facing London plot, has been lightened with reflective surfaces and
enlivened by its various influences. The other, a space in which to teach, embraces
bog plants and intriguing modern sculptures.
TWO BECOME ONE
This private garden is an amalgamation of two of Paul Cooper’s
designs—Hanging Gardens and Cool and Sexy Garden—both for the
RHS Chelsea Flower Show. Paul embraced an exciting mix of modern
materials to create a garden where height and structure dominate.
KEY INGREDIENTS
1 Hedera helix ‘Kolibri’
2 Stainless steel water feature
3 Phyllostachys nigra f. henonis
4 Wisteria floribunda ‘Macrobotrys’
5 Santolina chamaecyparissus
6 Painted wrought-iron railings
7 Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica
8 Mahonia x media ‘Buckland’
PAUL SAYS:
“My client on this project was great.
He was forward-thinking and didn’t want
a conventional garden. The plot is
north-facing, cool, and gloomy, so I
emphasized verticals to create the feeling
of escaping these restrictions. And,
with its theatrical lighting and reflective
surfaces, this garden really performs
at night. “
“I’d say the design is typical of my
work. I originally trained and worked
as a sculptor, and I can definitely see
a three-dimensional character here.
Contemporary architecture was, and
is, a big influence, but there are some
Japanese elements in there, too.”
CHOOSINGASTYLE
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Pebbles on a stainless-steel grille
Bespoke, perforated stainless-
steel water feature
Foamex-
laminated
plywood walls
Steps leading
to a raised
walkway
Decorative
arch-shaped screen
Railings lead to a
raised walkway
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FUSION GARDEN PLANS
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LOOK AND LEARN
This teaching garden was created for the RHS Chelsea
Flower Show in London in 2001, and used the bold,
colorful sculptures of Johnny Woodford as a structural
theme. It was roughly divided into two spaces—one open
and geometric; the other densely planted and soft, filled
with bold foliage planting. Sculpture and hard surfaces
ran through both spaces, bringing cohesion to the design.
The timber elements also made an organic statement.
KEY INGREDIENTS
1 Angelica archangelica
2 Pollarded Salix alba
3 Trollius europaeus
4 Scorched elm sculpture by
Johnny Woodford
5 Luzula nivea
6 Geum coccineum
CLEVE SAYS:
“Designed as a teaching space, the hub
of this garden was the open area ringed by
Johnny’s sculpted benches.”
“The sculpture in the garden was
non-specific, so that children could
interpret the work freely. The planting was
selected for damp or bog conditions—this
allowed bold foliage to dominate and work
with the garden’s scale.”
“When it was created, this garden was
typical of my work with Johnny, but my
style has changed since. I trained with
John Brookes, and he has been a big
influence. I also take inspiration from the
natural world, such as moorland.”
Steel drainage grille
Star made from
red granite blocks
Self-compacting
black limestone dust
Dark gray granite blocks
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HISTORICALLY, TWO MAIN TYPES of
productive garden evolved: the large walled
gardens of wealthy Victorian estate owners that
provided exotic fruit, fresh vegetables, and
cut flowers for weekend
entertainments and, at the
other extreme, cottage
gardens and areas of private
gardens devoted to growing
produce as a hobby, or
to supplement the diet.
The Victorians elevated
productive gardening to a
fine art, but they were not
the first to mix fruit, vegetables, and flowers
in the same area. Medieval abbey gardens were
typically divided into small herb and vegetable
beds with some decorative planting, and
Renaissance gardens in France featured
ornamental produce in elegant parterres, known
as “potagers”. This term is still used today to
describe an attractive productive garden.
The Dig for Victory campaign during World
War II generated a huge enthusiasm for home-
grown produce in the UK, but this waned as
wealth increased after the conflict. Today, our
increasing desire for organic food, and concerns
about the carbon footprint of imported goods,
is fuelling a revival of the kitchen garden.
The layout of all productive gardens tends
to be orderly, with geometric beds separated
by paths for ease of access and maintenance.
Materials vary but are most often utilitarian
in character—concrete slabs, brick pathways,
or even compacted earth are common. Cold
frames or greenhouses are used to protect
less hardy plants or to start crops early.
Planting varies seasonally, but fruit trees
and bushes provide more permanent structure.
Low box hedges may also be introduced,
especially in association with herbs that tend
to flop and spread informally. Water, required
for irrigation, can also be included as a
decorative feature.
Productive gardens
Formal potager at Château de Villandry in France.
A scarecrow protects
valuable crops.
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