Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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10 AIM
OF THE PRESENT WORK.
these
claims are
urged
simply
on their
own
merits,
and
are
not mixed
up
with
extraneous views which
jeopardise
them.
What the
French
call
the science
des
origines
a
science which
is at the
bottom of all real
knowledge
of the
actual
world,
and which is
every
day growing
in
interest
and
importance
is
very incomplete
without a
thorough
critical
account
of
the
Kelts,
their
genius,
language,
and
literature."
The
object
and
aim of
the
present
work is to
give
a
thorough
critical account
of the
language
of
the
Gael,
to
show its
early
origin;
that
it
is
Aryan,
and
comes
to
us
down
the
great
stream of
migration
that had
begun-
to
flow
westward from
the
high
country
between the
Tigris
and
the
Indus,
even before Abraham
went forth out
of
his
country,
and from
his
kindred,
and out of his
father's
house,
and came into the land which
the Lord
did show
him.
Through
the eastern
origin
of the
language,
one
reaches the habitat of the
people
who
spoke
a common
mother
tongue
in
the
hilly
country
of
Persia
and
Armenia,
and
all
along
the
fertile
valleys
watered
by
the
Oxus,
the
Araxes,
and
Euphrates
once,
as
many
learned
men
sup-
pose
the
blissful
site
of Paradise.
The
phonesis
of this
primitive
Aryan
tongue
did not
rest
on
chance,
but
had
been
wedded,
like
music,
to
principles
of
science.
These
principles
were handed
down
to
the
eldest
daughter
of the
mother
tongue
Gaelic
the
phonetic
developments
of
which
show
forth,
at this
day,
the truth of
Jakob
Grimm's law. Gaelic
is the twin
sister of
Sanskrit,
and
like
it,
is the oldest of the
Indo-European
family.
At
the
present
time
it
is useful in
many
ways
for students to
know
the
position
of the literature of
the
Irish-Gael
;
the
orthography,
the
phonetic
force
of
the
language
in the
present
and in the
past
;
the correct
pronunciation
of the
ACTIVITY OF SCHOLARS.
classic
languages
Latin and
Greek,
taking
as
standards
the
ancient
Gaelic
and
the oldest forms of the
tongues
spoken
in
southern
Europe
;
the
growth
of
human
speech,
its
grammatical
developements
;
the
Pentateuch,
its
truth
;
and that man
in
pagan
times was not
progressive.
These
are
questions
full of
interest,
and of
knowledge
as
exciting,
as
if one were
writing
the
history
of
a
lost race or
of
a
newly
disentombed
city.
In times
now
past,
the
study
of
philology
had not
been
much
known
save
to
a
few
amongst
the
great body
of
European
scholars.
It
is
not
so
at
present.
The
lec-
tures
of
Professor Max Muller
;
of
Mathew
Arnold at
Oxford
j
of
Geddes,
Professor
of
Greek
at
Aberdeen
;
and of John Stuart
Blackie,
Professor of
Greek at the
University
of
Edinburgh
;
the
published
works of
Prichard and Pictet
;
of
Cox and
Nigra
;
of
Sir
Henry
Sumner
Maine
and of
Monsieur
H. Gaidoz
in the Revue
Celtique
;
the
publication
at home of
O'Curry's
Lectures,
or
MS.
Materials
of
Irish
History
;
the
Essays
and
learned works
on
philology by
W. K.
Sullivan,
have
given
the science in
this
country
a
public
status
which
it had never before the
present
time
enjoyed.
The
German
host of
Gaelic
lovers are found in the
van
of
this wonderful movement.
Next
in
order
come
the
French
scholars
;
and
after
them
British scientists
;
but
last
of
all,
the
natives
of
Ireland. The talented
and
energetic
sons
of
Caledonia
are
far ahead of Irishmen in
this new
literary
movement. Blackie and
Geddes
and
Mackenzie,
and
Mackay,
Lord
Neaves,
and
others,
are
quite
in
earnest
in
their
efforts to do all
that
possibly
can
be
done to
re-establish the
Gaelic
in
the
Highlands.
Yery
soon
Professor
Blackie will
have
collected
the
amount
of
money
necessary
to
found a
Keltic chair
in
the
University
of
Edinburgh.
All
this time
Ireland's
12
"WHAT
A
PHILOLOGIST
SHOULD
LEARN.
sons are
looking supinely
on.
They
have no
Blackie
they
have
no
Professor of
pluck
or
patriotism
fitted
for
the
task
;
and the
odds
are
directly
against
such
a
one,
even if he had the
courage
to
venture on
a
duty
of
the
kind. Some one
like the
President
of
the
Royal
Irish
Academy
alone
could
effect a
result
so
desirable,
for
he
alone
is
the centre around
whom
gather
men of
mind
Catholics
and
non-Catholics
;
philo-Kelts
and
philo-
Saxons.
It
must be
admitted
that
the
Royal
Irish
Aca-
demy
has
done much it
could
do
more
for
the ad-
vancement of
Keltic
literature.
The
prizes
which it
offers
are
not
calculated
to
effect
any practical
good.
The amount
proffered
is too
little to
stimulate for
money's
sake the
industry
of the
learned;
and
no
one
but
scholars
of
deep
erudition
can
effect
anything
worthy
the name in favor of
Keltic
literature.
The
field
of
reading
is
very
extensive
;
the amount
of
research,
and
the
knowledge
of
Comparative
Grammar
necessary
to
enable
one
to
form
a correct
opinion
on
points
of
history
and
of
etymology
are
very
considerable
;
and
when
a
scholar
sits down
to
write,
he
ought
to
receive
for
his
services
such
remuneration
as
the
proprietor
of the Edin-
burgh
Review,
or the rich
owner
of
the
New York
Herald
has been
accustomed to
bestow.
IRISH GAELIC
NECESSARY
FOR
PHILOLOGISTS.
All
who
aim at
acquiring
a
scholarly
knowledge
of
the
science
of
Comparative
Grammar
cannot
at the
present
day
well overlook
this branch of
philologic
study
Irish
Gaelic.
In order to obtain
anything
like
a
correct
notion
of
philology,
and to be
skilled
in
any
fair
way
in
Com-
parative
Grammar,
the
student
must
learn
either
Sanskrit
or
Irish Gaelic. He
must learn
some
primitive
language,
one
of those
two. And the
writer,
to
support
his view
CATHOLICS
VERSUS INFIDELS 13
of
this
point,
quotes
the words
of
Geddes,
Professor
of
Greek in the Aberdeen
University,
who
maintains
that
Gaelic is as
good
a
medium as
Sanskrit
for the
philolo-
gist
: "And
why
should Gaelic
have been overlooked?
Because till a
very
recent
period
scholars
have
uniformly
and
systematically neglected
in a
culpable,
short-sighted
manner
the
Keltic
speech.
The
blame
of
this
must be
shared
by
the
Highlanders
say
Irishmen,
instead who
have,
with
rare
exceptions,
done
very
little
to render
their
tongue
philologically appreciated.
Professor Blackie
is
indignant
with
Highlanders
themselves
for the
neglect
of
their
own
tongue.
He
complains
that
they
have
no
Gaelic
newspapers
;
no
Gaelic
sign
boards
on their
shops."
Neither
have
the
Irish
people.
Men
of all
nationalities are
making
philology
the
object
of
their
study.
And when scholars
of
every
other
nationality
in
Europe
makes
philology
a
study,
and that
through
the
medium of
Irish-Gaelic,
it ill
becomes
Irish-
men
to
neglect
so
useful
a
branch
of
knowledge.
It
is
useful to the
worldly
scientist and to the learned
ecclesiastic.
In the
early
ages
of
Ireland's
history
her
clerical
sons won
first honors
in
every place
of
learning
throughout
Europe
from
Asia-Minor
to
Spain,
and from
the
coast
of
Greenland to
Greece.
It
would
ill
become
noble
successors
of a
noble race to
neglect
a
study
which
at
present
is
much
needed,
not
alone
by
ecclesiastics,
but
by
Christians of
all
classes,
to
combat
infidelity
and to
show
plainly
and
readily
the
beauty,
clearness,
and
strength
of
the
arguments
that
tend to
support
the truths
of the
Christian
religion.
Persons
professing
infidel
views,
who follow
the
teach-
ing
of
Darwin
and
Huxley,
reviving
in the
nineteenth
century
of
the
Christian era
the
untenable
theories of
Democritus,
who
profess
to
think that
matter
came into
14 MB.
GLADSTONE.
being
without
a cause
;
that
the
harmony
of
the
spheres
is
the result
of atomic
confusion,
free
from all
intelligent
control
;
that there is no
spiritual
power
except
the
higher
forces
of
material
development;
no^soul,
no free
will,
no
hereafter,
no
God,
are
to be
met
in
public
and in
private,
in
the
saloon and
railway carriage,
on
board
a
steamer,
at
lecture-halls,
and
private
meetings.
They
are not
afraid
nor
ashamed
to
put
forward their
views,
for
they
have
devoted
years
of
study
to
ths
subject
of
their
belief,
or
rather
absence
of all
belief.
Irish
clergymen,
constituted
masters in
the
schools of
knowledge,
ought
to
be
skilled
in
the
inductive
sciences
;
and
therefore,
in
philology,
palaeontology,
in
ethnology,
too,
as well
as in
geology,
in
order
to
be
able to
shew
clearly
that
the views
of
the
disciples
of
the
modern
Leucippus
and Democritus have
no
foundation in
fact
and in
the laws of
nature
;
and that
at
best the
light
streaming
from such
sciences is
grossly
overrated,
or
as
far
as
it is
the
expression
of
truth
that,
like
artificial
light
mingling
with
the
sun's
effulgence,
it
harmonises
with
othei
well-known truths.
The
literary
and
scientific
worth
of
new
books and
periodicals
on
the
subject
of
the
inductive sciences
ought
not
to be
overlooked
by
those who
in
Ireland
have the
reputation
and
position
of
learned men.
Take an
instance
Greek
Mythology.
Even
in
this
plainly
wild
and at
first
sight
incoherent
system,
Mr.
Gladstone,
the
late
Premier
of
the British
Parliament,
shows
in
his
learned
work,
Homer
and
the Homeric
Age,
that it
presents
under
"
corrupted
forms
the
old
Theistic
and
Messianic
traditions
;
that
by
a
primitive
tradition,
if not
by
a
direct
command,
it
upheld
the
ordinance
of
sacrifice
;
that
its
course
was
from
light
to
darkness,
from
purity
to
un-
cleanliness,
from
knowledge
to
ignorance."
The
starting
FAIRY
FANCIES.
15
point,
however,
of
this varied
and
corrupt
mythology
was
*
the idea
of
a
Being
infinite in
power
and
intelligence,
perfectly
good
by
an
unchangeable
internal
determina-
tion
of
character,
and not
by
the
constraint of
an
external
law."
The
knowledge
of the
Divine existence roused the
desire
to
know
where He
dwelt,
and
as Cox
observes,
in
the
mighty
agencies
and sublime
objects
of
creation,
in
which
they
fancied
that
they
saw
Him,
Mr.
Gladstone
discerns
the
germs
of
that
nature-worship
which was in-
grafted
on the true
religion
originally
imparted
to
man-
kind.
This
religion
involved
the
Unity
and
Supremacy
of a Godhead
;
with this
Unity
of
essence,
a
trinity
of
personal
existence
;
a
Redeemer invested
\vi!;h
humanity,
who as God-man
should
finally
establish his
kingdom
j
a Wisdom
the
holy Spirit personal,
eternal,
divine.
With
this
view
was
joined
the revelation of
the
Evil
One,
as
the
tempter
of men and the leader
of
rebellious
angels,
who had
for
disobedience
been hurled
from
their
thrones
in heaven."
As
a
writer
so
ably wielding
his
pen
against
infidel
theories,
Mr. Gladstone
has done
good
work
;
as a
scholar
he has with
a
strong
array
of
proofs
in
favor
of
the
exis-
tence
of God
and
the
divinity
of
Christ,
met
the
infidel
writers
of
the
day,
in the
very
fighting-ground
which
they
had themselves
selected.
So far
he
is
worthy
of
imitation.
Honest
home
scholars
should
be
prepared
to
act
a
similar
part.
All
the
fairy
legends
told
by
the
peasantry
in
Ireland
to
this
very
hour
is traceable to
a
similar
source.
The
early pagan
progenitors
of the
Irish
race
had,
like
the
Hellenes
before
Homer's time
and
Hesiod's,
lost
all
knowledge
of
the
true
God
;
and
then in
their
blindness
they
ascribed
to Nature
and
to
great
men the
attributes
which
belonged
to God.
The
sun
represented
the
bright-
16
THE LAND
OF
YOUTH.
ness
and
glory,
and
the
light
material and
intellectual o
the
invisible
God
;
and
hence
they worshipped
the sun
as
the
symbol
of the
divine
eternal
Light,
which is
the
life of all
things
that
are. This
subject
shall be
fully
discussed in
the
closing
chapter
of
this work.
The
Irish
people,
like the
Greeks,
had
their
heroes
Fergus,
Oisin,
and Fionn
j
and heroines
like Madb
(Mauv),
Maud
or
Mab,
whom
they
venerated
during
life,
and
placed
when
dead
amongst
the
Immortals
in the
land
of
perpetual
youth.
The
"
Caisils,
"
"
Duns,
"
raths,
or
forts,
became
to
the
simple people
the
abode of
these
unseen
demigods.
All
this
strange fairy mythology
is
quite
familiar to
every peasant
in
Connacht.
The same
causes
that
gave
rise to
these
fairy
fancies
continue
still
to
keep
the
delusion
amongst
the
unedu-
cated,
or
amongst
those
who are
only partially
educated.
First,
everyone
naturally
believes,
even
Pagans
have
al-
ways
held
to
it,
that there
is
a
supernatural
state
in
which
beings
of
superior
power,
knowledge,
and
happi-
ness
dwell
;
secondly,
that the children of men if
they
merit
it are
destined for that
state.
The human mind
dwells
on these
thoughts
so natural
and so common
to
all
mankind, and,
as
philosophy
teaches,
man's mind
cannot
form
a
thought
without,
at the same
time,
clothing
it
with
a fancied
objectivity
;
therefore the
living
peasant
race
naturally
people
the abode with
blessed creatures
of
their
own
fancy,
and call
them
fairies
;
they
call the
land
in*
which
these
good
people
dwell
"the land of
youth."
Oral
traditions
tell each
succeeding
generation
that
a
strange
race,
the
Danaan,
lived
in the caisels
;
and
others,
the
Firbolgs,
in the
raths
; hence,
from
their
imperfect
knowledge
of
history, they
assign
those abodes
to the
fairy
heroes.
If
any
bold
peasant
opens
a
"
fort
"
Or
THE
EESULT
OF
THIS STUDY.
1
7
rath,
the
mesmeric
effect of the confined
air o
the cave
is ascribed
to
supernatural
agency,
and
in this
way
tho
poetic folly
is
perpetuated.
There is
another
class
of
writers and
thinkers
whom
Irish scholars
should
combat,
those
who
maintain
that
the
early
ancestors
of
the children of the
Gael
were
Cuthites,
that
is,
descendants
of
Gush,
the eldest son
of
Cham
or
Ham
;
neither were
they
Phenicians
or Cartha-
genians.
The
primary
result
of
the
study
of the
language
of
ancient
Ireland
as
a
branch
of the
science of
philology,
is
to lead
the student
to
the
conviction,
that the first immi-
grants
who
made
Eire
their home
had
come
from the
East
;
and
that
the
language
which
they
spoke
was
Aryan,
identical
at that
early period
with the
tongue
known
and
spoken
in the
valleys
of
Persia,
and
eastward
to
the banks
of
the Indus. A
knowledge
of
this
lost
language
has
been
obtained
by
the
labours of
men
of
science,
much
in
the
same
way,
as one could
form a
new
Latin
speech
from
the six
living
romance
dialects,
if
it
were
possible
that
Latin,
like
Cornish,
or
the
Etruscan,
or
the
Aryan,
had
died
out.
The
newly
efformated
Latin
tongue
would,
like a broken
yase
remoulded,
be
similar
in
every
respect
to
the
original
defunct
Latin
language.
In this
way,
the lost
primitive
Aryan
tongue
has been
re-
constructed,
a
grammar
written,
a
dictionary
compiled.
This
revived
language
could well
be
styled
Japhetic,
or,
the
tongue
spoken
by
the
descendants
of
Japhet,
in
con-
tradistinction
to
the
Semitic
spoken
by
the
children
of
Sem,
and
which
is
the mother
tongue
of
Hebrew,
Chal-
daic,
Syriac,
Arabic, Samaritan,
Ethiopic,
and
old Pheni-
cian
;
while
the
Aryan
or
Japhetic
is
the
parent
tongue
of
Sanskrit, Keltic,
Greek,
Latin,
Gothic,
Slavonic
nigh
every
dialect
in
Europe,
and
in
parts
of
Asia,
where the
descendants
of
Japhet
took
up
their
abode.
(18)
CHAPTER II.
MEANING
OP ARYAN.
Aryan.
What does
it
mean
? The
language
: the
race.
v
High
value of
Irish-Gaelic.
The
Four
Masters. Brother
Michael
O'Cleary.
What
the
brave friar
did without
help.
The Civil
War.
Writers
in
the
present
age
must know
the
sciences,
and
possess
aesthetic and
logical
skill.
Discoveries:
(I)
Language; (2)
The
Brehon Law
;
(3)
the Cities
of the
Dead.
A
parallel.
The
Cities
of
the Dead
in
Etruria
tell the
tale
of
Etruria's
civilisation.
The
Language
and the
Lawa
of
Eire
are
an
undying
proof
of
Ireland's
ancient
social
state.
Monasteries
of
Donegal
and
Ros-Errily.
In
order to
obtain
a
knowledge
of
antiquities
it
is neces-
sary
to
learn the
language.
Hence,
Irish-Gaelic,
as
it
is at
present
spoken
and
written,
must
be
studied.
The
position
of
the
language
from
1650 to
1874?.
Irish then
the
only tongue
;
now it is
nigh
gone.
Causes
of its
decay.
Why
call the
language
and the
race
Aryan
?
what
does
it mean
?
The answer will
be
given
the reader
in
the
words
of Rev.
George
W.
Cox,
M.A.,
in
the
preface
to the
Mythology of
the
Aryan
Nations,
Vol.
I.
London,
Longmans,
Green
and
Co.,
1870
:
"
I have
retained the
word
Aryan,
which
is
a
name
for
the
tribes
or
races akin
to
Greeks
and Teutons
in
Europe
and in
Asia.
"
Objections
have
been,
lately
urged
against
its use
on
the
ground
that
only
Hindoos
and
Persians
spoke
of
themselves
as
Aryans.
And the
tracing
of
this
name
to
Ireland
Mr. Peile
regards
as
very
uncertain.
To
him
the
word
appears
to
mean,
not
'
ploughman,'
but
fitting,
worthy,
nolle.
If it
is
so,
the title
becomes
the more
WHO WERE
THE
ARYANS.
19
suitable
as
a
designation
for the
peoples
who
certainly
have
never
called
themselves
Indo-Germamc."
Pictet shows
plainly
the
word
means
high,
illustrious,
noble,
of
the
highest
rank,
primitive.
He
devotes several
pages
to
the
explanation
of
the word
and in
his wake
follow
Max
Muller
and
most
English
writers.
"
Arya
is
a
Sanskrit
word,
and
in
the later
Sanskrit,
it means
nolle,
of
a
good family.
Max
Muller
devotes
fifteen
pages
(vol.
i.,
p.
275,
Lectures
on the
Science
of
Languages')
to the
explanation
of
the
term.
"
I can
only
state,"
he
says,
"
that
the
ethnological
signification
of
Aryan
seems
to be one who
ploughs
or
tills,
and that
it
is
connected
with the
Latin
root
arare,
(root,
Irish
"
ar,"
ploughing.)
Airy
a,
in
Zend,
means
venerable,
and
is,
at
the
same
time,
the
name
of
the
people."
p.
277.
Again,
that
"
Aryan
was
a title
of
honour in
the
Persian
empire,
is
clearly
shown
by
the
cuneiform
inscriptions
of
Darius."
Max
Muller
closes the
dissertation
with/the
following
judicious
remarks:
"As
comparative philology
has
thus
traced the
ancient
name
of
Aryan
from India to
Europe,
as the
original
title
assumed
by
the
Aryans
before
they
left
their
common
home,
it is but natural
that
it
should
have been
chosen
as
the technical term for
the
family
of
languages
which
was
formerly designated
as
Indo-Germanic,
Indo-
European,
Caucasian,
or
Japhetic."
Lecture vi.
The scholars
of
Europe
and the
East,
and of
America,
have,
in
German,
French,
and
English,
within
the
past
twenty years,
adopted
the
term.
Who
were
the
Aryans
? Pictet
and
Max
Muller
answer
the
question
:
"
It
can
be
proved
by
the
evidence of
language,
that
before
their
separation,
the
Aryans
led
the
life
of
agri-
cultural nomads
a
life
such as
Tacitus
describes
that of