Brewster H.D. Fluid Mechanics
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HILARY.
D.
BREWSTER
Fluid
Mechanics
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
FLUID MECHANICS
Hilary
D.
Brewster
Oxford Book Company
Jaipur,
India
ISBN:
978-81-89473-98-3
First Edition
2009
Oxford Book Company
267, 10-B-Scheme, Opp. Narayan Niwas,
Gopalpura By
Pass Road. Jaipur-302018
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Responsibility for the facts stated. opinions expressed. conclusions reached and plagiarism, ifany,
in
this volume
is
entirely that
of
the Author. according to whom the matter encompassed
in
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be
incidental. The Publisher bears no responsibility for them, whatsoever
Preface
Fluid Mechanics,
understanding
and
applying
the
principles
of
how
motions
and
forces act
upon
fluids
such
as gases
and
liquids, is introduced
and
comprehensively covered
in
this widely
adopted
text. This book 'Fluid
Mechanics'
continues
the
tradition of precision, accuracy, accessibility
and
strong
conceptual
presentation.
The
author
balances
three
separate
approaches integral, differential
and
experimental to provide a foundation
for fluid mechanics concepts
and
applications. The application of theory
in
fluid
mechanics
and
enables
students
new
to
the
science
to
grasp
fundamental
concepts
in
the
subject.
Despite
dramatic
advances
in
numerical
and
experimental methods of fluid mechanics, the fundamentals
are
still
the
starting
point
for
solving
flow
problems.
This
textbook
introduces
the
major branches of fluid mechanics of incompressible
and
compressible
media,
the
basic
laws
governing
their
flow,
and
gas
dynamics. Fluid Mechanics demonstrates
how
flows
can
be classified
and
how
specific
engineering
problems
can
be
identified,
formulated
and
solved,
using
the
methods
of applied mathematics.
The
concepts
of fluid mechanics, covering
both
the
physical
and
mathematical
aspects
of
the
subject. The
text
aims
to
bridge
the
gap
between
civil
and
mechanical engineering courses,
and
hence covers a
wide
variety of topics. This
book
remains one of the most comprehensive
and
useful texts
on
fluid mechanics available today,
with
applications
going from engineering to geophysics,
and
beyond to biology
and
general
science. This
book
features the applications of essential concepts as well
as
the
coverage of topics
in
the this field.
Hilary D. Brewster
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
Contents
Preface
v
l.
Fluid Mechanics
1
2.
Physical Basics of Fluid
35
3.
Basics of Fluid Kinematics
67
4.
Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics
95
5.
Ga.s
Dynamics
133
6.
Hydrostatics
and
Aerostatics
155
7.
Integral Forms of the Basic Equations
194
8.
Stream Tube Theory
221
9.
Potential Flows
246
10.
Wave Motions in Fluids Free from Viscosity
278
Index
300
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,>II"
~i.
Chapter
1
Fluid
Mechanics
What is fluid mechanics? As its name suggests it is the branch
of
applied
mechan.ics concerned with the statics and dynamics
of
fluids (both liquids and
gases). The analysis
of
the behaviour
of
fluids is based on the fundamental
laws
of
mechanics which relate continuity
of
mass and energy with force and
momentum together with the familiar solid mechanics properties. Even among
fluids which are accepted as fluids there can be wide differences in behaviour
under stress.
Fluids obeying Newton's law where the value
ofl-l
is
constant are known as
Newtonian fluids.
If
I-l
is
constant the shear stress
is
linearly dependent on velocity
gradient. This
is
true for most common fluids. Fluids
in
which the value ofl-l
is
not
constant are known as non-Newtonian fluids
FLUID MECHANICS
IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
A knowledge
of
fluid mechanics
is
essential for the chemical engineer
because them ajority
of
chemical-processing operation sarecon ducted either . '
partly or totally
in
the fluid phase. Examples
of
such operations abound
in
the
biochemical, chemical, energy, fermentation, materials, mining, petroleum,
pharmaceuticals, polymer, and waste-processing industries.
There are two principal reasons for placing such an emphasis on fluids.
First, at typical operating conditions, an enormous number
of
materials normally
exist as gases or liquids, or can be transformed into such phases.
Second, it
is
usually more efficient and cost-effective to work with fluids
in
contrast to
solids.
Even some operations with solids can be conducted
in
a quasi-fluidlike
manner; examplesare the fluidized-bed catalytic refining
of
hydrocarbons, and
the long-distance pipelining
of
coal particles using water as the agitating and
transporting medium.
Although
there
is
inevitably
a
significant
amount
of
theoretical
development, almost all the material
in
this book has some application to
chemical processing and
0
;,
important practical situations. Throughout, we