Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture
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The Cambridge Companion to
Modern Japanese Culture
This Companion provides a comprehensive overview of the influences
that have shaped modern-day Japan. Covering topics such as technology,
food, nationalism and the rise of anime and manga in the visual arts, this
book traces the cultural transformation that took place over the course of
the 20th century, and paints a picture of a nation rich in cultural diversity.
With contributions from some of the most prominent scholars in the field,
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture is an
authoritative introduction to this subject.
Yoshio Sugimoto is Professor Emeritus in the School of Social Sciences,
La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture
Edited by Yoshio Sugimoto
The Cambridge Companion to
Modern Japanese Culture
Edited by
Yoshio Sugimoto
cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S
˜
ao Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
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c
Cambridge University Press 2009
First published 2009
Cover design by Mary Mason
Typeset by Aptara Corp.
Maps by Tony Fankhauser
Printed in China by Printplus
National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data
The Cambridge companion to modern Japanese culture / Yoshio Sugimoto.
9780521880473 (hbk.)
9780521706636 (pbk.)
Includes index.
Bibliography.
Japan—Civilization—1945–
Japan—Social conditions—1945–
Sugimoto, Yoshio, 1939–
Cambridge University
952.04
isbn 978-0-521-70663-6 paperback
isbn 978-0-521-88047-3 hardback
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Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables viii
List of contributors ix
Acknowledgements xii
Chronology of major events xiii
Map of Japan xvi
‘Japanese culture’: An overview 1
yoshio sugimoto
1 Concepts of Japan, Japanese culture and the Japanese 21
harumi befu
2 Japan’s emic conceptions 38
takami kuwayama
3 Language 56
hugh clarke
4 Family culture 76
anne e imamura
5 School culture 92
kaori h okano
6 Work culture 113
ros s mou er
7 Technological culture 130
morris low
8 Religious culture 147
stephen covell
vi Contents
9 Political culture 166
takashi inoguchi
10 Buraku culture 182
hideo aoki
11 Literary culture 199
toshiko ellis
12 Popular leisure 216
sepp linhart
13 Manga, anime and visual art culture 236
craig norris
14 Music culture 261
j u n ko k i tag awa
15 Housing culture 281
ann waswo
16 Food culture 300
naomichi ishige
17 Sports culture 317
miho koishihara
18 Globalisation and cultural nationalism 336
takashi inoguchi
19 Exporting Japan’s culture: From management style to manga 352
ross mouer and craig norris
Consolidated list of references
369
Index 401
Figures
0.1 Four-fold typology of competing cultural orientations to the state and
the market 17
3.1 The major dialect divisions of Japanese and Ryukyuan 64
10.1 Burakumin and ethnic minorities in Japan 185
10.2 Formation of burakumin identity 191
10.3 Transformation of buraku 194
13.1 OL Shinkaron’s simple four-panel layout and gag structure is typical of
the yonkoma manga form 245
13.2 Siddhartha’s disarming of Bandaka in Tezuka’s Buddha shows the greater
layout complexity of the story manga form 247
13.3 Cuteness and melodrama combine in Tezuka’s Jungeru Taitei 248
13.4 Shirato’s Ninja Bugeich
¯
o conveys the darker adult themes of gekiga
manga 249
13.5 Toriyama’s Dragon Ball is an excellent example of sh
¯
onen manga’s ability
to do action and adventure perfectly 250
13.6 The story of a young girl coping with the divorce of her Japanese and
French parents forms the emotional nexus typical of sh
¯
ojo manga in
Tachikake’s Hana Buranko Yurete 251
15.1 An international comparison of housing space, in square metres 286
16.1 Compatibility between main and side dishes 312
17.1
Exercises/sports practice by sex and school stage 324
Tables
0.1 Two competing models of Japanese culture 3
0.2 Four types of culture by the agents of production and appreciation 10
3.1 Structure of the Japanese sentence 67
10.1 Regional distribution of buraku communities and population 192
10.2 Types of buraku communities by three factors 193
12.1 Daily action rates by kind of activity, average time spent, 2001 224
12.2 Participation rate in leisure activities by type, 1995–2004 225
12.3 Participation rate in domestic and foreign sightseeing travel by sex and
age (%) 229
13.1 Typology of six key manga forms 239
14.1 Concepts of h
¯
ogaku, y
¯
ogaku and ‘Japanese music’ in Japan 263
14.2 Musical genre and social stratum 273
15.1 An international comparison of housing by form of tenure 290
17.1 Changes in sports practice by age 322
19.1 Some indicators of change, 1986–2000 357
Contributors
hideo aoki, Institute on Social Theory and Dynamics, Hiroshima, is a
sociologist who specialises in studies of urban middle classes and
homelessness in Japan and the Philippines. He has published Japan’s
Underclass: Day Laborers and the Homeless (Trans Pacific Press
2006) and ‘Homelessness in Osaka: Globalization, yoseba and
disemployment,’ Urban Studies, 40(2), 2003, pp. 361–78.
harumi befu, Stanford University, is currently working in the areas of
globalisation, diaspora, kinship and community. His publications
include Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of
Nihonjinron (Trans Pacific Press 2001)andIdeorog
¯
ı to Shite no
Nihon Bunkaron (Cultural Theories of Japan as Ideology), third
edition (Shis
¯
o no Kagakusha 1997).
hugh clarke, University of Sydney and Waseda University,
researches Japanese language and literature as well as Okinawan
studies. He co-authored Colloquial Japanese (Routledge 2003)and
published ‘The great dialect debate’ in Elise Tipton (ed.), Society and
State in Interwar Japan (Routledge 1997), pp. 193–217.
stephen covell, Western Michigan University, is a specialist in
modern and contemporary Japanese Buddhism. He has published
Japanese Temple Buddhism: Worldliness in a Religion of
Renunciation (University of Hawai’i Press 2005) and co-edited a
special issue on ‘Traditional Buddhism in contemporary Japan’ for
the Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 21(2), 2004.
toshiko ellis, University of Tokyo, specialises in modern Japanese
literature in the context of modernism and modernity. Her
publications include Hagiwara Sakutar
¯
o: Shiteki Im
¯
eji no K
¯
osei
(The Poetic Imagery of Hagiwara Sakutar
¯
o)(Ch
¯
usekisha, 1986)and
‘The topography of Dalian and the cartography of Fantastic Asia in