Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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420
THE
"MAN
OF
METAL"
CONQUERS.
sident
in
Galway
about
two hundred
years
ago)
described
them
as
dark-haired,
talkative,
guileful, strolling, unsteady,
'
disturbers of
every
council
and
assembly,
&c.'
. .
.
To
these
physical
and mental
characters
described
by
Duald
MacFirbis
let
me add
those of the
unusual
com-
bination of
blue,
or
blue-gray
eyes,
and
dark
eyelashes,
with a
swarthy
complexion.
This
peculiarity
I
have
re-
marked
elsewhere,
only
in
Greece
;
the mouth
and
upper
gum
are not
good,
but the nose is
usually
straight."
SIXTH
MIGRATION.
The
next
immigration
we hear
of in the
'
Annals'
is
that of
the
Tuatlia-de-Dannans,
a
large, fair-complexioned
f
and
very
remarkable
race
; warlike,
energetic,
progressive,
skilled
in metal
work, musical,
poetical, acquainted
with-
the
healing
art,
skilled
in
Druidism,
and
believed
to
be
adepts
in
necromancy
and
magic,
no doubt the
result
of
the
popular
idea
respecting
their
superior
knowledge,
especially
in
smelting
and
in the
fabrication
of
tools,
weapons,
and ornaments.
From
these two
races
sprang
the
Fairy Mythology
of Ireland.
The Dannan
spoke
the same
language
as his
predecessors?
the
Firbolgs.
They
met and
fought
for the
sovereignity.
The
"man of
metal"
conquered,
and
drove a
great part
of
the
others
into
the
islands on the
coast,
where
it
is
said
the
Firbolg
or
Belgic
race
(so
called)
took
their
last
stand.
Eventually,
however,
under the
influence of
a
power
hostile
to
them
both,
these
two
people coalesced,
and
have
to a
large
extent done
so
up
to
the
present
day.
They
are
the
true
old
Irish
peasant
and small
farming
class.
Then,
on
the other
hand,
their
physiognomy,
their
fair
or
reddish
hair,
their
size,
conjoined
with
other
circum-
stances,
incline
one
to
believe
that
they
came
down from
THE MILESIAN
NEXT.
421
Scandinavian
regions
after
they
had
passed up
as far as
they thought
advisable
into North-western
Europe.
If
the
word Dane was
known
at the
time of
their
arrival
here,
it
would
account
for
the
designation
of
many
of
our
Irish
monuments as
applied
by
Molyneux
and others.
Undoubtedly
the Dannan
tribes
presented
Scandinavian
features,
but
did not
bring
anything
but
Grecian
art.
I
believe that these
Tuatha-de-Dannans,
no matter
from
whence
they
came, were,
in addition
to
their other
acquire-
ments,
great
masons,
although
not
acquainted
with
the
value of
cementing
materials.
I
think
they
were
the
builders
of
the
great
stone
Cahirs,
Duns, Cashels,
and
Caves
in
Ireland;
while their
predecessors
constructed
the
earthen
works,
the
raths,
circles,
and
forts
that
diversify
the fields
of
Erinn. The
Dannan
anticipated
Shakespeare's
grave-digger,
for
they certainly
made the
more
lasting sepulchral
monuments that exist
in
Ireland,
such,
for
example,
as
New
Grange,
Louth,
Howth,
and
Slieve
na
Cailleagh
and other
great
cemeteries.
Within
the interior and
around
these
tombs
were
carved,
on un-
hewn
stones,
certain
archaic
markings, spires,
volutes,
convolutes,
lozenge-shaped
devices,
straight,
zigzag,
and
curved
lines,
and
incised
indentations,
and
a
variety
of
other
insignia,
which,
although
not
expressing
language,
were
symbolical,
and
had
an
occult
meaning
known
only
to the
initiated,
The
Seventh : The
next,
and
last,
of the
pre-Christian
migrations
was
the
Milesian. This race
was Keltic. The
people
were
brave,
chivalrous,
skilled
in
war,
good
navi-
gators,
proud,
boastful,
superior
in outer adornment as
well
as
in
mental
culture,
to
their
opponents.
Being
the
conquering
race,
they
assumed
the
sovereignity
of
the
country,
and
became
its
landed
proprietors,
and aris-
tocracy.
422
MacFirbis,
the
genealogist,
writes
of the
Milesian,
a
race
to
which he himself
belonged
:
"
Every
man
who
is
white of
skin,
brown of
hair,
bold,'honourable,
daring,
prosperous,
bountiful
in
battle,
or
comtat
they
are
the
descendants
of the
sons of Milesians
in
Erinn."
All these different
migrations
had
come
forth from
the
Keltic
family
home
;
and
all
spoke
the
same
language.
All were
Aryan.
Thus the ancient annals
of
Ireland
accord most
wonderfully
with the
teaching
of
the science
of
comparative philology.
The
Irish
race is Eastern.
So
says
Duald
MacFirbis
;
so
proves
the
science
of
Comparative
Grammar
;
so, too,
the
Round
Towers,
scattered in
such
numbers
over
th
face of
Erinn,
proclaim.
(423)
CHAPTER
XIV.
The
question
of
the
Round
Towers
brought
in
the
forego-
ing
chapter
to
a close
;
not,
however,
finally
settled.
A
fuller
analysis
would not
produce
more
definite
re-
sults.
Conclusion
arrived
at
morally
certain.
Why
has
the
question
of
the
Pillar
Towers
been
introduced?
Tho
language
of
Ireland
helps
from the
Keltic
names,
and
from
the
unwritten
page
of
ancient
history,
to clear
up
the
question
of
Ireland's
Ancient
Towers.
The
Pillar
Towers
on
the
other
hand
strengthen
the
position
of
the
Gaelic,
show
its
Aryan
character and
its
philologic
value.
(1)
The
Brehon
Laws of
ancient
Ireland.
(2)
Rhyme
in
Europe.
(3)
Names of
places
in
Ireland
and
in Scotland.
(4)
Keltic
Terms full
of rich
suggestive-
ness
of
historic
interest.
(5)
Etymology
of
European
tongues
finds
sure
primitive
roots in
Keltic.
These
reasons
are
calculated
to
stimulate
scholars to
study
Gaelic.
Further
development
of
these
subjects.
First,
the Brehon
Laws
:
Opinion
of
Scotchmen and
English-
men
on
the
people
of
Ireland,
and on
their ancient
laws
;
How
very
unjust
and
cruel
and,
of
course,
ignorant
were
those
views.
What are
really
the Irish
laws,
and
the
Irish
people
?
Irish
laws
Aryan.
Therefore
the same
as
the
laws of the
Strurians
;
or
the laws
of
the Twelve
Tables
;
the laws of
the Romans
;
the
Saxons.
Thus
the Brehon
Laws
prove,
like the
lan-
guage
and
the
Round
Towers,
that
the
Irish
nation
are
Aryan,
and
the
laws
were
those
taught
at
the
Aryan
school
in
the
cradle-land
of
Persia.
The
learned
will
ask
is the
question regarding
the
Round
Towers
closed ?
Has the
great
controversy
which
lias
been
going
on
fully
two hundred
years,
but
especially
for
the
past
century,
since
the
days
of
Vallencey,
been in
a
hundred
pages
set
at
rest
?
Well,
the
subject
regard-
4Ui
A THREE-FOLD
POWER
LEVER.
ing
the Pillar
Towers of Ireland
has been
introduced
into
this
volume
in
relation
only
to
the native
language
of the
Irish,
race. That
language
aids
considerably
to
elucidate
the
vexed
subject
of the
Eound
Towers,
and ifc
is
only
so
far
as
"
these
grey
pillars"
lean
for
historic
support
on
the
language
of the
Keltic
race
that
they
have
been taken
notice
of
at
present.
The
Gaelic
names
by
which the
Bound
Towers
have been known
amongst
the
present
people
of
Ireland
demanded
some
notice
;
and
then
the
character of
the
pillar
towers,
their
origin
and
use,
as far
as
can be
fairly
shewn,
tend to confirm
the formal
truth
of all
the
conclusions which the
discoveries in the
Keltic
department
of
comparative
philology
have,
within the
past
decade of
years,
developed,
and
furnished as scien-
tific
dogmata
to the
linguistic
literary
savants of
Europe.
The
national
question
of the
pillar
towers,
hitherto
so
much
discussed,
especially
from
the
year
1832
to
1845,
has been
put
before the
reader,
not,
of
course,
as a
subject
of
special
interest,
and one
resting solely
within
the
domain
of
paleontology,
but to
aid,
as
it has
done,
the
force of
philology
in
developing
through
the
language
of
the
Irish
race,
the
conclusions
already
arrived
at,
that
the
primitive
people
who
came to
Ireland
had
been
Japhetic,
their
language Aryan.
The
question
just
discussed
in the
foregoing
pages
has,
in
pushing
forward
the
developing
theories
of
Keltic
philology,
acted
as
a
lever
with
a three-fold
power
linguistic,
inasmuch as Irish terms
have
been
introduced,
explained,
and their
value
in
the
argument
utilised
;
architectural,
in the
worth of
the
towers
as
standing speci-
mens of
primeval
architecture,
and
historic,
because
the
Hound Towers
have
been
the
gnomon
on
the dial
of
Ireland's
historic
day.
So
far,
therefore,
the
language
of
Ireland
has afforded
valuable
aid,
by
a
kind of
philologio
OTHER
EEASONS
425
electric
conductive
process,
in
dissipating
the clouds
which
have
hung
over
the archaic
pillar
piles
of
the
land
;
and
the discussion
o
the
subject
of
the
Towers
has,
by
a
his-
toric
process,
added
to
the moral
electric
force
of
the
speech
of
the
Gael.
A
fuller
discussion
than
that
just
closed
regarding
"the
mystic
temples
of our
own
dear
isle,"
could not have
produced
a
higher
degree
of
certainty,
or results more'
reliable
or
truthful
than
those which
have been attained.
Other
reasons still
remain to be
presented
to the
reader,
to show
that
the
study
of
tha
ancient
language
of Ireland
is not
only
useful,
but
necessary,
for men
who
aim
at
acquiring
a
knowledge
of the archaic manners
of the
Irish
race
in the
pre-Christian
period
a
knowledge
of
the laws
by
which
they
were
governed
a
knowledge
of
the
poems
and
stories
they
narrated,
and
of
the
songa
they sung
at the festive board of lover or
lord.
The
study
of
the
Gaelic
tongue
commends itself to all Irishmen
who
wish
to
be
familiar with
the
topography
of
their own
country
;
and
to
all
Scotchmen
who wish
to
know the
real
meaning
of Ben and
Loch,
Glen
and
Craig,
in
the
Highlands
;
nay,
to
all
Englishmen
who
are in
any
way
concerned
with the
historic
meaning
of
Albion, Avon,
Cambridge,
Kent,
London,
Malvern
; and,
lastly,
to
every
Continental
scholar
who
cares to
be
correctly
acquainted
with the
meaning
of the
ancient
topography
of
Europe,
and
with
Keltic
names
that
command
historic
interest.
The reasons that are here
presented
to the
enlightened
reader,
to
excite
his interest
ard
to
enlighten
his views
on
the
value,
and
the
practical
profit
of
the
Gaelic
lan-
guage
in
modern
scholarship,
are seen
at a
glance
under
the
titles :
(1)
"
The
Brehon
Laws;
"
(2)
"Ehyme
in
European Poetry;"
(3)
"Irish
Names
of
Places;"
(4)
"
Keltic
Names,
rich in
Suggestiveness
of
Historic
426
LEARNED
WORKS.
Interest;"
(5)
"
Gaelic
Etymology
of
the
Languages
of
Western
Europe."
In the world
of
letters
these
respective
subjects
have
been
treated
with
ability
and
erudition
by
men
who,
in
each
department,
have undertaken the
literary
labour
in-
volved
in
duties so
important,
and of
such
immense
value
to
European
literature.
First The
Brehon Law
Commission,
established
twenty
three
years
ago,
by
order
of
the
English
Govern-
ment,
have
given
to
the world three
volumes of
the an-
cient
laws of
Ireland,
with an
introduction
to
the
Seanclius
Jfor,
and
Atli-GaWiail,
or Law
of
Distre?s,
as
contained in the
Harleian
manuscripts.
Brehon
Laws,
Vol.
L,
published
in
Dublin,
and
London,
1865
;
Vol.
II.,
in
1869
;
Vol.,
III.,
in
1874.
The
subject
of
"
Ehyme
in the
Poetry
of
Europe"
is
discussed
in
the fourth
part,
or
Prosody
of
the
College
Irish
Grammar, from the
pen
of
the
present
writer,
and
published
by
Mullany,
Dublin.
Signor Nigra
con-
firms
the
views of
the author
of
the
College
Grammar.
Matthew Arnold's Keltic
Literature
(Smith,
London,
1867),
resting
on
Zeuss' erudite
work,
lends to the
discussion
the
sanction
of
Oxford
learning.
A
really
splendid
volume
on
the
origin
and
history
of
Irish
names of
places
has
been
published
in
1869,
and
again
in
1873,
by
P. W.
Joyce,
A.M.,
M.E.I. A.
In
the
preface
he
writes
:
"
In
our island there was
scarcly
any
admixture of races
till
the
introduction
of an
impor-
tant
English
element
chiefly
within
the last
three hun-
dred
years
for,
the Danish
interruptions produced
no
appreciable
effect
; and,
accordingly,
our
place-names
aie
purely
Keltic,
with the
exception
of
about
a thirteenth
part,
which
are
English,
and
mostly
of recent
introduc-
tion.
This
great
name
system,
begun
thousands
of
years
KELTIC LABORERS.
427
ago by
the
first
wave
of
population
that
reached
our
island
was
continued
unceasingly
from
age
to
age,
till
it
embraced the minutest
features of the
country
in
its
intricate net-
work
;
and such
as it
sprang
forth from the
minds of our
ancestors,
it
exists almost
unchanged
to this
day. Preface
to First
Edition,
p.
7.
Several
pamphlets
have been
published
on
the names
of
places
throughout Europe
;
allusion
has,
from
time to
time,
been made to
the
derivation
of
many
Continental
names from the
days
of
Dr. John
O'Brien,
Bishop
of
Cloyne, up
to the
time of
Zeuss,
and to the
present
hour.
The
best
work,
however,
on
the
subject
is that
by
Wilhelm
Ober
Muller
Deutsch-Keltisches,
Geschichtlich
t
Geographisches,
W6rterluch,
zur
ErTdarung
dzr
Fluss,
Berg,
Orts,
Gan,
V6lker,
und
Personen
namen
Europos.
Leipzig,
1867.
Joseph
Boult, F.R.I.B.A.,
of
Liverpool,
has
written,
on
the
Keltic character
of
old
British
names,
two
very
useful tracts.
The
one is
styled
The
Danish Intrusion
into
South Britain
;
the
other,
TJte
Angles,
Dutes,
and
Saxons.
Liverpool,
1873.
The
able
work
of
Zeuss,
Grammatica
Celtica,
Second
Edition,
is
well known
;
and
Ebel's
Keltic
Studies,
edited
by
Dr.
W.
X.
Sullivan. The
work
just
now
being pub-
lished
by
Charles
Mackay,
L.L.D
(Trubner,
&
Co.,
Lon-
don),
Fellow of the
Royal
Society
of the
Antiquarians
of
Denmark
supplies
what
has not
come
within
the
scope
of
those
subjects
treated
in
the
works written
by
either
Joyce,
in
Ireland,
or
Ober
Muller,
in
Germany.
Mr.
Mackay's
work is to
be
published
in
the
present year,
and
it is
known
by
the
title
"
The Gaelic
Etymology
of
the
Languages
of
Western
Europe,
and more
especially
of the
English
and
Lowland
Scotch
and
their
cant,
slang,
and
colloquial
dialects.
428
PHILO-ANGLIANS.
Each of
these
departments
of Keltic
study
is
most
use-
ful
and
important,
and
wound
up
with
the
study
and
cul-
tivation of
the
Irish
language.
By
a
singular
and
a
fortunate
combination of the
Scotch and
Irish
schools of
Keltic
learning,
each
section
of
linguistic
research has
found
its
scholastic
explorer
and
director.
ANCIENT
IRISH
LAWS,
Up
to
a recent
period,
which
dates from
the
year
1840,
Irishmen and
their
progenitors
have
been,
by
all
Philo-
anglians,
ranked
as
savages
of
the
wildest
and
most
un-
enlightened
kind,
Mr. John
Pinkerton,
a
native of
Edinburgh,
remark-
able
in
a certain
degree
as
antiquarian,
has
written of
"Clan
na
Gael"
in these
terms:
"
The
majority
of
the re-
sembled
in all
probability
that
of the
Hottentots,
or
Keltic
race, others,
the
rudest
savages,
as the
Kelts
anciently
were,
and
are, indeed,
little
better
at
present, being incap-
able
only
of
any progress
in
society."
Mr.
Pinkerton
is
one
of a
large
school of
political
and
religious
zealots,
who
think that
they
cannot
show
their
just
appreciation
for
England,
and
English
laws,
and
English
institutions,
and
flaunt their
love
for
the
British
people
but
by depreciat-
ing
everything
Gaelic,
and
showing
their scorn and hate
for the Gaels
and
their
speech.
Pinkerton and his
school
have
been the
worst
enemies of Britain.
Indeed
they
had
received
strong
encouragement
from the
words
of
the
statute of
Kilkenny (passed
A.D.
1367)
which de-
nounce
the
Irish
people
and their
language,
and
style
the
Brehon
Law
"
wicked and damnable."
"
It
is the
same
law,"
says
Sir
Henry
Sumner
Maine in his late
work,
Lectures
on the
Early
History
of
Institutions,
just
published
(London
Murray),
that
"
Edmund
Spencer
in
his
View
of
t'le State
of
Ireland,
describes as
a
rule
of
right
unwritten,
BREHON
LAW.
429
but delivered
by
tradition
from
one to
'another,
in
which
oftentimes
there
appeareth
a
great
show
of
equity,
in de-
termining
the
right
between
party
and
party,
but
in
many
things
repugning
quite
both
to God's
law
and
man's."
It
is
the
same
lewd,
and
unreasonable custom
which Sir
John
Davis
contrasts
with
the
just
and
honourable law o
England,
and
to which
he attributes
such
desolation
and
barbarism
in Ireland
"
as
the
like was not
seen
in
any
country
that
professed
the
name
of
Christ."
The
foregoing
views
of
the Brehon Laws have been re-
produced
by
English
writers,
and
propagated
in a
thousand
forms
in
England,
Scotland, Ireland,
and in America.
Everything
Irish has
been
decried
and the
laws
in the
past
pronounced
on
the
authority
of
respected
English
authors,
such
as
Spencer,
to
have been
lewd,
and
bar-
barous,
and
"
repugning
to
God's
law and man's."
Such,
until
lately,
had been
the
opinion
of the educated
upper-
classes
the
Saturday
Review School
regarding
Irish-
men
and
their
national
laws.
This
strong
repulsive
bias
in
the Saxon
and
in the
Scotch
Philo-Saxon
Pinkerton
and
his class
against
everything
Keltic,
has
arisen from
(1)
ignorance
;
(2)
prejudice;
(3)
political
antagonism
and
religious
hatred.
Matthew
Arnold,
Professor
of
Poetry
in the
University
of Oxford
(Study
of
Keltic
L'terature,
p.
13,
London
Smith,
Elder,
&
Co.),
shows
this truth
very plainly.
"
So
far I
go
along
with
the
stream
of
my
brother
Saxons
;
but
here I
imagine
I
part
with them.
They
will have
nothing
to
do
with the Welsh
language
and
literature on
any
terms
;
they
would
gladly
make
a
clean
sweep
of
it from
the face
of
the earth.
I,
on
certain
terms,
wish to
make
a
great
deal
more
of it
than is
made
now
;
and,
dropping
the distinction
between
Welsh and
Irish,
Gaels and
Kymris,
let
me
say,
Keltic
literature,
is