Chris Young. Garden Design

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Japanese garden plans

CHOOSING A STYLE

170

These gardens cannot simply be recreated with a haphazard collection of Japanese

ornaments and species; successful Japanese designs integrate a careful balance

of plants and objects that often have symbolic and spiritual meaning. In these two

examples, Maggie Judycki and Haruko Seki have perfectly captured the notion of

the soothing, contemplative garden, and the subtleties of natural colors and forms.

LIVING ART

The ﬁsh-ﬁlled pond is a meditative focal point in Maggie Judycki’s own

garden. Rocks, ornaments, and planting are carefully arranged around

it and a split bamboo fence ﬁlters light in horizontal patterns across

its surface. The leaves of a Sassafras and a Betula merge and rustle above.

KEY INGREDIENTS

1 Acer ‘Rubrum’

2 Sassafras albidum

3 Bamboo fence

4 Hosta ‘Francee’

5 Cotoneaster salicifolius ‘Gnom’

6 Japanese bathing stool

7 Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis

8 Betula utilis var. jacquemontii

MAGGIE SAYS:

“This is my own garden, and it’s been

a work in progress since the late 1970s. I

started out as a stone sculptor, which has

helped me to use and understand hard

materials. I tend to start with them and

soften the surfaces with planting.”

“Sitting places are important to me.

A favorite is the Japanese bathing stool,

ideal for contemplation when I’m feeding

the koi carp. The idea of living art and the

movement it creates is also fascinating—

we can see the pool from the living room,

and it’s a constantly changing view.”

“The garden is typical of my work in

that I customize the space for each client.

The plot dictates how it should be used

and everything I do is site speciﬁc.”

Rill of Japanese pebbles

Granite lantern

Select blue flagstones

laid on stone dust

Hand-picked

boulders from local

stone quarry

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JAPANESE GARDEN PLANS

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Double layer of ¼ in (6 mm)

toughened Clear Float Glass

with a light-diffusing,

laminated middle layer

Curved, polished,

powdered-black concrete

¼ in (4 mm) crushed,

gray granite gravel

12 mm (½ in) toughened

Clear Float Glass with

sandblasted finish

CAPTURING MOVEMENT

Created by Haruko Seki of Studio Lasso for the RHS Chelsea Flower

Show in London in 2007, this design has since been recreated in

a private garden in south London. The swirling curves of the paving

and planted mounds create a sense of movement and enclosure, while

simple and transparent planting produces a delicate ﬁligree of foliage.

Still water reﬂects the lit glass panels, which give an ethereal glow and

are decorated with the silhouettes of bamboo leaves and canes. The

contrasting pale raked gravel and grass help deﬁne the composition.

KEY INGREDIENTS

1 Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’

2 Phyllostachys aurea

3 Viburnum opulus

4 Abelia ‘Edward Goucher’

5 Spiraea cantoniensis

6 Stipa tenuissima

HARUKO SAYS:

“The client who wanted my Chelsea

garden reconstructed in his garden leads

a stressful London life, and was attracted

to the calmness of the composition. The

garden encourages a feeling of peace and

opens one’s senses to the environment—

for example, the gentle whispering of the

breeze through the planting is central to

the garden’s success.”

“In this design, as in all of my work, I

use the space as a device to enhance the

changing character of nature; I believe

this is an essential quality in a Japanese

garden. I am also inﬂuenced by Sir

Geoffrey Jellicoe, who explored the

relationship between the landscape

and the subconscious.”

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THIS APPROACH to garden-making is seen

across the world, but works especially well in

warm climates where planting is naturally lush,

and a jungle look with tall vegetation is not hard

to achieve. Texture and shape drive the design,

rather than a season of bloom. Layouts vary

in their composition, but all combine areas

devoted primarily to foliage, with the emphasis

on contrasting varieties and plant forms.

Clearings are carved out of dense vegetation,

creating a sense of seclusion and separation,

with paths winding between. Decorative bark

or pine needles are often used to create

a jungle-ﬂoor softness underfoot.

These gardens are typically organic in shape,

without hard edges or a sense of formality, but

where man-made structures do encroach, the

contrast is often startling, with the bold use of

rustic materials such as rough-hewn timber and

unworked stone. Interestingly, sleek Modernism

also works well with

foliage planting.

Water is frequently

present in the form of

energizing waterfalls

and streams, or even

swimming pools.

Foliage gardens date back to 19th-century

European colonial gardens, where the

indigenous, richly diverse local ﬂora found

in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,

Malaysia, India, and the Caribbean was used

to produce a celebration of ﬂower color and

foliage texture. The gardens of the 20th-

century Brazilian designer Roberto Burle Marx

are modern interpretations of this genre, with

huge areas devoted to rich tapestries of foliage.

In temperate zones, this approach has been

adopted in some urban gardens with the

emphasis on architectural plants, such as tree

ferns, bamboo, loquat, Fatsia, Phormium, and

cordylines, which are combined to create

a sense of drama. Some designers also

experiment with grasses, water, or woodland

planting to gain similar effects, but formal

lawns are rarely seen in these gardens.

Foliage gardens

Foliage color, texture, and shape provide dramatic effects.

Exotic bromeliads add color.

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What is foliage style?

CHOOSING A STYLE

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The jungle-like appearance of many foliage gardens creates

an atmosphere of irresistible exuberance. Plants chosen for

their interesting leaves dominate and the use of individual

specimens and large-leaf perennials en masse yields a

gorgeously textured landscape with dramatic spots of bright

color. A network of pathways and clearings forges a route

through the garden, offering the visitor a close-up view of

the planting. Cooler climate foliage gardens concentrate on

mass plantings of grasses and woodland glades.

FOLIAGE STYLE IN DETAIL

The enjoyment of foliage gardens derives from the sheer volume and

variety of planting. In larger gardens there may be space for grassy

areas, swimming pools, and patios but, generally, most of the

available garden space is devoted to leaves. Flowers are often

subordinate and provide stabs of vivid color among the foliage.

Taller species such as Eucalyptus, palms, cordylines, and bamboo

provide height and vertical interest, while the space below is ﬁlled

with lower-growing shrubs, grasses, and perennials. The main

emphasis is on structural and foliage planting, but sewn into this

rich canvas is a brilliant embroidery of ﬂower color, with Strelitzia

(bird of paradise) and Canna typical in warmer climates, and dahlias

or lobelia more appropriate in temperate regions.

Larger cities form heat islands, in which warmer than average

temperatures allow more exotic species to ﬁnd a home. In the UK,

this has led to the phenomenon of urban jungle gardens.

House

Canna ‘Durban’ adds

hot color accents

A large palm

(Trachycarpus fortunei)

gives height to the

planting design

Gravel path is a

foil for planting

Pots form a

central island

Exotic banana (Musa)

contributes to the

subtropical feel

THE EXOTIC GARDEN

In Will Giles’ remarkable

garden in Norwich, UK

(right ), rich planting

explodes from the borders

over gravel paths. Sparks

of color come from

purple-leaved Canna and

tall yellow sunﬂowers.

Cacti and succulents are

brought outside for the

summer months and

containers of plants of

differing heights, including

grasses and herbs, fringe

the vibrant display.

DESIGN INFLUENCES

The most notable name associated with this style is Roberto Burle Marx,

the artist/ecologist/designer who worked in spectacular fashion with the

rich ﬂora of his native Brazil. His gardens demonstrate a painterly sensibility

to landscape design, celebrating foliage pattern and saturated ﬂower

color. In what was formerly known as the Odette Monteiro Garden, huge

plates of textured ground cover feature along a dramatic lawned valley.

His planting designs are particularly impressive when seen from above.

The Luis Cezar Fernandes (formerly Odette Monteiro) Garden, Brazil.

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WHAT IS FOLIAGE STYLE?

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KEY DESIGN ELEMENTS

BOLD FOLIAGE

The key element is

foliage that makes a

statement. The plants that

dominate demand attention;

strappy Phormium perhaps,

or tall-growing bamboo,

or Musa (banana) with its

fabric-like leaves.

COLORFUL

HIGHLIGHTS

Bright ﬂower color lifts the

general greenness of these

gardens, providing

surprises along the way.

Here Dahlia ‘Bishop of

Llandaff’ adds rich red

ﬂowers and dark foliage.

CONTAINERS

In cooler climates,

planting exotics and tender

species in pots offers the

designer greater

ﬂexibility—they can easily

be moved under cover in

winter. Dramatic pots can

also be used as focal

points in a design.

MATERIALS

Hard materials are

often sourced locally.

Gravel or stone, often

rough-hewn, are used for

paved surfaces, but timber

and bamboo are also

common. Walls covered

with whitewash or painted

render add intense color.

POOLS AND

REFLECTIONS

Clear pools, perhaps edged

with lilies or papyrus,

create reﬂective surfaces.

Waterfalls add sound and

energy, and boulders set

by jungle pools provide

naturalistic seats.

HEIGHT AND

STRUCTURE

Tall plants are essential to

create jungle-like layering.

This banana-like Ensete,

Trachycarpus (Chusan

palm), and Eucalyptus give

height to the canopy, and

offer protection and shade

to plants below.

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Interpreting the style

Foliage gardens deliberately set out to overwhelm the onlooker

with the sheer volume and scale of planting in the jungle-like

borders. When grouping your plants, consider details—such as

the shape, texture, and color of leaves—to produce exciting

contrasts. Add bright color with variegated foliage and striking,

subtropical ﬂowers to complete the vibrant mixture.

PALM AND GRAVEL MIX

An informal clearing is edged

with the elegant, fanned leaves

of Chusan palms (Trachycarpus

fortunei) with vertical jets of

brilliant red cannas dotted between.

A low mound of dark green planting

complements the composition.

SPIKY COMBINATIONS

The instantly recognizable,

sword-shaped foliage and tall ﬂower

spikes of Phormium tenax dominate

this space—echoed by the sharp

points of agaves and the ﬁne-cut

leaves of palms.

GRASSY EFFECTS

A basket-weave path meanders

through a border of ﬁne textures,

which include the repeated arching

rosettes of Hakonechloa macra

‘Aureola’—a grass that takes on

warm orange tones in fall.

CHOOSING A STYLE

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GARDENS TO VISIT

THE EXOTIC GARDEN, UK

Will Giles’ Norwich garden.

www.exoticgarden.com

TREBAH, Cornwall, UK

Subtropical garden on a Cornish

hillside. www.trebah-garden.co.uk

WIGANDIA, Victoria, Australia

Garden on slopes of Mount Noorat.

www.wigandia.com

SITIO ROBERTO BURLE MARX,

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The late artist’s own large garden.

Estrada da Barra de Guaratiba 2019

Tel: 0055-21-2410 1412

JIM THOMPSON HOUSE,

Thailand

A lush jungle garden in Bangkok.

www.jimthompsonhouse.com

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SUNSET SPIRES

Phormium ‘Sundowner’, Astelia chathamica ‘Silver Spear’,

and the heads of Verbena bonariensis conspire to produce

a glorious display of glowing color in the evening sun.

COOL POOL

An array of ﬂeshy foliage closes in to create a secluded

swimming pool alongside a sun-ﬁlled terrace in this

thickly planted jungle garden.

HOT POT

This incidental association plays on the similarities

between the tones of the glazed pot and the veined

Canna leaves. Carmine red ﬂowers turn up the heat.

VERDANT ENCLOSURE

Even within the conﬁnes of a small and overlooked city

garden, it is possible to create privacy and a space to

relax. Here, a hot tub is enclosed by hedges of densely

planted bamboo and tall hurdles.

“Foliage

gardens are

a feast of

sculptural

shapes and

forms

”

INTERPRETING FOLIAGE STYLE

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Foliage garden plans

In two of these gardens, British designers have used a range of tender and hardy plants

to achieve a foliage effect in a cool climate. The third, in Florida, is a leafy, tropical

extravaganza. In all three, the exuberance of dense foliage and architectural planting needs

some sense of control, and this is provided by paving, water, and structural elements, such

as the screens and boundaries. These also offer contrasts in texture and form.

LAYERED PLANTING

In designer Declan Buckley’s own garden, a rich tapestry of layered

planting sits alongside the bold geometry of paving and a pool; the use

of reﬂective water increases textural impact. There is a great sense of

contrast here, between the open, light terrace and the narrow pathways.

KEY INGREDIENTS

1 Phyllostachys nigra

2 Euonymus japonicus

3 Fatsia japonica

4 Pseudosasa japonica

5 Geranium palmatum

6 Astelia chathamica

7 Buxus sempervirens

8 Cycas revoluta

DECLAN SAYS:

“After spending many years growing all

my plants in pots on a roof terrace, it was

a huge relief to have my own garden to

plant them in. The site is a long rectangle,

overlooked by a row of ﬁve-story houses,

so bold and layered architectural planting

was a necessity, as it helps to screen the

site and provides privacy. Conversely, the

end wall of my own house is solid glazing,

which gives me a dramatic view across the

pool and into the luxuriant planting.”

“London’s warmer temperatures allow

more tender and unusual species to thrive,

and plants were chosen for their texture and

form—ﬂower and color were secondary.

A strong, simple framework softened by

foliage is key to all my projects.”

A simple wooden

footbridge crosses

the pond

Narrow path laid

with 1½ in–2½ in

(40 mm–60 mm)

slate chippings

Reclaimed York

stone paving

The pool reflects surrounding

foliage color and texture

CHOOSING A STYLE

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TROPICAL REFUGE

ENGLISH EXOTIC

Raymond Jungles has used large,

ﬂeshy leaves to create shade in

this Florida Keys garden.

Glimpses of art lead the eye

through the plants.

KEY INGREDIENTS

1 Pritchardia paciﬁca

2 Attalea cohune

3 Solanum wendlandii

4 Areca vestiaria

5 Heliconia rostrata

RAYMOND SAYS:

“I created this garden for my family and it

was a labor of love. I am inﬂuenced a great

deal by other designers, in particular,

Roberto Burle Marx, Luis Barragán, and

Richard Serra. In some ways, this garden

was a laboratory in which I grew

specimens, some of which were collected

in Brazil with Burle Marx himself. The

result looks typical of my work, but

nowadays I tend to use native species

whenever possible. We tried to maximize

light in the house and garden, and used

sliding doors to differentiate between

interior and exterior space. Many of the

materials are rescued and re-utilized.”

In this small garden by Annie

Guilfoyle, a mass of oversized

and textured exotic planting

hovers over a wooden deck.

KEY INGREDIENTS

1 Phormium cookianum subsp.

hookeri ‘Tricolor’

2 Eriobotrya japonica

3 Euphorbia mellifera

4 Musa basjoo

5 Polystichum setiferum

ANNIE SAYS:

“This garden is close to the River Thames

in Kew, London. It’s a tiny space that had to

capture the essence of the East, where my

clients had spent a great deal of time, yet

link seamlessly with the house. To create

deeper planting areas, I set the layout at an

angle—which also seemed to make the

boundaries disappear. This is typical of my

work, as I try to maximize usable space in

small gardens, balancing room for relaxing

and entertaining with rich, full planting.”

“The garden is low-maintenance, and it

was good to work with a client who didn’t

demand yearround color.”

The bench

doubles as

a work of art

The decking’s zigzag

edging increases

the sense of space

Terra-cotta-colored wall

adds visual drama

Ground-level ferns add

another layer of texture

Regimented,

square paving

slabs give a

sense of order

to the lush

jungle foliage

The boundary walls are

almost hidden by foliage

FOLIAGE GARDEN PLANS

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