Bryan L. Programmable controllers. Theory and implementation
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989
APPENDIX
B
ASCII
Reference
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CTRL
ASCII KEYBD
OCT DEC PARITY HEX CHAR EQUIV ALTERNATE CODE NAMES
000 1 EVEN 00 NUL @ NULL, CTRL SHIFT P, TAPE LEADER
001 2 ODD 01 SOH A START OF HEADER, SOM
002 3 ODD 02 STX B START OF TEXT, EOA
003 4 EVEN 03 ETX C END OF TEXT, EOM
004 5 ODD 04 EOT D END OF TRANSMISSION, END
005 6 EVEN 05 ENQ E ENQUIRY, WRU, WHO ARE YOU
006 7 EVEN 06 ACK F ACKNOWLEDGE, RU, ARE YOU
007 8 ODD 07 BEL G BELL
010 9 ODD 08 BS H BACKSPACE, FE0
011 10 EVEN 09 HT I HORIZONTAL TAB, TAB
012 11 EVEN 0A LF J LINE FEED, NEW LINE, NL
013 12 ODD 0B VT K VERTICAL TAB, VTAB
014 13 EVEN 0C FF L FORM FEED, FORM, PAGE
015 14 ODD 0D CR M CARRIAGE RETURN, EOL
016 15 ODD 0E SO N SHIFT OUT, RED SHIFT
017 16 EVEN 0F SI O SHIFT IN, BLACK SHIFT
020 17 ODD 10 DLE P DATA LINK ESCAPE, DC0
021 18 EVEN 11 DC1 Q XON, READER ON
022 19 EVEN 12 DC2 R TAPE, PUNCH ON
023 20 ODD 13 DC3 S XOFF, READER OFF
024 21 EVEN 14 DC4 T TAPE, PUNCH OFF
025 22 ODD 15 NAK U NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE, ERR
026 23 ODD 16 SYN V SYNCHRONOUS IDLE, SYNC
027 24 EVEN 17 ETB W END OF TEXT BUFFER, LEM
030 25 EVEN 18 CAN X CANCEL, CNCL
031 26 ODD 19 EM Y END OF MEDIUM
032 27 ODD 1A SUB Z SUBSTITUTE
033 28 EVEN 1B ESC [ ESCAPE, PREFIX
034 29 ODD 1C FS \ FILE SEPARATOR
035 30 EVEN 1D GS ] GROUP SEPARATOR
036 31 EVEN 1E RS RECORD SEPARATOR
037 32 ODD 1F US _ UNIT SEPARATOR
040 33 ODD 20 SP SPACE, BLANK
041 34 EVEN 21 !
042 35 EVEN 22 ”
043 36 ODD 23 #
044 37 EVEN 24 $
045 38 ODD 25 %
046 39 ODD 26 &
047 40 EVEN 27 ’ APOSTROPHE
050 41 EVEN 28 (
051 42 ODD 29 )
052 43 ODD 2A * ASTERISK
053 44 EVEN 2B +
054 45 ODD 2C , COMMA
055 46 EVEN 2D - MINUS
056 47 EVEN 2E . PERIOD
057 48 ODD 2F /
060 49 EVEN 30 0 NUMBER ZERO
061 50 ODD 31 1 NUMBER ONE
062 51 ODD 32 2
063 52 EVEN 33 3
064 53 ODD 34 4
065 54 EVEN 35 5
066 55 EVEN 36 6
067 56 ODD 37 7
070 57 ODD 38 8
071 58 EVEN 39 9
072 59 EVEN 3A : COLON
073 60 ODD 3B ; SEMICOLON
To transmit control codes, depress CTRL then the desired keyboard equivalent character.
APPENDIX B: ASCII REFERENCE
990
APPENDIX
B
ASCII
Reference
Industrial Text & Video Company 1-800-752-8398
www.industrialtext.com
CTRL
ASCII KEYBD
OCT DEC PARITY HEX CHAR EQUIV ALTERNATE CODE NAMES
074 61 EVEN 3C < LESS THAN
075 62 ODD 3D =
076 63 ODD 3E > GREATER THAN
077 64 EVEN 3F ?
100 65 ODD 40 @ SHIFT P
101 66 EVEN 41 A
102 67 EVEN 42 B
103 68 ODD 43 C
104 69 EVEN 44 D
105 70 ODD 45 E
106 71 ODD 46 F
107 72 EVEN 47 G
110 73 EVEN 48 H
111 74 ODD 49 I LETTER I
112 75 ODD 4A J
113 76 EVEN 4B K
114 77 ODD 4C L
115 78 EVEN 4D M
116 79 EVEN 4E N
117 80 ODD 4F O LETTER O
120 81 EVEN 50 P
121 82 ODD 51 Q
122 83 ODD 52 R
123 84 EVEN 53 S
124 85 ODD 54 T
125 86 EVEN 55 U
126 87 EVEN 56 V
127 88 ODD 57 W
130 89 ODD 58 X
131 90 EVEN 59 Y
132 91 EVEN 5A Z
133 92 ODD 5B [ SHIFT K
134 93 EVEN 5C \ SHIFT L
135 94 ODD 5D ] SHIFT M
136 95 ODD 5E ^ SHIFT N
137 96 EVEN 5F _ SHIFT O, UNDERSCORE
140 97 EVEN 60 ACCENT GRAVE
141 98 ODD 61 a
142 99 ODD 62 b
143 100 EVEN 63 c
144 101 ODD 64 d
145 102 EVEN 65 e
146 103 EVEN 66 f
147 104 ODD 67 g
150 105 ODD 68 h
151 106 EVEN 69 i
152 107 EVEN 6A j
153 108 ODD 6B k
154 109 EVEN 6C l
155 110 ODD 6D m
156 111 ODD 6E n
157 112 EVEN 6F o
160 113 ODD 70 p
161 114 EVEN 71 q
162 115 EVEN 72 r
163 116 ODD 73 s
164 117 EVEN 74 t
165 118 ODD 75 u
166 119 ODD 76 v
167 120 EVEN 77 w
170 121 EVEN 78 x
171 122 ODD 79 y
172 123 ODD 7A z
173 124 EVEN 7B [
174 125 ODD 7C ! VERTICAL SLASH
175 126 EVEN 7D ] ALT MODE
176 127 EVEN 7E ~ ALT MODE )
177 128 ODD 7F DEL DELETE, RUBOUT
991
APPENDIX
C
Electrical Relay
Diagram Symbols
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APPENDIX C: ELECTRICAL RELAY DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
SWITCHES
Disconnect
Circuit
Interrupter
Limit
Neutral Position
Circuit
Breaker
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Held
Closed
Held
Open
Actuated
Maintained
Position
Closed Open
Proximity Switch
Limit (cont.)
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Liquid Level Vacuum & Pressure
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Temperature
Flow (Air, Water)
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Foot Toggle Cable
Operated
(Emerg.)
Switch
Plugging Nonplug
Plugging
w/Lockout
Coil
2-Position
Selector
3-Position
Nonbridging
Contacts
Rotary Selector
Bridging
Contacts
OR OR
Total Contacts To Suit Needs
Thermocouple
Switch
Push Buttons
Single
Circuit
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Double Circuit
Mushroom
Head
Connections, Etc.
Maintained
Contact
Conductors
Not
Connected
Connected
DISC C1
CB
LS LS
LS LS
LS
NP
NP
LS
LS
PRS PRS
FS FS PS PS TS TS
FLS FLS FTS FTS
TGS
COS
PLS
F
PLS
R
FF
PLS
R
F
PLS
1
LO
SS
12
SS
12 3
RSS RSS
RSSRSS
TCS
–+
OFF
1
2
–
–
+
+
PB
PB
PB
PBPB
PB
PB
992
APPENDIX
C
Electrical Relay
Diagram Symbols
Industrial Text & Video Company 1-800-752-8398
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Connections, Etc. (cont.)
Ground
Chassis
Or Frame
Not Necessarily
Grounded
Plug
and
Recp.
Contacts
Time Delay After Coil
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Relay, Etc.
Normally
Open
Normally
Closed
Thermal
Over-
Load
GRD CH
RECP
PL TR TR TR TR CR M
CON
CR M
CON
OL
IDL
Coils
Relays,
Timers,
Etc.
Solenoids, Brakes, Etc.
General
2-Position
Hydraulic
3-Position
Pneumatic
CR
M
TR
CON
SOL SOL
2-Position
Lubrication
Thermal
Overload
Element
Control
Circuit
Transformer
2-H
SOL
3-P 2-L
SOL OL
IOL
H1 H3 H2 H4
X1 X2
Coils (cont.)
Reactors (cont.)
Adjustable
Iron Core
Air Core
Magnetic Amplifier
Winding
Motors
3-Phase
Motor
DC Motor
Armature
X
X
MAX MTR MTR
A
Pilot Lights Horns, Siren, Etc. Buzzer Bell
PL PL
Push to Test
AH ABU ABE
T
993
APPENDIX
D
P&ID
Symbols
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APPENDIX D: P&ID SYMBOLS
INSTRUMENT LINE SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS FOR TRANSDUCERS AND ELEMENTS
Orifice plate
Control valve
Rotameter
Magnetic
Venturi or nozzle
FE
10
FE
104
EE
4
FI
5
Capillary tube
Electric signal
EM, sonic, radioactive
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Process
FV
101
994
APPENDIX
D
P&ID
Symbols
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INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION LETTERING
First Letter Second Letter
A Analysis Alarm
B Burner, combustion User’s choice*
C User’s choice Control
D User’s choice
E Voltage Sensory (primary element)
F Flow rate
G User's choice Glass (sight tube)
H Hand (manually initiated)
I Current (electric) Indicate
J Power
K Time or time schedule Control station
L Level Light (pilot)
M User’s choice
N User’s choice User’s choice
O User’s choice Orifice, restriction
P Pressure, vacuum Point (test connection)
Q Quantity
R Radiation Record or print
S Speed or frequency Switch
T Temperature Transmit
U Multivariable Multifunction
V Vibration, mechanical analysis Valve, damper, louver
W Weight, force Well
X Unclassified** Unclassified
Y Event, state, or presence Relay, compute
Z Position, dimension Driver, actuator, unclassified
* User’s choice may be used to denote a particular meaning, having one
meaning as a first letter and another meaning as a second letter. The user
must describe the particular meaning(s) in the legend. This letter can be used
repetitively in a particular project.
** Unclassified letters may be used only once or to a limited extent. If used, the
letter may have one meaning as a first letter and another meaning as a second
letter. The user must specify the meaning(s) in the legend.
Reference: ANSI/ISA-S5.1-1984,
Instrumentation Symbols and Identification
, ISBN 0-87664-844-8
995
APPENDIX
E
Equation of a Line
and Number Tables
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APPENDIX E: EQUATION OF A LINE AND NUMBER
TABLES
EQUATION OF A LINE
The value of
m
can be calculated as:
m
=
Y
0
X
0
=
Y
2
−
Y
1
X
2
−
X
1
If the value of
b
is not given but the values for points P
1
and P
2
are known, then
Y
can
be obtained by:
Y
−
Y
1
=
Y
2
−
Y
1
X
2
−
X
1
(
X
−
X
1
)
where:
X
1
=
X
value at point P
1
Y
1
=
Y
value at point P
1
X
2
=
X
value at point P
2
Y
2
=
Y
value at point P
2
For example:
Y
− 2 =
1 − 2
−1 − 3
(
X
− 3)
Y
− 2 =
−1
−4
(
X
− 3)
Y
=
1
4
X
−
3
4
+ 2
Y
=
1
4
X
+1
1
4
The equation that describes the line that passes through two given points P
1
(
X
1
,
Y
1
)
and P
2
(
X
2
,
Y
2
) can be calculated by:
Y
=
mX
+
b
where:
m
= the slope of the line
b
= the value of
Y
when
X
= 0
X
0
P
1
(
X
1
,
Y
1
)
P
2
(
X
2
,
Y
2
)
Y
0
P
1
(
X
1
=3,
Y
1
=2)
P
2
(
X
2
=-1,
Y
2
=1)
996
APPENDIX
E
Equation of a Line
and Number Tables
Industrial Text & Video Company 1-800-752-8398
www.industrialtext.com
NUMBER TABLES
Powers of Two
2
n
n
10
21
42
83
16 4
32 5
64 6
128 7
256 8
512 9
1,024 10
2,048 11
4,096 12
8,192 13
16,384 14
32,768 15
Powers of Eight
8
n
n
10
81
64 2
512 3
4,096 4
32,768 5
262,144 6
2,097,152 7
16,777,216 8
134,217,728 9
1,073,741,824 10
8,589,934,592 11
68,719,476,736 12
549,755,813,888 13
4,398,046,511,104 14
35,184,372,088,832 15
Powers of Sixteen
16
n
n
10
16 1
256 2
4,096 3
65,536 4
1,048,576 5
16,777,216 6
268,435,456 7
4,294,967,296 8
68,719,476,736 9
1,099,511,627,776 10
17,592,186,044,416 11
281,474,976,710,656 12
4,503,599,627,370,496 13
72,057,594,037,927,936 14
1,152,921,504,606,846,976 15
997
APPENDIX
F
Abbreviations
and Acronyms
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APPENDIX F: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
A ampere
AC alternating current
A/D analog-to-digital converter
AI artificial intelligence
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Exchange
ASI actuator sensor interface
AWG American Wire Gauge
BCC block check character
BCD binary coded decimal
°C degrees Celsius
CAN control area network
CIM computer-integrated manufacturing
CNC computer numerical control
CPU central processing unit
CRC cyclic redundancy check
CRT cathode ray tube
CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
CX-ORC cyclic exclusive-OR checksum
D/A digital-to-analog converter
DC direct current
DCE data communication equipment
DIN Deutsch Industrie Norm (German equivalent of the EIA)
DR derivative register
DTE data terminal equipment
EAROM electrically alterable read-only memory
EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
EIA Electronic Industries Association
emf electromotive force
EMI electromagnetic interference
EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory
°F degrees Fahrenheit
FIFO first-in first-out
FMS flexible manufacturing system
GUI graphic user interface
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
I/O input/output
IR integral register
ISA Instrument Society of America
ISO International Standards Organization
ISP Interoperable Systems Project Foundation
IVR input variable register
JIC Joint Industrial Council
K 1024 bytes
°K degrees Kelvin
LAN local area network
998
APPENDIX
F
Abbreviations
and Acronyms
Industrial Text & Video Company 1-800-752-8398
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LCD liquid crystal display
LED light-emitting diode
LIFO last-in first-out
LRC longitudinal redundancy check
LSB least significant bit/byte
LVDT linear variable differential transformer
mA milliampere
MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol
MCR master control relay
MOV metal oxide varistor
MSB most significant bit/byte
MTBF mean time between failures
mF microfarads
msec microsecond
msec millisecond
mV millivolts
NEC National Electric Code
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NOVRAM nonvolatile random-access memory
OEM original equipment manufacturer
OSI Open Systems Interconnection reference model
OVR output variable register
PC personal computer
pF picofarad
PID proportional-integral-derivative
PLC programmable logic controller
PR proportional register
PROM programmable read-only memory
RAM random-access memory
RC resistor-capactor network
RFI radio frequency interference
ROM read-only memory
RTD resistance temperature detector
R/W read/write
SCR safety control relay
SDS smart distributed system
SPR set point register
TTL transistor-transistor logic
TTY teletype
TWS thumbwheel switch
V volts
VA volt-ampere
VAC volts AC
VDC volts DC
VP virtual position
VRC vertical redundancy check
VS variable speed
XOR exclusive OR