Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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A
LADY'S
vi::w^.
now
"
the
glory
of the
British
"Museum,"
form
a
most
important
element
in
the
early
history
of Keltic
art,
as
this
book
seems
to
have
been
the
principal
model
for
succeeding
artists.
"
In the
splendid
Folio
copy
of the
Gospels
at
Copenhagan
of
the
tenth
century,
supposed
to have
been
brought
to
Don-
mark
by
the
King
Canute,
the
figure
of
Si
Mathew
seated,
while
another
saint
draws
back
a
curtain,
is
copied
from
the
Gospels
of
Lindisfarne,
while
the
border
is in
the
tenth
century
style
The
Gospels
of St.
Chad,
now
iu
Lichfield
Library,
are
in
the
Irish
style
of
the
eighth
century,
and are
very
noticeable as
having marginal
notes
in
Latin,
Anglo-Saxon,
and
ancient
British,
the latter
being
the
oldest
specimen
of the
ancient
British
language
now
in existence.
The
illuminations
also are
copied
from
the
Lindisfarne
book.
St.
Chad,
it is
known,
was
educated
in
Ireland,
in
the School
of
St.
Finian. There
are
Irish
Gospels
at Durham
of
the
eighth
century.
The
Gospels
of
Mac-Regal
are
at
Oxford,
and
the
Gospels
of
Mac-Duran,
the
smallest
and most beautiful
known,
are
in
the, Archbishop's
Palace
at Lambeth.
As Saxon
art
progressed
and became
in-
fluenced
by
Roman,
models,
the
Irish scribes were
chiefly
employed
wherever
harmony
of
colour and extreme
delicacy
of
touch were
particularly requisite,
as
in the borders
and
initial letters.
Thus,
the
Psalter
of
St.
Augustin,
said
to
be
from
Rome,
and
which
resembles
in
style
the
manuscript
Virgil,
of
the fifth
century,
in
the
Vatican,
is framed
in
pure
Keltic
art.
On the
Continent, also,
the borders of
the
great
manu-
scripts
were
generally
confined
to
Irish
hands.
A Latin
copy
of
the
Gospels
at
Treves,
evidently
produced
by
one
of the
establishments founded
by
the
Irish
upon
the
Rhine,
is
re-
markable for a
combination
of
Keltic,
Teutonic,
and
Franco-
Byzantine
art.
The
borders are Irish
while
the
figures
are
Byzantine.
These illuminated
borders have
the
glitter
and
radiance
of
a
setting
of
jewels,
and are thus
admirably
suited
to
fulfil the
true
object
of all
ornamentation,
which Mr
Ruskin.
defines as
being
'
beautiful
in
its
place,
and
perfect
in
its
adap-
tation
to the
purpose
for which it was
employed.'
"
In the sixth
century
Sfc
Gall,
born
in
Ireland,
accompanied
St.
Columbauus
to
the
Continent,
and
founded
the
monastery
iu Switzerland
that bears
his
name.
Here
many
interesting
manuscripts
and
fragments
are still
preserved,
remarkable
for
IRISH SAINTS
ON
THE CONTINENT.
341
the
old
Irish
marginal
notes
to the Latin,
text.
These are
con-
sidered
by philologists
of
such
importance
that
thirteen
quarto
plates
and
facsimiles
from
them are
given by
Dr.
Ferdinand
Keller in the Zurich
Society's
Transactions.
An
interesting
relic of an
Irish saint is
also
preserved
in
the
Cathedral
of
Wurtzburg
a
copy
of the
Gospels
of
Killian,
martyred
in
689,
and
which was
found
stained with
his
blood ou
opening
his
tomb about
five
years
after.
"
Thus,
the
Irish can be
tracked,
as
it
were,
across
Europe
by
their illuminated
footsteps. They
were
emphatically
tho
witnesses of
God,
the
light-bearers
through
the dark
ages,
and
above
all,
the faithful
guardians
and
preservers
of
God's
Sacred
Word.
A
hundred
years
before
Alfred came
to
Ireland
to
be
educated,
and went
back
to
civilize
his native
country
by
the
knowledge
he
had
acquired
here,
the Christian schools
of
Germany,
under
the
direction of
Irishmen,
had
been
founded
by Charlemagne. Through
France,
along
the
Rhine, through.
Switzerland,
Italy,
and
Spain
the
Irish missionaries
taught
and
worked,
founding
schools and
monasteries,
and
illuminating
Toy
their
learning
the
darkest
pages
of
European
history.
One
of the
great
treasures of the
Imperial
Library
of
Paris
is a
beautiful
Irish
copy
of
the Latin
Gospels.
The
College
of St.
Isidore,
at
Rome,
possesses
many
Irish
manuscripts
one
of
them a
Psalter,
folio
size,
written
throughout
in
letters
a
quar-
ter
of
an
inch
long,
and
which
is
considered to be
the
finest
of
the
later
works of the
Irish
school. The
celebrated
Golden
Gospels
of
Stockholm
are of
Hiberno-Saxon
art
of
the
ninth
century.
This
book has
a
singular
history.
It was stolen
from
England,
and
disappeared
tor
ages,
but
finally
was
discovered
at
Mantua,
in the
seventeenth
century,
and
purchased
for
tli3
Royal
Library
at
Stockholm. St.
Petersburg
also
possesses
a
highly
illuminatbl
copy
of the
Gospels,
which
was
taken
from.
Prance
at
the time of
the
great
Revolution,
and found
its
way
to
the far north.
It is a
perfect
and beautiful
specimen
of tha
Irish
style
of
the
eighth century,
and the initial
letters
can
only
be
compared
to those of
the
Book of
Kells.
All
those
Irish
manuscript
Gospels are,
without
exception,
copies
of St.
Jerome's Latin
version.
Towards the close
of the
tenth
century
tho
Fraukish
stylo
of
j.a
blending
of
the
.Classical
and
the
Bjzantiue,
?A2
uor^p
TOWERS.
had
almost
entirely superseded
the
beautiful and
delicate-
Keltic
art both
in
England
and
the
Continent,
and about
the
fifteenth
century
it
disappeared
even
from
our own
Ireland,
the country
of its
origin.
The
gorgeous
missals
and
illumi-
nated
Gospels,
instinct with
life,
genius, holy
reverence,
and
patient
love,
were
destined
to be
replaced
soon
after
by
the
tlull mechanism
of
print;
while
Protestantism
used
all
its
new-
found
strength
to
destroy
that innate
tendency
of
our
nature
which seeks
to
manifest
religious
fervour,
faith,
and
zeal
by
costly
offerings
and
sacrifices. The
golden-bordered
holy
books,
the
sculptured crosses,
the
jewelled
shrines,
were
crushed
under
the
heel of
Cromwell's
troopers
;
the
majestic?
and
beautiful
abbeys
were
desecrated
and cast
down
to
ruin,
while
beside
them
rose the
mean and
ugly
structures
of
the
Reformed
faith,
as if
the
annihilation of
all
beauty
were
then,
considered to
be the
most
acceptable homage
which
man
could
otf'er to
the
God
who
created all
beauty,
and fitted
the
human
soul
to
enjoy
and
manifest the
spiritual,
mystic
and
eternal,
loveliness of
form,
and
colour,
and
symmetry.
Since that
mournful
period
when the
conquering
iconoclasts
cast
down
the
temples
and
crushed the
spirit
of
our
people
there has
been no
revival
of art in
Ireland.
It
is
not
won-
tlerful,
therefore,
that we
cling
with so
much
of
fond,
though
tad,
admiration to
the
beautiful memorials of
the
past,
and
welcome with
warm
appreciation
the
efforts of
able,
learned,
and
distinguished
men to
illustrate
and
preserve
them.
SECOND
-
THE
ROUND TOWERS.
The
pillar-towers
of
Ireland
are a
standing
proof
of
the
pertect
knowledge
in
the
art of
building
possessed
by
the
people
who
at first
planned
and erected
those
defiant
"
couqnerors
of
time."
Like
the Book
of
Kells,
they
are,
even
at
the
present
hour,
abiding proofs
of
the con-
summate
art
which
left
to
posterity
such
enduring
monu-
ments.
In
architecture as well as
in
the art
of
dyeing
and
painting,
tlie
ancients
had
regard
to
durability
;
and
in
tnis aim
they
have
certainly surpassed
all modern
schools
of science
and art.
Nothing,
at the
present
day
can
be
executed
with
pencil
or ckisel
that
would
like the
paintings
OR.
FRANKLIN'S
KITK,
3-43
and
pyramids
of the
ancient
world,
stand
the.
test
of
time.
The
subject
relating
to the Bound Towers
is
one that
would
fill a fair-sized volume
;
it
presents
dimensions
and
outlines
far
too wide
for
the writer to
compress,
and
yet
elucidate
;
to
trace
clearly
and
fully
in
one
half
chapter
before
the
critical
eye
of the
learned student. There is
no
subject just
now
in
the
literary
field
before
men of
learning
and
thought
in
Ireland,
and before
men
of
no
learning,
and the mere
unthinking,
yet reading public,
so
full of
knotty
and
apparently
contradictory
views
as
that
relating
to the
ancient towers
of
Ireland,
Tke
subject
is
worthy
the attention of scholars.
Men
of no learn-
ing
have,
like children
looking
at
the
moon,
been
time
after time
viewing
those towers
without
any
profitable
result
Within
the
past fifty
years,
however,
much has
been done
by
means of the sciences
of
paleology
and
comparative
philology,
and
by
discoveries
made
in
cities
built
by
the
ancients who
flourished
nigh
four thousand
years
ago.
In the
seventeenth
century
the
theories of
astronomers
regarding lightning
were the theories of chil-
dren.
One
experiment
made
(June,
1752,)
by
Dr.
Frank-
lin
with his
electrical
kite,
on the
plains
of
Philadelphia,
opened
the
doors
of
the
material
heavens,
and
all
the
light
that flashes in
the
spheres,
that
brightens
the Arctic
regions
at
mid-night,
that
speeds
from
pole
to
pole,
that
darts
from
the
stars
that
silently permeates space,
was
read in
an
instant
by
the
eye
of the
philosopher.
By
the
key
of
science,
& world
hidden for
ages
is
opened
up
in an
instant,
or
a new
order
of
things
starts
into
being.
The
discovery
made
by
Professor Oersted
of
Copenhagan
in
1819,
of the
action
of
current
electricity
on a
magnet,
has
revolutionised
the world and
brought
the
ands of
the earth
to
the bounds
of a
village
home.
344
TELEGRAPHY.
Telegraphy
is
as
much a
matter of
every-day
life
now as
the mail
coach had been
fifty
years ago
in
the
metropolis.
Oersted's
accidental
discovery
has led
to
this moral
and
social
amelioration,
not in one
kingdom,
but
throughout
the
habitable
globe.
Pretty
much
in
this
way
a
large
amount of
knowledge,
which
lay
entirely
hidden
some
years ago,
has
been
gleaned
respecting
the
early
history
of
nations.
Fres-h
and
truthful views
regarding
the
Round
Towers
can,
therefore,
be
presented now-a-days
to
the
learned
reader.
It
is well
to
begin,
then,
to
view the
subject
of
the
pillar
towers
as
they
rise
before
the
view,
covered
with
the
mist
of
ages,
like
enchanted
castles seen at
a
distance
bedecked with a halo
under the
gilding light
of
early
dawn.
Fiction must
be eliminated from
facts.
Truth,
hidden
and
unperceived,
must be
developed.
What is certain
must be
clearly pointed
out,
and
sepa-
rated
from
that
which is uncertain.
The
most
probable opinion
can then
be found
regard-
ing
(1)
the
time
in
which the
towers were
built.
Next,
the
object
which
the
ancients
had in
view,
or the
purpose
which
they
wished to
effect
in
erecting
them,
can
be
ascertained.
The
two
questions
are
quite
distinct. If
one
arrive at a
correct
view
regarding
the
time,
he
will
readily
perceive
the
object
for which the
towers
were
erected.
WHAT
IS CERTAN
:
WHAT
IS NOT.
1.
It
is
certain
that
to-day
the
pillar-towers
of
Ireland
"
lift their
he
ads
sublime,"
as
they
have done
for
the
past
thousand
years,
presenting,
even
still,
perennial
proofs
of
primeval
proficiency
in
the
practice
of
the art
of
architecture.
Well
does
Denis Florence
MacCarthy
sing
of those
"
grey
old
pillar
temples'
5
:
THE TEUTH
ABOUT THE TOWERS
The
pillar-towers
of
Ireland,
how
wondrously
they
stand,
By
the
lakes and
rushing rivers,
through
the
valleys
of
our
land;
In
mystic
file
through
the
isle,
they
lift their
heads
sublime,
These
grey
old
pillar-temples
these
conquerors
of time.
2. The
period
at
which
they
were erected is
not cer-
tain. To this
point
the reader's
attention
is
respectfully
invited.
3. The
object
for which
they
were
planned
and
per-
fected is
a
matter
entirely
hidden
from
all
historic
search.
It
may
become
known if one
could first
form a
very
pro-
bable
opinion
of the
time
in which
the
towers were
first
erected.
According
to the
authority
of Marcus
Kcane,
M.B.I.
A.,
author of The, Towers and
Temples of
Ancient
Ireland.
Dublin
:
Hodges
and
Smith, 1867,
there
have
been one
hundred and
twenty
Round Towers
in ancient
Ireland.
The
remains
of
sixty-six
can be
traced.
However,
on
the
testimony
of "W. J.
O'Neill
Daunt,
in the catechism
of the
history
of
Ireland,
there
are
only
fifty-two
Round
Towers
actually
existing
in Ireland.
In
page
3,
(thirty-fifth
edition,
1872,
Dublin,
Duffy)
he
asks
the
question
:
"
Are
there
any
remarkable
remains of
early
Irish
buildings
?"
And
he
replies,
"
Yes,
there
are
fifty-
two Rround
Towers
in Ireland
of a
very high
antiquity.
Their
origin
and their
purpose
are
unknown."
The
present
writer is
inclined
to
believe
that
there are
sixty-six,
or tha rema
ins of
that
many,
as
declared
by
Mr. Marcus
Keane,
M.R.I
A.,
because
his
work
is
the
latest
published
(early
in
18C8)
;
and because
he
has
made,
for
years past,
the
number
of
the towers and
sketches of
them
the
particular
object
of
his
study.
The
work
which he has
given
the
public
has been
projected
and
completed
in
the leisure
hours
of
three
years (before
the t.me
of
publication
)
and
neither
labor
nor
expense
346
THEIR
NUMBER.
has
been
spared
in
visiting
and
closely
inspecting
the
numerous
sites
and
specimens
of
early
architecture,
described
or
illustrated
by
him. He
has
travelled,
he
declares,
more than
five
thousand
miles
through
Ireland,
and
chiefly
on
post-cars.
As
archaeologist
and
tourist,
he
confesses he
that
furnishes
a
trustworthy
topographical
and
pictorial
guide
to the
most remarkable
ruins of Ire-
land. The
present
writer
has read
Mr. Marcus
Keane's
book
throughout
;
and
the
only
point
in it
deserving
of
praise
is the
correctness
and
fulness of
the
drawings,
and the
additional
testimony
furnished
by
him
as
an
eye-
witness
to
the
number and
reality
of
those
conquerors
of
time.
Having given
credit
to
Mr,
Marcus
Keane for all
that
appears
to
the writer
good
and
useful in
the
work,
he
may
be
allowed
to
tell
those
who
have not
read the
book
what
it is.
Mr.
Keane
proposes
to
show
that the
Bound
Towers
were
built
by
the
Cuthites,
as
he
calls
the
immediate
descendants of
Ham,
or
Cham,
and the
progenitors,
ac-
cording
to
him,
of
the
Scythian
race.
(p. 207.)
NOTE
The
Scythians
have
sprung
from
Magog,
second
son of
Japhet.
Keane
and
Bryant
state that
they
are
descendants of
Cham.
Why
it
is
that
he
makes such a
statement
nobody
but
himself can
tell.
It
is a fact that the
Kelts of
Ireland
the earliest
as
well as the latest
migration
were the
descendants of
Gomor,
the eldest son
of
Japhet.
J
The
Kimmerii,
the
Kelts,
the
Galli,
Galatians,
the
Iberians
in
the
Caucasus
and
in
Spain,
those of
the
Kimmerian
Bosphorus
and the
Crimea,
the
Irish, Welsh,
British,
are
all of
the race of
Japhet's
eldest
son. This
view is
entirely opposed
to
all
those
who
say
that
the
Kelts
of
Ireland are descend-
A STRANGE BOOK.
347
ants
of the Phoenicians.
(S?e
Biblical
Geography,
%
Dr.
Rosznmidler
;
and
Di'. P
ye
Smith's
Biblical G
ijc'-opeiia)
.
Mr.
Keane
contradicts,
without
shewing any
reason,
the truths
which
the
light
of the
science
of
comparative
philology
has disclosed
to
the
modern
literary
world.
Hermeneutics,
Exegetics, Paleography,
and
Ethnology
are
regarded
as sciences
by
learned men
;
and
of course
the truths
investigated by
their
aid
have
been deemed
sure
and certain.
These
sciences
Mr.
Keane does
not
know.
He
makes
it
evident
that
he
never
heard of
such
safe
conduits
to historic
truth.
The book is
written without
plan.
It treats
of
every-
thing
relating
to
Ireland,
Christian
and
pre-Christian
as
something
mythical,
as
seen
by
one
dwelling
in
the
land
of
dreams.
The
work
may
well be
compared
to
a
stuffed
image
on
which one sees
suspended
as
on
the
Hindu
Idol
Kali
all
kinds
of
grotesque
ornamentation.
The
Hindu
idol
has four arms and a
necklace of skulls.
The
figure
is
represented
trampling upon
an
intelligent
crea-
ture. Such is the book
before us.
It
has no
vital
force,
for it
is
devoid
of
plan.
It
has four
arms,
for
it
takes
up
Paganism
and
Christianity,
and
makes
use of
each,
right
and
left,
as it
seems
to
suit the drift of the
writer
;
for,
there is no
purpose
apparent
in
the
work.
Very
likely
the
compiler
had meant
well
;
but
if
he
had
studied
the exact sciences
in
any way,
or if
he
had
looked over
the
pages
of the
Logic
tract,
and had
consulted
a
little
common
sense,
he
would
not,
as he has
done,
make the
Irish
saints either
myths
or
demons
;
he would
not
have
stated
that all the
ruins of Catholic churches
and
monas-
teries,
even those
at
our door
for
instance,
the
Abey-
knock-moy,
and
Kilbannon
had
been
Pagan
shrines
and
temples
re-built
in
modern
times. If
he had known
the
Irish
language
he
would
not
have
made
the absurd
348
UXFEXCED GARDENS
FAIL.
and
outrageous
mistake of
saying
that
folk
is the
plural
of
liudh
(p.
296)
;
that
the name of the idol
Astoreth or
Venus,
was
derived
from
the Irish word
a,' tore.
Adore,
in
Irish,
is
a
miss-spelling
for
"
a
stair''
oh,
treasure !
or,
oh,
store !
If
he had
consulted,
for
one
hour,
the Rev
John
O'Hanlon,
M.R.I.A.,
he
would have
been
convinced
that
Irish
saints Patrick
and
Jarlath,
Colman and
Brendan
(see
p.
293
and
passim)
were
not
Pagan perso-
nations,
mythical
or
demoniac,
but
that
they
were
real
men who lived and
prayed,
and
taught
and
worked,
and
that
their works
remain.
The
inspired
narrative of Moses
is made to suit the Cuthite
theory.
Like the Hindu
figure,
the
work
tramples
to
the earth
every
intelligent
thought.
The sane
opinions
of
every
learned
writer
scholars like
O'Donovan
and Sir William
Wilde,
and
Dr. W. K.
Sul-
livan,
Dr Petrie of all who have
penned
a
line on
Irish,
are
valued
as
naught
or
simply
ignored.
Perhaps
the
writer had
not known them. There
is
one
good,
how-
ever,
regarding
the
book
to
be
yet
noticed
;
it
is,
that
the
writer of
it
asks no
man to
embrace his
opinions
or
to
uphold
his views.
Speaking
in
general,
it
must be
said,
that the
most
exact
and settled
sciences,
if
allowed to
be
treated with-
out
care or
order,
would
soon be reduced
to
a
chaotic
state.
How much
more so do those
sciences,
like
paleo-
graphy
and
antiquities,
suffer*
under untrained hands.
Ihe
most beautiful
and
the
most
elegantly
arranged
garden
will
soon lose its
beauty
and
fruit,
if
ihe
fences
surrounding
it
are
broken
down and
every
creature
allowed to enter and
pull
up
the
rarest
and
most
precious
plants.
Verily,
if the
youngest
tyro
in
St.
Jarlath's
College
should have
written
such
a
work
as the
Toners
and Tem-
ples
of
AnciciJ
Ireland,
he
^would
certainly
obtain
^no
\\ll
:T ARE THK
ROUXD TOAVlMS
?
219
position
of honor
in
his
class,
until
he should
enlarge
his
knowledge,
improve
his
style,
and form
some
notion
of
correct
thought
and
logical
judgment.
WHAT
ARE THE
ROUXD TO
WEES ?
For the benefit
oZ
many
who,
in
America
and in
Aus-
tralia,
will
read these
pages,
it
is well
to
tell
what
the
Towers are.
Perhaps
no
better
description
of
them
could
be
given
than that
furnished
by
Dr.
Petrie
himself
in
the
following
outline
:
"
These Towers are
rotund,
cylindrical
structures,
usually tapering upwards,
and
varying
in
height
from
fifty
to
perhaps
one
hundred
and
fifty
feet
;
and in
ex-
t-jrnai
circumference,
at the
base,
from
forty,
sixty
feet,
or somewhat
more.
They
have usual
ly
a
circular,
pro-
jecting
base,
consisting
of
one,
two,
or
three
steps,
or
plinths,
and are
furnished
at the
top
with a
conical
roof
of
stone,
which
frequently,
as there is
every
reason
to
believe,
terminated
with
a
crosb
formed
of a
single
stone.
r
ihe
wall,
towards
the
base,
is
never less
than
three
feet
in
thickness,
bat
i<
usually
more,
and
occasionally
five
feet,
being
always
in
accordance
with
the
general
pro-
portions
of
the
building.
In the
interior,
they
are
divided
into^
stories,
varying
in
number from
four
to
eight
f'jet,
as
the
height
of the
tower
permitted,
and
usually
about
twelve
feet
in
height.
These
stories
are
marked
either
by projecting
belts
of
stone,
sets
off,
or
ledges,
or
holes
in
the wall
to
secure
joists,
on
which rested the
floors,
which were
almost
always
of wood. In
the
uppermost
of
these
stories
the
wall is
parfo
rated
by
two,
four, five,
six,
or
eight
apertures,
but
most
usually
four,
which
sometimes
face the
cardinal
poi
nts,
and sometimes
not.
The
lowest
story,
or
rather
its
place,
is
sometimes com-
posed
of solid
masonry
and whoa not
sj,
it
never has
any