Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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360
THE WRITER'S
have been
applied
a
tradition corroborated
by
written
testimony
and authentic evilenc accord
precisely
with
the
Christian
and
ecclesiastical character
of
those
ancient
buildings.
(3)
That
on
several,
Christian
emblems are
observable.
(4)
That
they
are of the same
style
of architecture
as
that found in well-known Irish
ecclesiastical
buildings
of the
early
Christian
period
;
'or,
as Dr. Petrie
states,,
that
the
architectural
style
of
the Towers exhibits
no
feature
or
peculiarity
not
equally
found in the
original
churches with which
they
are
locally
connected
when
such remain.
The
negative
proofs
are :
(a.)
That the
arguments
ad-
duced
by
General
Vallancey,
Mr.
Beauford,
Miss Beau-
fort,
and Dr.
0'
Conor,
are not
valid.
(.'.)
That
these furnished
by
Dr.
Lanigan,
Mr. D
1
Alton,
Thomas
Moore,
Mr.
Windele,
can be reduced to
the same-
category
with those
put
forward
by
Vallancey,
and
hence-
are
to
be refuted
by
the
same
process
of
reasoning
as-
Yallancey's
have been.
(c)
That
supposing
the Towers had been built
in
pagan
times,
no
one can
tell either
the
precise period
or
the
special
purpose
for
which
they
were
erected.
(d)
That
no
mention
is
made
by
any
writer
in
any
of
the
early
Irish
authentic
records
that
the Towers
had
been
built
in
pagan
times.
THE WRITER'S
DUTY
: HIS VIEWS
AND
PROOFS.
The
present
writer
must
necessarily
show
how far
(1)
Dr.
Petrie's
reasoning
is
logically
conclusive
;
(2)
how
much
it
really
proves
;
(3)
how
far tl.e
positive
proofs
of the learned
author
of
the
Inquiry
irds
the
O.i,in>
and
Uses
of
the
Round
Towers
tend
to convince
right-
minded men
and scholars
that
his
theory respectiag
AND
PROOFS.
361
their
Christian
origin
is
correct,
and
sufficiently supported
by
facts
and
valid
proofs.
(4<)
In
presenting
his
own
opi-
nion
he must
put clearly
before
the
reader
the reasons
that
convince himself
that the
Round
Towers
were built
in
the
early pagan
period
by
those
of the
Aryan
race
who
had
settled
in
this island
;
that after the
Gospel
had
been
preached
in
Ireland,
St. Patrick turned those
majestic
pagan
piles,
as he did
the
pagan
fountains,
to the
servic3
of
Christian
riles,
and hallowed
them
by
Christian
prac-
tices
and
religious
associations.
(\)
The
fact
that most of these
splendid
edifices stand
close
by
or
within
the
precincts
of those ruins which all
confess to be the
remains of Christian
or
ecclesiastical
buildings
is,
Dr.
Petrie
states,
proof
sufficient
to
show
that
these
Round
Towers had
been,
in
some
way,
made
use of
by
the
growing
Christian
Church
of Ireland. Of
that
fact
there is
no
doubt. The Hound Towers were
made
use
of
by
the
earty
Christians
of
Ireland
for the
service
of
religion
and
the
safe-keeping
of
vestments,
altar
plate,
and as citadels of
safety
and
defence
for
priests
and
religious
in
troublous times.
They
had
been belfries
for
a
time,
and
perhaps
became turrets to
light pilgrims
to
the
sacred
shrines. This is
one
of
the
strongest,
perhaps
the
very strongest argument put
forward
by
Dr. Petrie
in
support
of his
theory.
Grant
the
whole
argument.
In
good
truth,
what
does
it
prove
?
Simply
that
the
Piound
Towers had been
for a time in the
service
of
the
Church,
and honored
by
being
made
use of
during
a few
centuries
that
followed the
period
of St. Patrick's
preaching
the
faith
in
Ireland. It
does
not
prove
that
the
early
Irish
Christians
built
those Towers.
(2)
The
argument
is
developed
in
this
way,
that the
pillar
towers
were
known
by
the
names
"
clogteaJ,"
(clog,
bell
;
teac,
a
house),
a
belfry;
and
"
cloc-teac"
(cloc,
stone,
and
362 NAMES
APPLIED TO THE
PILLAR TC^YERS.
tea
;
-,
house)
stone
pillar
;
"
gail,"
a
foreign (pillar-stone)
erected
by "gail,"
fair
looki
ig
men,
the Gauls
(ga.l
is from
"
ga,"
a
ray,
light,
brightness
;
"
al,"
nurtured,
not
unlike
Greek
Tccdcs,
fair,
ca'tf, milk;
'
geal,"
white,
Irish);
"
clogad,"
from
"
clog,"
a
bell,
and
"
ed"
dress,
covering,
because
the
tower
has
a conical or
bell-shaped top
;
"
tig-
aifrm,"
mass-house
;
"
a;fr.n"
is the Irish
name
for
Mass
;
root,
"
aifir,"
to
offer,
to
celebrate,
to sacrifice.
All these
arguments prove simply nothing
more than that
the
native Irish
called
"
these
grey
old
pillar
temples,"
and
correctly,
too,
by
those
special
names,
for
such,
during
a
period,
undoubtedly they
were.
Nevertheless,
the fact
that these Towers were known
in
days
of
old
by
these
titles,
does
not
prove
that the Christians
erected those
graceful, tapering
piles
of
past
time.
3.
The
argument
is
pressed
still
more
strongly
that
the
style
of at
least five
Bound Towers
and
that of the
ecclesiastical
buildings adjoining
them,
is
identical
not
only
in
the
general
features,
but in
detail.
The
quadran-
gular
doors
of the
Towers have
not,
for
instance,
the
architrave,
such as some
of
the churches
have,
but
it is
found
on
the
arched door of the Tower of Hoscrea.
4. Christian
emblems
are
carved
on
those
"
grey
old
pillar
temples,"
as at
Donaghmore
an
image
of our
Saviour crucified
is carved
in
relievo
;
therefore,
all
the
pillar temples
are of
Christian
origin.
The
foregoing
argument,
when
tested
by
the
light
of
strict
logical reasoning,
fades
irita thin air.
It is
like the
following
:
Five
men
in a
parish
have a
certain cast of
countenance,
therefore
all men in
that
parish
have
the
same.
In
fact,
Dr. Petrie's
deduction is
plainly
illogical.
The
writer has
every
desire to
quote
the learned anti-
quary
accurately,
and
with
all due
respect
for
his
varied
ARGUMENTS
A PARI.
363
learning.
The
reasoning
is
as
if lie
had
argued
thus :
Five
men
in this
district
have not
only
a
certain
cast
of
countenance,
but
they
are
hairy
;
therefore
they
are
de-
scendants
of Esau
who
was
a
hairy
man
;
nay,
all
the
people
of this
district
who
are of
the
same class
in
society
and
relatives
of those
five,
must
be,
like
them,
descend-
ants
of
that hirsute
progenitor.
The
argument
is vicious
in
two
ways
; first,
by drawing
a
c^t.iin
conclusion
from
premises
which are
merely
accidental as
if a
person
should conclude
that
a
man was
always
drunk because
he
had been drunk once
; or,
that
because
one
man in a col-
lege,
like Judas
amongst
the Twelve
Apostles,
turned out
bad,
therefore
all
were
bad,
and the
system
in
the
college
bad.
Secondly,
by
imparting
to the
subject
of
the con-
clusion
a wider
extension
than
it
had
had
in the
premises
applying
to the
whole
body
what is
true
of
one
only.
One
sheep
in
a flock is
black,
therefore
they
are
all
black
;
one
child
in
a
family
is
vicious or
faulty,
therefore
they
are
all
so
a
very
illogical,
but for all
that,
a
very
com-
mon
argument,
indeed. It
appears
that Dr. Petrie makes
use of
it
"
five towers
resemble
the
surrounding
eccle-
siastical
buildings
in the
style
of
architecture,
therefore
all
Uound
Towers
are,
in
style,
like the
ecclesiastical
edi-
fices around
; therefore,
the
architect who erected
the
ecclesiastical
buildings
erected the
Towers.
Five
men
in
a
parish
are
good
or
Lad,
therefore
they
are all
good
or
they
are
all
bad. Such
a mode
of
argumentation
could
not
for an
instant
be tjlerated.
This
is
Dr.
Petrie'a
argument.
It
is calculated
to deceive.
It
has
deceived
even
some
first-class
scholars,
as the
late
Very
Eev.
Matthew
Kelly.
It
has
deceived
some
clever
architects
and
engineers
with
whom the
present
writer
has
had,
within the
past month,
an
opportunity
of
discussing
this
vexed
subject.
The
argument
of
"
ex
uno discs
onines"
364
THE
COLLTSETJM.
is
not
good,
except
in
those
instances in
which
essential
qualities
are
compared.
If
one man has a
soul,
all
men
have
souls
;
this
argument
is
good,
because the soul
is an
essential
portion
of man's
being.
If
one
man
has a
heart,
all
men
must
have
a
heart,
for it
is essential
to
life. But
if one
man,
or
five
men,
have red
beard or
whiskers,
it
does
not follow
that a
1
men
have red beard or
whiskers.
The
mere color
and
the
growth
of
hair,
or
resemblance
in
form,
is
an
accident,
and
from a
mere
accident
in
individuals,
no
conclusion
regarding
the
general
body
or
class can
be drawn.
Five
towers,
or
even
a
larger
number, could,
in
their
architectural form
be,
in
style,
like
the
local
ecclesiastical
edifices,
and
for
all
that,
not have been built
by
those
hands that
erected the churches. What
is easier than
to
suppose
a
possible
and
a
probable
case,
namely,
that
skilled
architects
imitated,
in
church-building,
the ancient
and solid
style
presented
in the Towers. An
electro-plated
gold
watch or
an artificial diamond is
quite
like a
pure
gold
watch,
or a
natural
diamond,
yet
it is
no
proof
against
the worth
and the
original perfection
of
pure
gold,
or
the
value or
history
of the
Koh-i-rioor,
which
it
resembles.
Again,
the
argument
that on
several Round Towers
Christian
emblems are
observable,
is of
no
value. The
Towers once
converted
to Christian
usages,
during
the
time of St.
Patrick,
or
after that
period,
could
'have
un-
dergone
modifications,
and
in
this
way,
Christian
emblems
could
have been
inserted
to show the
new
service
to
which
these
pyramidal piles
had
been
consecrated.
The
argu-
ment
from
Christian emblems
proves
nothing.
It
is like
the
following
:
The stations of the cross are
found,
or
had been till
last
year,
found in the
Colliseum,
therefore
the
Colliseum
has
been
always
Christian,
and had never
DR.
PETRIE'S NEGATIVE
PROOFS.
365
been
a
place
of
pagan
festive rites and
brutalizing
ex-
hibitions,
nor the
theatre
in
which
Christian
martyrs
had
been
thrown
to
wild
beasts.
The
presence
of
Christian
emblems cannot
change
the
origin
of a
pagan
edifice.
Next come the
negative
proofs
furnished
bj
Dr. Petrie.
And first
(a)
That the
arguments
adduced
by
Vallancey,
Mr.
Beaufort,
Miss
Beaufort,
and
Dr.
O'Conor,
are not
valid.
It
may
be useful to remark that the refutation of
false
or
useless
arguments
which
have
been offered in
sustain-
ment of
a
view,
does
not
prove
that in
every
instance the
opinion
is
erroneous,
or the thesis
false
;
above
all,
it
does
not
prove
that
another
view offered in
its
stead is
correct.
The
theory
may
be
right,
like
the
theory
of the
tides,
although,
in the
views
of a
peasant,
or of an
uneducated
boy,
its
explanation
is
quite
meaningless.
In
the
present
instance,
it
does not
follow as a
logical
sequence,
because
Dr Petrie
proves
the
arguments
brought
forward
by
General
Vallancey,
Dr
O'Conor and
others,
in
favour of the
pagan theory
respecting
the
Round
Towers
to be
meaningless
and devoid of
rational
value, that,
therefore,
the
theory
itself of
their
pagan
origin
is untrue
in fact.
The learned
Doctor
simply proves
this
much,
and
no more
that
their
arguments
are,
as
arguments,
of
no
avail
in
proving
the
particular
proposition.
Other
arguments,
strong
and
convincing,
unknown to
Vallancey
or
to Dr.
O'Conor,
may
exist,
and in
fact do.
Dr.
Petrie shows
that Dr.
O'Conor's
proof
from
"
tur-
ag^n,"
a fire-tower
;
("tur,"
tower,
and
"
agan,"
blaze,
torch)
is
simply
a
misprint,
or
an
error in
transcription
for
"
truagan,"
a
pitiable
person,
a hermit
;
root,
"
truag,"
pity,
wretchedness
; and,
again,
that "Mneamad"
does
not mean
"
celestial
index,-'
but sacred
trees
;
root,
"
fid,"
wood,
and not
"
fia3,"
witness,
testimony,
and
"
neam,"
366 NON
SEQUITUR.
heaven,
"
neama3,"
or
rather
"
neamcla,'
heavenly.
He
shows
that
General
Vallancey's
conclusion,
draw-
ing
an
argument,
a,
pciri,
regarding
Ireland's towers and
those
in
Persia
and
on the banks of
the
Volga,
is a
"
non
sejiiitur."
"
Suppose,"
says
Petrie,
"
the
Persians
did
worship
fire
in
Round
Towers
j
suppose
that Lord Valencia saw
in
India
towers like
those
in
Ireland,
and
that towers not
unlike
them
are
found
on
the banks of
the
Volga,
and in
Bulgaria,
does
it
follow
that
the towers in
Ireland were
fire-temples." By
no
means.
The
Indians themselves
do
not know what
the Round
Towers
in
Persia
were,
much
less does
Lord
Valencia know what
they
were.
The
towers
in
Bulgaria
are
Mahometan minarets. The
towers
of the
Guebres resemble
Norman
Keeps
or
large
windmills,
and
are not
like the
tapering-
towers of
Ireland.
Dr.
Petrie
has asked
<:
Does
it follow as
a
logical
sequence,
because
the
early
Persian
race
had towers
which,
probably,
were
fire-temples,
that,
therefore,
towers
in
Ireland,
which
are not unlike those
in
Persia,
were
fire-temples
?
The
only
answer to that
question
is
By
no
means. No
logical sequence
can result
from
a
mere
accidental
resemblance.
Mere
resemblance
does
not
prove identity
of
origin,
of
kind,
or sameness
of
purpose,
or
of
end.
Dr.
Petrie,
and
those
who
adopt
his
views,
must,
in
turn,
he
asked,
does it
follow,
because
the
arguments
of
Dr.
O'Conor
and
of
General
Vallancey
have been
refuted,
that,
therefore,
the
thesis
proposed
by
them
is
without
convincing proof
? The
trisection
of
a
given
arch
is
true
in
fact
;
in
theory,
without
proof.
Again,
does
it
follow,
logically,
that Dr.
Petrie is
right,
if
Dr. O'Conor
and
V
alien
cy
are
not
?
By
no means.
In the
summer
of
1868,
his
Grace
visited
the
Western
AN
ANECDOTE
THE
ARCHBISHOP OF TUAM.
367
Highland
of
Connemara,
not
for
pleasure,
but
for
the
purpose
of
discharging
those
duties
which,
as
Bishop
of
the extensive
diocese committed to
his
spiritual
care,
he
was
bound
to
fulfil
preaching,
teaching, administering
the Sacrament
of Confirmation
to
the
growing
youth
boys
and
girls
of
that
extensive
district
;
directing
the
faithful
.clergy, cheering
them
by
his
presence,
exhorting
them
by
his
couuisJ,
and
consoling
them
by
the
example
which
he
has
set
them of all
manner of
virtue.
As the
Archbishop
was
journeying
from a
small
town
called
Ballinakil
to
Cleggan,
a
village
on
the sea
shore,
just
opposite
the
island oi
Bofin,
an
island
blessed
by
the
footprints
of
St.
Colman,
he entered
into
friendly
con-
verse,
in
the
Irish
language,
with a
young boy
a
grow-
ing youth
of
the
age
of
twelve.
The tide
was
ebbing
at
the time
;
the
sun
had
just
turned the
meridian
;
the
wild waste
of waters
stretching
over the
bosom
of
the
Atlantic seemed
slightly
ruffled
by
a
pleasant
western
breeze
beginning
to blow
inland,
and
looked
like a
vast
cyclopian
minor
damped by
the
breathing
of
ethereal
beings
looking
into
its
glassy
surface
;
or
like a
mighty
monster
instinctively moving
off from
the
presence
of the
sacred
ministers
and
intelligent
agents
of
the
God
who
made
all
things.
His
Grace
asked the
young
lad
why
it
was that the sea
came
in and
went
out;
and
then
no
sooner,
said
he,
is
it out than
in
;
and
thus,
the sea never
ceases,
but is
continuously
agitating
its
waters.
Why
is
this
?
Tell
me
for
what
purpose
is all
this motion
and commo-
tion
?
;3y
these
apparently
simple
questions
his
Grace
wished to learn
what
was the
naive,
uneducated
boy's
notion
of the
theory
of
the
tides.
"Ah,"
said
the
youth,
"don't
you
know?
Sure
all
this
tumbling
and
tossing
of
the
sea
is
to
give
the
people
sea-weed.
If
the
tide,"
said
he,
naively,
"
did
not
com
368
LITERARY
QUACKS.
in and
go
out,
what should we
do
without
sea-weed."
("
Muna
d-tiocal
tuile
na
fa.rrga
asteai
agus
amaJ cad
so
dJanfal
an i'amain"
i
the
tide of the sea should
not
come
in and
go
out
what would the
sea-weed
do)
an
idio-
matic
form for
saying
what
would
become
of the
sea-
weed
there would be
none.
Suppose
that the
theory regarding
the tides had
no
stronger
argument
to
support
it than
that
put
forward
by
the
ingenuous
youth
who
conversed
on
this occasion with
the
Archbishop,
astronomers
would feel
sorely puzzled
in
accounting
for the tides.
The
theory regarding
the cause
of
the tidal
wave,
and of
the
ebbing
and
flowing
of
the
waters
of
the sea is
true,
although
the reason
suggested
in its
support
by
the
unsophisticated youth
was of
no
value.
So,
too,
the
pagan
theory
regarding
the Round Towers
may
be
true,
although
Dr.
O'Conor's leasons
are worth-
less,
and
General
Yallaucey's arguments
futile. Foolish
reasons
in
support
of
a
theory
tend to
injure
the
cause
of
truth
;
and
literary
quacks
are
the
plague
of
society
and
of
scholars.*
*
Note
A letter
from one of
this da:
s
lias
conic to the
writer's
hands
within
the
past
year.
A certain
gentleman
from the south
of
Ireland
declared
triumphantly
that
he
has made
a
great
discovery
regarding
the
Round
Towers.
He
communicates
his
thoughts
to
his Grace
the
Archbishop
of
Tuarn.
The
Arch-
bishop
did the
present
writer
the
honor of
asking
his
opinion
on
its
views
and
on
the merit, of
the
document.
Well,
what
did
the
sapient
writer
of
that letter
say
?
"
I have found
out,"
said
he,
"
all
about
the
Hound Towers.
The
pillar
temples
fire
called
in
Gaelic,
'cuilccac/
but
c
cuiiceac' and
'
guilceac'
are the
same,
arid
'giulceac'
means
a
reed;
therefore
'
cuilceac,'
or a
round
tower
means
a
reed
;
and
these
Round
Towers were so
called
because
they
were
built after the
organised
form
cf a reed.'
Such
is
the
substance
of a
long
and
labored
letter.
\Yhiu fol-
lows
; simply
nothing.
.
It
is all
a
nil
sequitur.
DR.
LANIGAN.
369
(ft)
Dr.
Petrie does
not deal
so
badly
with
the
argu-
ments
and
the matured
opinions
of
Dr.
Lanigan,
Moore,
D'Alton,
and
Windele,
as
he
does with
the
opinions
of
General
Vallancey,
Miss
Beaufort,
Dr. 0'
Conor.
Writing
of Dr.
Lanigan,
he
says,
(p.
32)
:
"
I
have
next
to
notice the
arguments
in
support
of
the eastern
origin
of the
Towers,
of a
writer
who
was
greatly
superior
in
solid
learning, honesty,
and
general
acuteness,
to
any
of
those whose
reasoning
I have hitherto
combatted,
namely,
Dr.
Lanigan,
the
able
author
of
the
Ecclesiastical
History
of
Ireland."
And
again
he remarks
regarding
Dr.
Lanigan
:
"
In
his
labored and
ingenious
effort
to establish
a
theory
on
insufficient
data,
there
appears
a
consciousness
of the
weakness of the
proofs
on
which
it
rests."
Dr.
Lanigan says
that
he
sees
no reason to
deny
that
the
Bound Towers existed
before
Christianity,
and that
their
style
proves
them
very
ancient.
Literary
men of name like his Grace the
Archbishop,
must
bear
with
the
wild notions of foolish
writers
of
this
class.
The
pillar
pile
was
called
"
cuilceac,"
which,
according
to
Dr.
O'Brien,
is
by
metathesis of
"1,"
a
corrupt
form
of
"cloc-
teac." The
present
writer is of
opinion
that
the
term is
from
(1)
"
cul,"
(Latin,
collis)
the
nape,
or
back,
or
rear,
and
"teac,"
a
house,
because each of
the Hound
Towers,
except
at
Clonmac-
noise,
is built not
within
the
body
of
the
church or
monastery,
but
is
found
a
little
apart
from
the rest of
the
building.
(2)
"
cul"
has,
in
Gaelic,
the
meaning
of
"protection."
We
say
even
to-day,
of a defender
in
a
fray,
"
cul-baire,"
a
champion
of defence
or
of
victory
;
"
bar,"
top
;
"
cul,"
means
to
defend,
to
guard,
to
protect,
to cultivate
;
Latin,
col in
colo,
to
till,
4
to
worship ;
cultus, worship,
attention,
cultivation.
The
"
i
"
in
"
cuilceac,"
is
inserted,
according
to the
phonetic
requirements
of
the
language expressed
in
the
rule,
"slender
with
slender."
Because
"
e" in the second
syllable
is
slender,
"
i,"
another
slender
vowel,
must
close
the
preceding
syllable.