Cavalli-Sforza Luigi Luca. Genes, Peoples and Languages
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Bantu
peoples. 126. 153. 165-66.
170;
genetic
admixture
of
Pygmies
and.
70; languages of. 117. 124.
137.143
barbarians.
5.
96. 125. 151.
184-85
Barbujani. Guido.
26
Basques. 112-13; 115.
129-30.
153.
184; endogamy among. 74, 113;
language of, 113, 114,
120-21,
141-42,149,152,158,165;
RH
negative gene. among, 19,
21-22,
112
Bedouins. 194
Beja people.
122
Bell Curve. The
(Hermstein
and
Murray). 189
Benerecetti. Silvana
Santachiara, 113
Bengal Asiatic Society. 166
Bengston, John D
.•
142-43
Berbers. 88. 122. 194
Bernoulli. Jacques. 21
Binet, Alfred, 189
Biological History
of
European
Pop-
ulations,
69
Black, Paul D
.•
162
Blacks, 146; genetic admixture
of
Whites
and,
74-75,
121. 122;
IQ
.
scores of.
189-90
blood
groups,
13-21.62
body type, influence
of
climate on,
11.123
Borneo.l7l
botanical classification. 28
Bowcock,
A.
M
.•
75-76
Boyd.
William, 16
Brahman
caste, 128
Brahui.157
brain.
human:
culture
and. 179; evo-
lution of, 59; language and.
174-75,203.205
Brazil, 204
breastfeeding. 178
.211
Broca's area,
175
Bronze Age. 34. 99
Bruno. Giordano. 4
Buffon. Georges Louis Leclerc.
28
Bulgaria,
21-22
Burkina Faso, 123, 169
Burma, 141
Burt, Cyril,
188-89
Burushaski, 142, 149, 152, 158
Bushmen, 11
Buzzati
brothers.
18~
Byzantine
Empire,
5.
125. 152
calibration curve,
78-79.
130-31; lin-
guistic, 138
California. University of.
at
Berkeley,
78
Cambridge University. 36. 159
Cameroon, 123. 166. 169
Canary Islands. 122
Cann. Howard.
70
cannibalism,
179
Carthaginians,5
castes, 128
Catholic
Church.
5-6.
181,
182-83
Caucasian language, 142
Caucasoids.
52,
145. 147. 161
cave paintings. 121
Celtic languages. 152, 162. 163, 165,
166
Celts.
5.
184
Center
for
the
Study
of
Human
Poly-
morphism
(CEPH).
69
Central
African Republic. 69. 70
ceramics, see pottery
Chad,l22
chance. evolutionary role of, see drift
Charlemagne. 5
Charles VIII. king
of
France.
105
chimpanzees,
57,
59, 80, 81, 83; clas-
sification
of
objects
by.
28
China, 132; agriculture in, 97, 99,
124:
arrival
of
modern
humans in,
62,
170:
DNA
research in, 69:
genetic heterogeneity in,
29; impe-
rial, 6: languages of, 140, 141,
146-47,171,172:
trade
between
Europe
and, 100-101
chromosomes, 19,34-,67,76:
see
also
X chromosomes. Y
chromosomes
chronology, genetic,
130-32
Chukchi languages, 140
classHlcation, usefulness of,
27-29
climate: 113,
lIS:
adaptive reactions
to, 11-12, 116: anthropometric
characteristics and, 65, 66: food
production and, 97
cloning, 13
Coerdoux (Jesuit priest), 166
cognates, 138
colonization, 54: global,
by
modem
humans,
61~3:
language and,
117
Columbus, Christopher, 43, 106
computers,
206-7
concerted cultural transmission, 184.
187,199
Congo-Saharan languages, 168
continents,
genetic
distances
between, 37-38, 52--53
Cook. Captain James, 126
Copernicus (Leopardi),
3-5
Cosenza, University of, 113
craniometric data.
65
Cretan civilization, 120
critical periods, 191-94
CrO-Magnons, 141-42
cultural transmission, 101-3,
179r-207: biological adaptation
and, 175-79: critical periOds in,
191-94: examples of, 187-91:
lan-
guage and, 150, 168, 174, 194-205:
modes of, 1
~7
Daic languages, 140
Dante, 3,
25-26
Darwin, Charles,
11,27,36,40,57,
1~8
Dausset, Jean, 69
Daza people, 122
demic diffusion,
101-3: genetic
demonstration of,
104-13: lan-
guage and, 113-24, 165
demographic
expanSions, see expan-
sions
dendrochronology, 130
Dene-Caucasian languages, 141, 142,
149, 157, 158
Dene-Sino-Caucasian languages,
171
deOxyribonucleic acid, see
DNA
DHPLC,l56
diasporas. see expansions
diseases: genetic, 81, 83, 116, 154,
191-92: infectious, 43, 48,
50,106,
126, 179, 181-82
distance: genetic,
see genetic dis-
tance: geographic
..
23-25: isolation
by,
196-98
Divine Comedy, The (Dante),
25-26
D-loop,77-78
218
DNA, 19,51, 56, 88, 91, lOS: analysiS
of
variation in, 17-18; consensus
sequence of, 139: drift and, 64:
fossil, 34, 58:
and
genetiC dating,
131, 138: immortalization process
for producing,
~:
mitochon-
drial,
see mitochondrial DNA:
mutations in. see mutation;
nucleotide sequences of,
67~8:
polymorphisms
in,.ee
polymor-
phisms: racial differences and, 9:
repetitive,
82'-85: tracking migra-
tions through study of, 126
Dravidian languages, 140, 143, 152,
157,15~2
drift, 42-43, 50, 64, 105-7, 129, 154,
198,
206,
branch
length and,
73-15; cultural,
200-201, genetic
diseases and, 116; linguistic, 201,
natural selection and,
44-46,
49,
during Paleolithic period, 95
Dutch,
language, 133, southern
Africa colonized
by,
103, 124, 166
Dyen, Isidore,
~62,
163
dyslexias,
205
Easter
Islanders,
73-74
Edwards, Anthony, 37, 86,
87
Egypt, ancient, agriculture in, 99,
incest in, 192
electrophoresis, 17
endogamy, 31, 74, 113,
128,202
England,
21-22;
agriculture in, 99;
linguistic change in, 151-52; over-
seas
empire
of, 6,
in
World
War
I,
15
English language, 59, 114, 133, 162,
163, 183, 195,
202-5
environment: adaptation to, 10-13;
interaction
of
heredity and, 16;
mutation rates and,
85, nongenetic
data and,
63-64;
preferences for
types of, 193-94
enzymes, restriction. 18
epidemics, 95, cultural,
181-82
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 68, 69
Eskimos,
74, language of, 134, 136,
140
Estonians, 116; language of, 114, 116
Ethiopians, 75, 137,
145-46
Etruscan
language, 142, 158, 165
Eurasiatic languages, 140, 147, 157,
158,160
European
Community,
69
Europeans, 9, 52, 79r-73,
76,143,
148;
blood
groups of, 16, 19-20,
104-Q; colonization
by,
55; genetic
admixture and, 75-77, 149; genetic
homogeneity of,
23; languages of,
113-14,116-18,134,151-52,
154
(see
also specifo;
langu.ages
tmd
language families);
mtDNA
of, 50,
115; Paleoljthic, 112, 142; repro-
ductive
rate
of, 206, skin color of,
10-11, thalassemia among, 47-48;
see
also
specific countrias
tmd
6th-
nicgroups
"Eve," African,
77-81,
84, 131
evolutionary mechanisms,
42-46
evolutionary rates, 49, 51, average,
constancy of,
52-53
evolutioruuy trees, see trees
exogamy,
74
expansions, 99r-96, 107; agricultural,
96-101, 170, archeological record
of, 111-12; Bantu, 165-66; genetiC
chronology and,
130-32; language
and,
155-82, level
of
population
growth and, 102, 177; origins of,
127-30; outside
Europe,
121-26
eyes, shape
and
color of, 11, 145
. "false
friends," 133
family, cultural transmission in, 181,
184-88,198
famines, 95
farmers. see agriculture
Feldman, Marcus,
lBO,
186
Finno-
U gric languages, 151
Finns, 114, 116-17, 154
Fisher,
R.
A.,
22, 36, 102
fishing,
nomadic, 171
fittest, survival of,
see survival
of
the
fittest
219
Flemish language, 133
food production, innovations
in,
51;
see
also
agriculture
foragers. sse
hunter-gathe~rs
Fore
tribe. 179
fossils.
33-34.
130;
DNA
in.
34-35.
58;
of
human
ancestors.
57
.
founders'
effect. 43. 105. 116.136. 201
Fracastoro. Girolamo. 106 .
France.
21-22;
Basques in ••
ee
Basques; family structures in.
184-85; in Holy Roman Empire.
5;
Huns
in. 76;
IQ
testing in. 189;
Neolithic. 99; overseas
empire
of.
6: Paleolithic. 112;
settlement
of
Quebec
by.
103; syphilis in. 43.
105-6; in World War I. 15
Franks. 151.
184-'85
French
language. 120.
-133.
142. 151.
152. 162. 183. 195
Friedlander. Jonathan.
72
Fulani people. 121
Galileo.4
gene. definition of.
19
gene
flow.
see migration
Genethon. 83.
84
genetic admixture. 74--77.121.122.
149.206; language and. 145-46
genetic distance. 21-22. 37.
40. 95;
and dates
of
arrival
of
modem
humans
Gn
'various continents,
61-63; geographic distance and.
23-25.87;
methods
of
measuring.
66-67
genetic drift. 8.e drift
genetic "markers." .ee polymorphisms
genotypes.
46. 48
geographic isolation.
73-74
geography, genetic. 23-27. 55. 82;
demic diffusion in. 104--13; isola-
tion by distance
in.
196-98; princi-
pal
components analysis and. 87.
90
German
language. 204
Germanic languages. 133. 151. 162.
163. 165. 166
Gennany: family structure in, 185;
in
Holy Roman Empire. 5; Nazi. 128;
Neolithic.
111-12
Gimbutal;. Matjia. 118.
159-62
glaciation. 75. 105; expansion follow-
ing. 113. 115.
170-71
glottochronology. 138. 150. 162
Gobineau. Joseph Arthur
de.
12.
76
gorillas.
57. 59. 80. 81
Gothic language. 166
grammatical variation. 195
Great
Vowel Shift. 201. 204
Greece. ancient. 5.
7.
55. 99. 126;
colonization by.
119-20. 129
Greeklanguage. 163.
166.204
Greenberg. Joseph. 134. 136-40.
142. 157. 158. 160. 202
Grimm's Law. 204
Guanche
language. 122
Guglielmo. Rosalba. 185
Gypsies. 194
Hadza
people
•.
153-54
Hagedoor effect.
201
Hagege. Claude. 202
Hammer. Michel. 158
Han
dynasty. 124. 147
haplogroups. 156-58
hemoglobin. 78
herders. 53. 121-23. 128
heterozygote advantage.
46-49.
51
Hewlett.
Sa.ny.
69. 82. 190
Heyerdahl. TIlor. 153
HieInaux. Jean. 123. 124
Hindnism. 128
Hir.ichfeld. Hanko. 14--15
Hir.ichfeld. Ludwik.14--15
historical research. prohlems of,
31...,'32
220
Hittites, 162, 163
HLA
genes, 20,
50-51,
64,
59
Holy
Roman
Empire,
5-6
Homer, 120
Homo erectus, 58
Homo
habills, 57--58,
174-75
Homo sapiens, 58,
59,
131
Hora!, Satoshi, 80
horizontal
cultural
transmission~
180-82,
186-87
Howells, William, 65
human chromosomes genetic linkage
maps,69
Human
Genome
Diversity Project
(HGDP),59
Human
Genome
Project, 65
Hungarian language, 151
HungarianS, 114, 116
Huns,
76, 125, 172
hunter-gatherers, 53, 54, 92, 97, 98,
154, 191; expansions and, 115,
127-28,160,170;
reproductive
control among, 177; social struc-
tureof,182
Huntington's chorea,
191-92
Hunza
people, 149
hybrid vigor,
47
hypergamy, 128
Iceland, 31, 74; linguistic inertia in,
202
immortalization. 68
immunoglobulins,
17,25,64
imprinting. 174, 192
inbreeding, 13,
30,
47
Inca
Empire,
5
incest taboo,
192-93
India, 114, 125,156; agriculture in,
99, 121;
Aryan invasion of, 152;
cultural changes in, 183;
DNA
research
in, 69; languages of. 128,
133,
140, 141, 143, 157, 160, 161,
163; marriage customs
in,
192;
sickle cell anemia in,
48
Indo-European
languages, 114, 125,
134, 157-65, 194; Aryans and, 128,
152;
Kurgan origin of, 118-19,
159-61;
in
Nostratic superfamily,
140;
sound
correspondence theory
and, 138-39; west-to-east migra-
tion of, 172
Indo-Iranian
languages, 163
Indonesia,
140
Indo-Pacinc languages, 141, 148,
155,171
Indus
Valley civilization, 125
infectious diseases, 43, 48,
50, 106,
126, 179,
181-82
IQ,188-90
Iran, 114, 125, 128, 156; agriculture
in, 99, 121; Aryan invasion of, 152;
languages of, 156, 157, 159, 161
Isaac, Glynn,
60
isogloss,
196
isolates,
141-42,
158
isolation-by-distance theory,
198-98
Israel, 131;
DNA
research in, 69;
marriage practices in, 193
Italian language, 133, 142, 195,
204,
205
Italic languages, 162, 163
Italy: barbarian invasions of, 151;
under
Fascists, 163;
Greek
colo-
.nization of, 119,
120; in Holy
Roman
Empire,
5;
Huns
in, 76,
172; marriage in, 54; Neolithic, 99;
syphilis in, 43,
106; thalassemia in,
47-48
Japan, 132, 156; ceramics in,
97-98,
100, 125-26; languages of, 140,
171
221
Japanese, 124;
in
California, 70,
IQ
scores of, 190;
mtDNA
of, 80
Jayakar, SUl'esh, 193
Jensen, Arthur,
189
Jews, 12; endogamy among, 74
Jones, William, 166
Kamin,
Leon,
189
Karelian language, 114
Kenya,lSB
Ket
language, 158
Khoi-Khoi people,
137
Khoisan languages, 124, 137, 141,
153, 155,
Hi.'5,
168
kibbutzim,
193
Kidd, Judy,
69
Kidd, Ken,
69
Kimura, Motoo, 23,
43,
201
Klein, Richard, 58, 131
Kordofan languages, 168
Koreans. 124, 156
Kroeber, Karl, 134
Kruskal, Joseph
B., 162, 163
Kurgan culture, 118, 125, 129,
159-63
kuru, 179
lactose, ability
to
digest, 45-46
Langaney, Andre,
70
language(s), 133-72; classification of,
28, 134,
136-41; critical
period
for
learning, 192;
and
cultural trans-
mission,
150, 168, 174, 194-205;
Darwin
on,
166-67;
development
of,
59-60,
93; distribution of,
113-25; emotional
colOring of,
178-79;
endogamy
and,
113; fami-
lies of, comparison
with
genetic
tree,
143-49; hypothetical
model
of
evolutionary history of, 168-72;
and interpretation
of
human
expanSions, 155-58;
number
of,
30; similarity
between
evolution
of
genes
and,
149-55
Laos, 140
Lapps,
see
Saami
Latin, 114, 152, 163,
166,203,204;
modern
languages derived from,
133, 137, 138,
142,
195,202
"law
of
large
numbers,"
20-21
Le
Bras, Herve, 184-85
Leibniz, Gottfried, 175
Leopardi, Giacomo,
3-5
Le
Play,
Fredericq,
184
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 7
lexical diffusion,
203-5
LiJin,156
"linear" analysis, 112
linguistic evolution. see languages
linkage analysis,
76
Linnaeus, Carolus, 28
Lombards, 151 .
Louis
XIV,
king
of
France,
103
Macedonia,99,
100, 119
Madagascar,
140, 152
Magna Graecia, 119
Magyars, 114, 151
Mahabharata, 157
Mail', Victor, 101
malaria,
48-49,
51, 126
Malaya-Polynesians: languages of,
140, 152; migrations of, 126
MalaYSia,
140
MaIecot,
Gustave,
23
Mali, 123, 169
ManchUrians, 124
Mandenka
people.
70
marriage, 74, 150, 153, 202; forms of,
183; hypergamic, 128;
migration
and, 53, 54, 82;
of
siblings, 192
222
mass migrations,
54
mathematics.
4-5.
175
mattices. spectral analysis of. 112
maximum likelihood. 41.
66-07
maximum parsimony
..
67
Mbuti
Pygmies. 70.
88
medical genetics, see diseases,
genetic
Mehdi. Qasim. 149
Melanesians. 72.
140. 143. 148.
152--53
Mendelian inheritance. 177. 198
Mennonites. 70
Menozzi. Paolo. 23. 87. 109.
167
Mesolithic
peliod.
112. 129. 160
Mexico. 126; agriculture
in.
97.
98
Miao-Yao languages. 140
Micronesians. 152
microsatellites.
82-85.
131
Middle
Age~.
5. 96.
100
migration. 8.
36-37.
42. 52. 53. 76.
82. 198; climatic
influences on. 65;
demic
diffusion and.
101-4.
107.
112;
of
early humans. 58--61;
genetic admixture and.
74-76.
206;
genetic
homogeneity and. 23--24;
language and. 36.
155-56.
172.
196--97.202-3; levels of.
49-50.
53--6; obstacles to.
26;
population
expansions and.
92-93.
95-96.
124--25.
127-29
military power. 127. 128
Mincll. Eric. 89
Ming dynasty.
6
minimum evolution trees,
67-77
Mitanni people.
162
mitocl1ondrlal
DNA
(mtDNA).
34-35. 100. 113. 115. 127. 181;
of
African "Eve,"
77-80
MN
blood
group system. 16
molecular clock, 78.
83. 138
Mon-Khmer
languages. 140
monarchies. hereditary. 177
Mongols. 6.
11.24.
101. 125. 146.
147. 158. 172
Morocco. 132
Moroni. Antonio,
23
morphology. skeletal.
34
Morton.
N~n.
23
Mountain. Joanna. 167
Mourant. Arthur. 16
Moustelian tools. 131
Mozambique. 117
multidimensional scaling.
87-90.
162
multidiSciplinary approacll.
32
Munda
languages. 140
Murdock. G. P
.•
185
mutation.
17.42.67.70.
126. 149--50.
198. 206; cultural. 176. 182; lin-
guistic. 196-97.
199-201;
in
microsatellites.
82-85.
131;
in
mtDNA.
77-79; rates of. 50;
nat-
ural
selection and. 45. 46;
of
RH
gene,
19; transmission of. 68; in Y
chromosomes.
81-82.
158
Na-Dene
languages. 134. 136.
141-43.158.171
Namibia. 166
Napoleon
I.
6
Nasidze.
1.
S
.•
117
National Institutes
of
Health.
69
national pride. 6
National Science
Foundation.
69
Native Americans. 23. 72. 153;
blood
223
group(s) of. 15. 19. 42. 43. 104;
genetic
admixture
of
Blacks and.
74-75;
genetic distance
between
Asians and.
37-38.
63;
HLA
genes
in.
50-51;
languages
of. 134.
136-37.143.147.172;
maniage
practices of.
82
natural selection,
12,20,42-46,49,
, 63-64, lOS, 106, 176: branch
length and, 73:
by
climate, 66: cul-
ture
and, 178, 179:
and
redUCtion
in pre-reproductive mortafity,
205-6
Navajo language, 134:
see
aJ..o
Na-
Dene
languages
navigation,
60-61, 93: Neolithic,
99
Nazis, 128
Neandertals, 35-36,
58-59,
62, 78,
131,174
Negritos, 171
Nei, Masatoshi. 22, 148
neighbor joining, 67, 148
Neolithic period, 93, 96, lOS,
106,
121, 149: expansions during. 95,
97,99-100,
103, 107, 111-12,
122-24.15~,166.170,171,177
Nepal. 141
Netherlands: overseas empire of,
6:
see
also
Dutch
New GUineans, 40, 65. 72, 126, 134,
170, 179: languages of. 141, 147,
148. 152-53. 155, 171
New York
TImes, The, 111
Newton, Isaac, 175
Niger-Congo languages, 168
Niger-Kordofanian languages, 124,
137,143, 168
Nigeria, 123, 166, 169
Nilo-Saharan languages, 137, 141,
165, 168,
170
Nilotic languages, 123, 124
nomads, 125. 194: forager,
.ee
hunter-gatherers: pastoral, 53,
121-23,128,161
Normans, 152
North Caucasian languages, 141,
142
Norwegians, 202
Nostratic languages,
140-42, 147,
158
Nubans,l22
nuclear family, 184-S5
oblique cultural transmission, 181
Oefner, Peter, 81, 132, 156
·Oet2i,"
34-36
orangutans, 57, 80, 81
organ transplants,
20
outcrossing,47
overpopulation, 55
Oxford
University, 113
Paabo, Svante, 34
Paldstan, 125, 149: agriculture in, 99:
Aryan invasion of, 152:
DNA
research in, 69: languages of, 157,
158, 160, 161
paleoanthropology, 33
paleogenetics, 34
Paleolithic period,
92-93,106-7,
111, 112,207: Basque region dur-
ing, 121: China during"124: cul-
tures of, 60: expansions dUring,
95-97: languages of, 142, 143:
reproductive control during,
177-78
Papacy, ,5-6,
182-S3
Parma, University
of, 36
Passarino, Giuseppe, 113
pastoral nomads, 53, 121-23, 128,
161
patriOl"chy,
184
Pauling, Linus, 78
Pavia, University of, 113
Persia, ancient, 192
Petrarch,3
Peulh people, 121
224
Philippines, 124, 140
Phoenicians, 5, 55, 126
phonological variation, 138, 195,
197
Piazza, A1herto, 23, 87, 109, 161,
167
place names, se. toponymy
Pi4smDdium
falciptlrum, 49
Plato, 181
politics,
cultu~a1
lransmissiqn and,
177, 186-88, 190, 192
polygamy, 183
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 18,
68
polymol"pllisms,
13-18,21,
40, 62, 72,
76,81;
in single nucleotides,
84-85
Polynesians, 90, 152-53;
on
evolu-
tionary trees, 73; languages of,
195; s
••
also
Malaya-Polynesians
populations: diffusion
of
innovations
through, 186; expansions of,
•••
expansions;
gene
frequencies in,
67; genetic continuum of, 40;
genetic distances hetweeo,
21-22,
37;
genetic
variatiOns between.
15-18,49-52;
geogmphic dis-
tances between,
23-25; isolated,
150; living,
and
reconstruction
of
history
of
evolution, 33; neighbor-
ing, genetic exchange with,
12; size
of,
chift and,
42-44,
116,
129,206
Portugal. overseas empire of, 6
Portuguese language, 117, 133, 204
pottery,
97-98,
125-26;
"linear:
100,
112; Saha.-an, 98, 122
primogeniture, 183
principal component (PC) analysiS,
86-87,107-12,129,130,
162;
of
language distribution,
113-21,
156-57, 169, 172
pronunciation,
198,201
proteins, polymorphic,
•••
polymor-
phisms
pseudogenes,
64
Pygmies, 11, 53, 70, 88, 127-28, 194;
classification
of
species
by,
28; cul-
tural transmission among,
190--91;
generation
of
cell lines of, 69;
genetic heterogeneity among, 29;
languages of, 170; mobility of, 82;
reproductive control among.
177-78
Qin dynasty, 124, 147
Qing dynasty, 6
Quebec, settlement of, 103
racers), classification of,
27-31,
40;
concept
of
purity of,
46-47,
49;
definitions of,
25-27
racism, 206; attitudes about,S, 8;
genetic
versus cultural differences
and,
8-9;
German, 76; sources of,
7-8;
visible and
hidden
variation
and,
9-13
radiocarbon dating, 85, 99, 100, 109,
130
random genetic chift,
.e.
chift
refogUz,
152, 158
regional accents, 195
religiOUS
beliefs: in America,
20(}"'201; transmission of, 188,
190,192
Rendine, Sabina,
III
Renfrew, Colin, 103, 118,
159-62
reproductive control,
177-78
restriction analysis,
18,68-70,72
reward centers, in brain, 179
RH
blood
group system, 16;
•••
also
blood groups
RH
gene, 16,
19-21,67;
geographic
distribution of,
104-6
225
Roman
Empire,
5, 96, 100, 114, 120,
125, 203; British Isles in, 151, 152
Romance languages, 133, 137, 138,
151,202
Romania, 119
Romanian language, 133
Ruhlen, Merritt, 134,
139-40, 142,
168
Russia: languages of, 145; overseas
empireof,6
Saami, 146, 154; language of,
114-17, 145;
RH
negative gene
among,
21-22
Sahara,98,
121-23
Saitou,
Naruya,l48
San ;people, 137
Sandawe
people,
153-54
Sanskrit, 128, 133,
166,204
Sapir, Edward, 134,
141,201
Sardinia, 74, 203
Sassetti, Filippo, 166
Scandinavia, 145; languages of, 163
Schleicher, August, 163, 166, 194,
196,198
Schmidt; Johannes, 196-98
Scythians, 125
Seielstad, Mark, 81
selection: biolOgical,
see
natural
selection; linguistic. 174. 198,
201-2
self-alienation, 8
semantic
variation~
195
Semino, Omelia, 113
Semitic languages, 137,
140
Senegal, 15, 123
Sephardi Jews, 12
sex differences, 127
sexual selection, 11
sexual taboos, 178
Sforza, Francesco, 200
Shevoroshkin, Vitaly,140
Siberia, 10, 11, 132; land bridge con-
necting
Alaska
and, 38; languages
of, 145, 151, 158, 171
sickle cell anemia, 47, 48, 126
Silk Road, 100
Sino-TIbetan languages, 141, 142,
146-47,158
skeletal morphology,
34
skin color, 75. 145; environmental
iniluences on,
10-11,65
slang. 202
Slavic languages,
133,151
social groups,
30-32
social pressure, 184, 185, 191
Sokal, Rnbert, 26. 110
South
Caucasian languages, 140
Southeast Asians, 147. 148. 156; lan-
guages of, 140. 141. 157. 171
southern
Africa:
Dutch
in. 103. 124.
166; languages of. 165
Spain: Basques
in,
see Basques;
Canary Islands
conquered
by, 122;
in Holy
Roman
Empire, 5; over-
seas
empire
of, 6; Paleolithic. 112;
syphilis in, 43,
105-6
Spanish language, 59, 114, 133, 183
species, definition of,
36
spectral analysiS
of
matrices. 112
Stanford University, 113. 132, 134,
180.193-94
Starostin, Sergei, 141, 158
statistical error, 38,
40
stuttering, 82-S5
Sudan, 122
Sumerian language, 142, 158
survival
of
the
fittest, 43,
46
"survival
of
the
luckiest" (Kimura),
43
Sutter, Jean, 23
226