Бородин И.В. Технология и организация строительства водопроводно-канализационных сооружений

fttaea

II.

fopueonrattbuoui

rpaHcnopr

u dopoeu

a crpoure.nbcree

oqHcTKe

nlcTbeBblx

H

cToqHbIX

eol,

tpe6yercg

nepeBo3l{Tb

coTHH

TEIcflq

TSHH

Harua

oreqecrBeHHafl

npoMbrrrrJreHHocrb

H3foroBJrreT

rpy3oBbre

aBT6Mo-

6unu

pa3Hblx

THIIoB

(6o-prdoue,.caMocBaJrbr,

r{eMeHroeogu,

rpy6onosnr)

w

rpy3onoAbeMHocrblo

or

0,5

Ao

40 r

u 6o"nee,

qro

no3Bo,'rfler

HcnoJrbsoBarr)

l8

$

10. O6t4ue

caedenun

o

crpouretuHoifl

rpaHcnopre

rnApaBJrgqecKoro

[pI{BoAa,

nycKaeMoro

B

pa6oty ruOQepoM

6es

BbIXOAa

H3

cso6ri Ka6HHbr.

MeiaHuqecKaff

norpysKa

H

Bblrpy3Ka

go3BoJlflIor

HcIIoJIb3o-

BaTb

aBTOMO6HJIH-CaMOCBaJIbI

c

6O.nrUOfi

aQQextHBHocTbIO'

TaK KaK

OCHOB'

Hoe

BpeMx

ux

pa6oTbl

yxoAHT

He

Ha

npocral'IBaHI'Ie

IIoA

norpy3Koft

HJIII

BbI-

rpy3KofI,

a

Ha

[epeMeu{eHl4e

rpy3oB-

flplI

xopOuent

xe

cocToflHllu Aopon

I't oTCyTSTBHII

KpyTbIX

noAbeMoB

B

ueJrflx

sa"'6onee

rroJrHoro

HcnoJrb3oB

a*ilr.

MolrrHocrl{

aeroMo6HJlbHoro

ABH-

raTeJIfl

[pHMeHflIOT

aBTOIIOe3Aa

B COCTaBe

aBTOMO6IIJIfl

c

[pHIIenaMH,

nony-

npr{4enaMH

H

pocnycKaMH.

J:},

4e

t

. .."!

4

a;''jr

-rt--#

t9

'1

-

: -

: :

-+,;A

*noF'

a'

€s

-,i

iit"

Er

{

Puc.

l.

flepenosra

xstego6erouuoft

4eralu

rlepeKpnrlln

Kyrorla

AluHoft

16,37

n

Hq-lp^ll19l9-6a.nxosose

aBToMaIIIH-

urr MA3-2008

raer HHorAa

6-8

?

n 6oJlee.

llaHeneeo3bl,

O6bIqHO

npeAHa3HaqaeMble Alrq

nepeBo3KII

C6OpHbIX

)Ke-

ne3o6eroHHbrx

AeraJreft

r.r

xoucrpyKllnfi

IJIa

npoMbIIuJIeHHoro

H

rpa)KAaH-

CKOTO

CTpOHTeJIbCTBa,

MOX(HO

I4CnOJIbSOBaTb

AJIfl

nepeBO3KH

C-6OpHbIX

X(eJIe'

so6eroHHbrx

AeraJrefi,

npuueureMbtx

npu

crpoHTeJIbcrBe

orcrofiHl'IKoB,

pe3ep-

ltaaa

IL fopusourantuotii

rpaHcnopr

u 1opoeu.a

crpoure.lbcrse

nepeMeureRufl.

Ha rpacce

cBapeHHblx

cra"rrbHntx

cexuali

orAe,ubHbrx

rflj{ieJrblx

Puc-

2.

Burpyaxa

craJlbHbtx

rpy6

ua noJryBafoHos

anroil,ro6uJrbHbrj\r

BpaHorvr

$

I

I-

IlozpgaottHo-paaepgso.tHble

pa6orot

B

xprtrotx BafoHax nepeBognrcfl llarepu

ailbt

H o6opyAoBaHr.re,

Koropbre

HCO6XOAHMO

IIPEAOXPAHflTb

OT TIOPqH H

-TIOTCPb

NPH

HAXO)KACHHH

B

NYTH.

BaronerxH

^Jrfl

yaxoxo.neliHblx

Aopor

Ha

crponTe,rrbcrBe.

BoAonpoBoAHo.

KaHaJIH3aqHOHHbIX

COOpyX(eHHft IIpHMeHflIOTCfl

B

OCHOBHOM

AByX

THTTOB:

C

On-

poI(HJ[bIBaeMHM

rlreraJIJIHlIecKHM Ky3oBolr

u

c

[oAHHMaroulnMnca

6opraua.

Baroserxu

nepBoro

runa

c eMKocrbro Ky3oBa

Ao

1,5

,rB

upr.rMenflrorct

Anfl

nepeMeuleHaq

B

npeAeJrax

crpouTe.nrHofi nJrouIaAKH

(qaure

Bcero

B

npe-

AeJIax

pa6oueft

aouu)

6eroHHoft

cMecu,

pacrBopa,

rpvaTa,

a

BaroHerKH

BTo-

poFo

rltfia

-.IIJIR

orBo3KH JIHIuHero,

rpyHTa

ga

npeleJrbr

crpoHTe.nnuoft

nno-

rqaAKIc

HJLH

Ltrfr

noABO3KH

fpyHTa r,r3

Kapbepa

r( Mecry

ycrpoficrna

flepeMbr-

qex,

IIJtorHH,

Hacblneft n r. n.

fl,.irn

nepeMeureHflq

no

y3r(oKonerlsun

nyrffl\r

noe3AoB

H3 BaroHeroK

qa-

ule

Bcero

Hcfionb3yrorcfl

MoroBoSbI H

SneKTpoBo3bI.

"

s

il.

[orpy3oqHo-pA3rpy3oqHblE

pAEoTbr

IlorpysovHo-pa3rpy3oqHble pa6oru

Ha

crponreJrbcrBe

orHocflTcs

K

Ka-

TeropHH

Haa6o.'Iee rpyAoeMKHx,

rIo3ToIlIy

npfixoAHTcfl

trrHpoKo rlpHMeHfiTb

pa3JInqHbIe

cpelcrBa

MexaHHsaIIHvr,

cnoco6crByrou{ue

coKpauIeHI{Io

qflcJreH-

HOCTU pa6oqHx,

yMeHbrueHHro

fipocroeB

TpaHcnoprHbrx

cpeAcrB

H

norepb

rpy3oB.

Bu6op

tuna

norpy3orlHo-

pa3rpy3ollHbrx

MexaHHsMoB

H

flpucnoco6.ne-

unfi

o6ycJloBJlaBaercfl

B

nepBylo

oqepeAb xapaKrepou

u

o6tenror,a rpancnop-

THpyeMbix

rpy3oB.

florpysxa

rpyHTa rpH

pa3pa6orxe

rpaHueft

E

KorJroBaHoB

oAnoKoBrrro-

BbIMH

3KCKaBarOpaMr,r

O6rr,ruo

_npoH3BoAHTcfl

STHMr.I )Ke

gKCKaBarOpaMH

B

npoqecce

paepa6orrH

rpyHTa.

Srnun

x{e

sKcKaBaropaMH

fpysflr

,u,o6Hsae-

trrrrft

g

Kapbepax

HJIH cJro)KeHubrfi

e rura6enfl

necoK,

rpannft

Hru

ure6eun.

flpu

npontraAKe

rpy6onpobo,qoB

MaJIbIx

4nar*rerpoe

o6reM rroAnex(aure-

ro

orBo3_Ke

rpyHTa

HesHaqHTeJIeH, H rrogroMy

oAHoBpeMeHHaff

c

paapa6orxoft

rpauurefi

orBo3Ka

rpyrrra aeroMo6a

JrflMrr

He3KoHoMHrrHa

BcreAcrBue

Manoro

HcrIoJIb3oBaHHs

no BpeMeHH

aBTocaMocBanoB.

O6nrqno

gTor

rpynT

orBogHT-

cs

[ocJre

npoKJraAr(a

rpy6onpoBoAoB

H

3acbrnKn

rpaHrrreft.

nts

norpyaKn

ocTaBIIIeFocfl

lla Tpacce rpyHTa

qeaecoo6pa3Ho

[pHMeHflTb

yHrrBepcantHurft

[orpy3rrHK

c BbrcoKrdrvt

rroA%eMoM

Ha rpaKTope <Ee.napycb>,

Koropufi

noua-

lMo

KoBttra

HMeer

orBaJI-nJIaHHpoBurHK

I4

BH"TorrHHrlr

saxear,

qro

nogBoJrfler

IICnOJIbSOBarb

3Ty

MaUIHHy.

Ans

rrJIaHHpOBr(H

IOBepXHOCTH

[OCJre

3aCbInKH

rpaH_ruefi,

a raKlKe

a.na

norpy3Kr.r ruryqHbrx

rpy3oe

Cecotr{

ao

b00

re.

flpu

MaccoBbrx

ilepeBo3Kax

necra,

rqe6ua,

rpaBufl

AJrn

tronpy3Kn

Hx

B

aBTocaMocBarbl

6oaruor?

rpy3oIIoABeMHocrH

Hcnonbgyrorcfi

nepeABr{N(Hbre

norpygrruKtr

c

KoBrrranru

6onsruoft

.eurocra.

Becrnaa pacnpocrpaHeHHblMa

neperpy3oqHbnra

MexaHI{sMaMrr

Ha

crpon-

Te.IIbcrBe

tBJlslorcs

nepe/lBllxHble

rpaHcfloprepbr

H cKpenepflbre ycraHoBKH

c noAa.Iefi

Marepr{aJra

u 6yHrep npn

noMorrla pa3nr.rrrHbrx

nurare.n-eft.

Hanw.-

ulle

6yHxepa

6o.nsruofi

eurocrn no3BoflfleT

HaKanJrHBarb

B HeM cunyuafi

raa-

TepHan

u

6ucrpo

Bbrrpy)r(arb

ero

B

TpaHc[oprHbre

cpeAcrBa,

coKpaqar

Ao

rrHHuMyMa

npocToH nocJreAHHx.

Tsxe.nue

cra.IlbHble,

qyryHHble,

xeJle3o6eroHnue

H ac6ecroIIeMeHTHbIe

rpy6ut

Bblrpyx(arcT

H3 BaroHoB,

rpy3flT

Ha

aBToMarrruHbr,

pagrpyxaroT

c

HHx

H

pacxJraAbrBaror

Ha rpacce

npu rroMoruu

r(panoB

Ha aBToruo6nnrnoM

xoAy.

-

,[;rs

[orpy3l(H

Ha cKJIare

H BbIFpysKH

B

noJreBbrx ycJroBurx

rr)KeJrbrx

$acoHHux

uacrefi,

3aABax(eK, y3JroB,

crponTenbnux

aeraiefi

n

roucrpyrcIgft

H

T.

n-

npaMeHflr,or

cnerlHaJrbHbre

aeroMo6r.urn (pnc.

g),

o6opyaoiagrrbre

rHApaBnHrIecKHM

KpaHoM,

HnH

r(paHbr

c

yKoporreHnoft

crpenofi

Ha

oAHoocttoM

anrouo6nJrbHoM

ttpHqene.

2l

laaea

II.

lopusonraaonwil

rpaHcnopr

u }opoeu

s crpourelbcrae

.II,,ra

norpy3Ku

Ha

aBToMo6HJIII

TtxeJIbIx

luryr{Hblx

lpy3oB, o6opyAona-

Ht{s

H

nexaHH3MOB

Ha HeI{OTbpbIX

Crpol:Kax

o6opyA\rloT

scTaxalY

c

MoHo-

peJrbcoM

H TeJIboepOM.

.

Ha

xpynHbrx crpofirax oAnorl

I'I3

oqeHb

rpyAoel\IKIlx

pa6or

sBJlflercfl

pa3rpy3Ka

H3 BaTOHOB

rIeMeHT

a.

D,an

o6ecneqeHHs

fiyquHx ycJIoBIrfi

rpyaa

pa6ouux H cHHx<eHHr rpyAoeMKocru

l.Jrfl

pa3rpysKa

UeMeHra

t1pulreHflIor

nHeBMOMeXaHHrrecKrre

pa3rpy3-

tIuKH.

cXeVa Bbrrpy3Kn

H TpaHc-

nopTHpoBaldljfr,

qeMeHTa

oT

Bafo-

Hs

Ao

pacxoAHoro

6yHxepa

rpr4-

BeAeHa ua

puc,

4.

_

D,ns

pa3rpysKrr

KaMHfl,

tqe-

oHq,

fpaBHff, rrecKa

r.t

ApyrHx

cblnyrrHx

[rarepua.TroB,

npu6un-

urr.rx

Ha

cTponTenbcTBo

Ha >Ke-

JIe3HoAopo;KHbrx

nnarQopuax,

Hcnoab3yercs

rpaxropuufi

pa3-

rpy3rrliK

c HaBecHbl:rr

o6opyAona-

Hr.reM,

cocroffrrlurr

u3

AByx

f-o6-

pa3Hbrx

cTpeJr,

AB)/CTOpOHHefO

oTBaJra,

npoTHBOBeCa

H

qeTblpex-

Plrc.3.

Cxerra

aeror4o6ri"rq

c

pa3rp\,3o.r-

HbIM

TITAPABJIHqECKII\{

KPAHOJ\,I

KparHoro

[oJrHcrracra

c

pauuofi

onopor?.

llpuueHeu'e

ABy_cropoHHero

orBa'ra no3BoJrseT

pasrpyxiaTb

Marep'a-

rIbI

c

n;rar$opnr.

Ha o6e

ciopouu

jxeJre3noAopolKHoro

itytr.'eo,.pyr*a

Mare_

l:1":",._gAlofi

n.narQopnrbr

npoH3BoArircfl

3&

H€cKo",-rbKo

npueMoB

B reqe-

HHe

4-C

Jy4UH.

Pllc.

4.

Cxeua

nsenrlarriqecxoft

aurpy3Klr r{eMeHTa

H3

BafoHoB

rr

rpaHc-

.r--

xpur-'n

*.n.,,,..oollt#-*HtrJ"r':"rfi;llT"oor-r,

s. 4.

s.

ts.

t6

11

17

-

rpy6onpoBoAl'r;

j

-j

saroH

c 6yHxepar'ru;'o

-'dlpcoynxlp;

z

-

npor'rexrJ.tbi"u,fr

6yuxep;

- _8

rr lJ

-

rrHeBMoMexaHlrqecxne

noAr€MHHKH;

io

-

cuascHu

;'

i.;:;;,

1,

-

ruHeK;

,12

-

npoue;xyrovHuf,

6yHxep;

14

_

pacxo1ttrn

6yHxep

Bo

nperua

nepeBo3Ku

necKa,

Ee6us

u

rpaBufi

Ha >r{eJre3HoAopo)Knbrx

nnarQopvax.H

B

noJryBaroHax

B

oceHHe-3uuHuri

nepHoA

c

qepeAoBauaeu

or-

tene.nefi

c

aox,q,rrur.r

H

3aMopo3KoB 3TH

MarepuaJrbr cMep3arorcfr.,

H

Bbrrpy3Ka

ux

Ha

CTpOfiKe

eule

AO

HeAaBHero

BpeMeHH npeAcTaB.IIflJra

orteHb

6Onourrae

rpyAHocrH.

$

12.

Ocnoattote

coedeHun o

6eepetocoaou

)opoeax

HI,lI4Xe.ne3o6eroHoM

pa3pa6oraH Bu6popblxrlurerlb

(pnc.

5), npeA-

cras.[srculuri

co6oft

nJrHry

c

pbIxJII{TeJIbHbIMH

IxrbIpsMH, BH6pHpyIouIH[lH

npg

BKnroqeHHH

nu6paropa,

npr.rBoAnMoro

B

AeftcrBue

gJIeKTpoABHrareneM.

T-axofi erE6popuxJrr{TeJtb

Mo}Ker 6url

HctIo.IIb3oBaH KaK

rtpH

JIHHeI?Hblx

rpponrax nurpysxu

HepyAHbIx

MarepuaaoB

(npu

no4necKe efo

K KpIoKy

xpaua),

TaK

n npr

pbIxJIeHHH

cMep3llluxcff

MaTepHaJIoB

B 6yHxepax c

ycTa-

HOBKofi

pbIxJIHTeJIfl

B

TaKHx

cflyqasx

Ha

CTaIIHOHapHOM

nopTaJle.

Puc. 5. Cxeua

nu6popurxaurenq

HHHXe-'reao6eroHa

i;fJ,".?3il,HLiJ,""1"-',,l,uff

;:o'u

j;

joXliJ'Tl;il

6

-

nprlrpysxa

llpu

nunorrHeHua

norpy3oqHo-pa3rpysotlHhlx

pa60r

Heo6xoAHMo

crpo-

ro

co6.nrcAarb

ycraHoBJIeHHbIe npaBHJIa

rlo rexHHKe 6e3o[acHocrH.

Ao

Ha-

saila

pa6or

Bce

pa6oraroulue

Ha

[orpy3Ke

HJrH

Bblrpy3Ke

AoJI)I(Hbr

floryqilTb

I.rHCTpyKTa)K

nO 6egOnacsnM

MeroAaM

pa6orbl,

a

JII'Iqa,

o6c.ny>xnnaoulne

KpaHbr,

TpaHcnoprepbr

n

Apyrfie

MexaHH3MbI.

npuMeHfleMble

,4JIfl

Eorpy3KH

HJrH Bbrrpy3Krr,

AoJrx(Hbr

xopouo 3HaTb

LIx

AefIcTBI,re

H o6fl3aHbl ocMOTpeTb,

npoBepHTb,

HcrrbrTaTb

H tIoAforoBHTb

t4x K

pa6ore

Ao

Harlafla

pa6oTbl.

flpu

pasrpy3r(e

TTbIJIeBLIAHbIX

MarepHaJIoB

(ueueHra,

HsBecrH

u

np.)

Pa-

6ounlr, ilpoa3BoAsuruM

gry

pa6ory,

Ao.nxuu

6ttrn

BbIAaHbI

3aurHTHbIe oqKu

Ir

pecnupaTopbr.

s

t2.

ocHoBHbrE CBEAEHHfl O

EE3PEJIbCOBbIX

AOPO|AX

K

6espenbcoBbrM

Aoporapl,

Hc[oJIb3yeMbIM

AJIff

nepeBo3Klz rpyaoB

Ha

crpolrreJrbcrBe,

orHocsrcfl

rpyHToBble

flposHnHpoBaHHbIe

AoporH,

AoporH

c

[or{pbrrneM,

c

HacrHJroM

r{3 xBopocra,

+auIHH,

xepAeft

H

IIIHToB,

cHeloBble,

ireAqHbre

H noABecHbre KaHarHbIe

AopofH.

fpyHronne

Aoporr.r

tuflpoKo

r{cnoJrb3ylorcff

npH

crponTeJrbcrBe

BoAotrpo-

B

OAHO-KaH

a Jr U3

a TIHOHH brx

COOpyX<eHr.Ul.

,II,;rn

ynennrreHuff

npo[ycKHoft

cnoco6Hocru

rpyHToBble

Aoporn

Bo3Bo-

Lsrcn

c o6TeKaeMbIM

nofiepeqHblM

npoQuneu

nyreM

nepeMeuleHufl

rpyHTa

nJaHHpoBoqHbrMu

ryrarrrHHaMn

(rperi4epartru)

or

KpaeB

K

ocH

Aoporu.

,4ls

npHI\aHHfl,6o;rrurefi

ycroftuunocru

npoe3xefi

,racrn

AoporH

B HeKoropblx

cJIy-

T

I

ftaea II.

fopusonrantu.otit

rpaHcnopr

u dopoeu

a crpourertbcr1e

$

13.

Pacuer

neo6xoduttbtx

rpaHcnoprHbtx

cpe)cra

5 cn,

o6.nerqarcurarr

ABHx(eHHe

aBTouo6u.neti.

Hernss

AeJrarb

fleArrHyro

Ao-

pory

Ha

Kpyrbrx noAbeMax,

fAe

Bo3MoxHo

6yxconaur{e

KoJrec aBToMo6HJrer?.

flo4eecuue KaHarHbIe

Aoporu

ycrpauBalorcfl

B Mecrax c

pe3Konepece-

qeHHbrM

purreQou

MecrHocru, HanpHMep npx

npoKJraAKe rpy6olpoBoAoB

rlep$

6onrruue

tr

rny6oKr4e oBparH,

peKr.r

r.r r. n.

OcnosHsrr{H

gJreMeHT

aMH KararHbrx

[oABecHbrx

Aopor

flBJrfl

rorcfl : Hecy-

ulnrl craflruofi

rpoc,

yKpenJlfleMblfi

Ha

AepeBtHHbrx,

craJrbHblx

HJrH x(eJre3o-

6erouurtx

oflopax;

florpysorrHaq r.r

pa3rpysorrHas

craurlnu c npHBoAHbrM

H

Harfl]I{Hbrrrr

ycrpoftcrBaMr.r

u cfleqnaJrbrrbre Barorrerr(r4

g*rrfl.

nepeMerqenr{g

rpy3oB.

Bucora

onop n

panHlauuofi

qacrn

MecrHocrr.r

npuHnMaercff

or

8

Ao

12 u,

a B

ropIlcrofi MecrHocra

oHa fiHorAa

Aocruraer

50

*t

u 6o.uee.

Onopu

ycraHaBJrr{Barorcs

qepes

250-500

.tut,

a

B HeKoropbrx

cJryqaflx, HarrpnMep

flpu

[epeceqeHur{

xaHarsoft

Aoporofi

Bo.nru

sa

crpor.rreJrbcrBe

Bonxcroft

I-3C

uvreuu

XXII

cbe3Aa

KIICC,

paccroflHue

uexAy

6eperonuuH

orropaMn

npeBbrrua.uo

1000 a.

Kauarnue

Aoporn

6ltsator oAHoKaHarHbre H

AByxxaHarHbre.

B oAuoxa-

HaTHblx

oAr{H

H TOT Xe

TpOC

ffBJIfleTCq

[r rpy3oBbrru

H TflrOBbrM,

a B

AByX-

KaHarHbIx

oAr.rH

Tpoc Heno4nnxHufi H rro Her\ry

nepeMerqarorcfi

rroABerueH-

HbIe

TeJrexKr.r,

a

nropofi

-

noAeHxHHft,

ssrsrou{Hfics

TflroBbrM.

Tsrosnrfi

Kalrar

[oJryqaeT

ABHxeHLre

oT

BeAyulero

.IrrKHBa,

BparqaeMoro

ABHFaTeJreM,

vcraHoBJIeHHbrM

Ha

npHBoAHofi

crauqulr.

Hecyrqufi

HenoAeHxHHr?

Kauar r.r3-

HaruIIBaercE

MeHbIue,

qeM

KaHar, oAHoBpeMeIrHo

nnnarcu1uftcfl

LI HecyIrlHM,

H

TflTOBbIM.

llpoueno4ureJrbuocrb

oAnoKauarHofi

Aoporu

cocraBJrfler

10-30 rfu, a

AByxxaHaruofi

Ao

250

rl't

u 6o.nee.

s

13.

PACT|ET

HEOEXOAHMbIX

TpAHCnOpTHbIX

CPEACTB

Heo6xoluMoe

qrIcJIo

rpanclloprHblx

cpeAcrB

Ha nepnoA crponTeJrbcr-.

na tpy6o[poBoAoB

aJrH xaxux-nn6o BoAonpoBoAHo-KanaJruaarruoHgbrx

co-

opyx<euuri

Mo)KHo

onpeAenrrb no

cneAyroqer?

Qopuyne:

tl

-

*-*/oor-Ff""'.

"rP

snop

N:9.

g

hTtcyr

(2)

rAe

i/-rpe6yeMoe

qucJro

oAHoBpeMeHHo

pa6orarculux

MarrrHH;

G-

o6rqr.rri sec HaMerraeMoro

K [epeBo3Ke

rpysa B m;

g,-

fpy3onoAbeMHocTb

MaITTHHH B m;

/-

paccroflHue

rrepeBo3r(H

rpy3a

B Krr;

orp

I

onop-

cKopocrn

ABHx<eHHfl

MarrrHH

B

teillq

c

rpysoM

w

6es

rpysa;

too,

E

1r",.

-

BpeMs

B

q,

Heo6xoAaMoe

.qJrr

norpygKn

H

BbrrpygKu

u

-;3$fr"o".",

Hcrorrb3oBaHHn

pa6ouero

BpeMeHH,

yrrHrbr-

Barouufi cocroflHue

Aopor,

Krl,rMarurrecKue ycJloBr.Ifl

H

ApyrHe

MecrHbre

Qamoprr,

flpuHnruaeunrfi

npu

pacqerax

paBHbrM

0,8 savrofi

u 0,9

JreroM;

?"-o6qaff

npoAoJrx(HTeJrbHocrb

pa6oru

Marrrr{H, saAaHHafl

Anff

nepeBo3Kr.r fpy3a,

B

AHSX;

t"yr-[poAoJrxuTeJrbHocrb

B

q

pa6oru

Marrrltn

B TeqeHHe

cyroK.

flpu

c.rroxHbrx

ycJroBnffx

npoH3BoAcrna pa6or

B ary

Soprvryny

BBoAHT-

cfl

eule E

BpeMs,

ueo6xoAttMoe

Ha MaHeBpI{poBaHHe

rrpH

[oAxoAe

Ha

nor-

pysrry

H

pa3rpy3Ky.

fnaea

II.

lopuaonraaonoLil

rpaHcnopr

u

dopoeu

I

crpourenbcrae

Ha

6onlruux

crpofixax

c

AJIItTeJIbHbJM

nepuoAoM

cTporrreJrbcrBa

rrpg

pacrrerax

BBoAHTcfl

elrle

AonoJrHHTeJrbHsrft

xoeQQuqr4eHT,

panuuli

l,l_1,i5,

yrrHTbrBarculnfi

npenra,

ueo6xoAHr\,roe

AJrfl

ocMorpon

u

peMoHTOB

MaUrr,rH.

flpu

crpouTeJlbcrBe

BoAorrpoBoAHo-KaHaJrasarlnoHHbrx

cereft

n coopy-

x<euat?

B ropoAcKl{x

ycJIoBtIflxuHa

reppuropau

npeAnpusrufi

qacro

[pfixo-

Ar{TCfl

HeMe,4JreHHO

OTBO3r.rrb

Ha SHaqHTeJrbHbre

paccrogHlrfl

fpyHT, paspa6a-

TbIBaeMbIti

excxasaropaMu

npu

pblTbe

KorJroBaHoB

rtoA

coopyx(egr.rfl

HJrH

rpauueti

AJrff

npoKrIaAKn

KaHaJIHgarrI{oHHbIx

KoJrneKTopoB,

TogHenefi

n r.

n.

rIpPI

OTBO3I{e

rpyHTa

LI3

KOTJTOBaHOB,rpy3OnOAbeMHOCTb

a

qIIcJlo

ueo6-

xoAHMbIX

aBTocaMocBaJIoB

AoJrxHbr

6urn

ycraHoBJreHbr

B

cooTBercrBnr.r

c

npol{3BoAl{TeJlbHocrblo

gKcKaBaropa

no Hs6exaHue

efo fipocroeB

Hg-Ba

He-

cBoeBpeMeHHOro

noAxoAa

caMocBaJroB.

Ans

npeABap{Tenblrblx

fioAcqeroB

npor.r3BoAHTeJrbHocrb

gKcKaBaropa

npHHHMaercfl

IIo

EHr'rP,

Ho,

yqLITbIBafl

BogMox(HocTb

[epeBbI[oJIHeHHff

Hopru

nrtpa6orrH

B

KoHKperHbIx

ycnoBnflx,

ara

rIpoH3BoAHTeJrbHocrb

Mox(er

H

AoJIxHa

6url

yBernqeHa

B

coorBercrBlln

c

AccrHrHyrbIMr.I

rroKa3aTeJlffMlr

no

np_oH3BOAHTeJTbHOCTH

SKCKaBaTOpa.

Korz_qeciBo 3KcKaBaqari

(qux.non)

ns

sa

I

'r

pa6orbr

Mo)KHo

onpeAe-

.rrurb

no

Qopnryne

n^

:

-!

o*--

-

V* /(n.r

-

qacoBaa

atrpa6orxa

.(npoueBoAuTenbuocru)

gKcKaBaropa

HHMaeMar

no EHaP)

s rug;

(3)

(npn-

r4e

Z"".o

v*

K*,.*

-

reoMerpflqecKafl

eMKocrb KoBIIra

B

,tsl

-xoeSQHqHeHT

HarroJrHeur{r

KoBrua,

yqnTbrBarculnfi

paspbrxJre-

HHe

rpyrrra

v rprrHHl\{_a€uur4

_

paBHbrM

0,6 upu

phsph6orxe

cKaJrbgbrx

rpyHToB

u

0,88-0,8T

r,nn

JrerKHx

cvrJrr,rHKoB

H lrec_

KOB.

9ac.no

roeuefi

rLK

rpyHTa,

norpyx(aeMoro

Ha

aBTocaMocBaJr,

oilpeAeJrfl-

ror

rro

Qopuy.ne

f,x:

?l/*

/(".*

'

(4)

rAe

g-fpy3ouoAbeMHocTb

caMocBaila B mi

-,

?

-

o6teuuufi

Bec

rpyHTa

B

nJrorHoM

TeJre n

mlus;

l(".*

-

xoeQQuqneHT

HanoJrHeHHt

KoBrua.

flpn ycraHoBJreHHH

qncJra

xoeurefi HaAo

crpeMnTbcff

K

ToMy,

qro6ut

oHo

paBirfi.,rocb

4

unu

5, tax I(aK

npn

MeHbrrreM

qacJre

Bo3HHKaroT

Hex{eJra-

TeJIbHbre

AHHaMHrrecKHe Hafpy3KH

Ha CaMOCBaJT

B npoqecce

Bbrrpy3Kr.r

rpyH-

Ta'

a_npH

6o.nrureu

qHcfle

BpeMf

Sarpy3KH caMocBaJra yAJrr,rHflercfl.

Ec.nu

npu

noAcserax

no.nyuaercd

apo6noe

qflcflo

-roeurefi,

To

x(eJra-

TeJIbHo

npHHHMaTr

6.nr.rxafiuree

6o.utruee

qucJro,

r.rMefl

B BHAy

Bo3Mox(Hocrb

neperpy3KH

CaMOCBa.rroB

Ao

100/o

nporHB

HoMHHa.rrbnoft

rpysorroAbeMHocrH.

Bpeux,

ueo6xo4nr\(oe

Ha oAHy

e3AKy caMocBaJra,

onpeAeJrffroT

no

eop-

Myne

ti":lno.*

*+1"".* +,

(s)

t'rp onqp

OnpeAetI'IB

o6reu

rpyHTa,

BbrBo3uMoro

3a

oAHy

e3AKy,

r.r

ireo6xoAuMoe

Ha

Hee

BpeMfl,

MolKHo

onpe4efart

o6rev

rpyHTa,

roropur?

Mox(er

6orrt

s61-

BeseH

oAuoft

uarunnoft

ga rrac

HJrH cMeHy, H, coruracoBaB

sro

c

npoH3Bo.(H-

TeJIbHOCTbro

gKcKaBaTOpa,

OnpeAeJrrrrcr

rpe6yevroe

rIHcJIo

MaurrrH.

$

15.

O6uaue

caedenun o sennflHbtx coopg)tceHunx

u

pa1orax

llpra pacuere

rro erofi

Soplty,rle

raKx{e Moxer

noJryquTbcn

4po6Hoe

quc-

.rro,'Koropoe

Aorx(Ho

6urn

oKpyrJleHo

B MeHbuyro

cropcHy, Ho B npeAeJIax

neperpy3Kn

ue

6o.nee

l0o/0.

q

14.

TEXHHKO-SKOHOMHqECKAfl

OUEHKA PA3JIHIIHbIX

BI,I,X,OB

NEPEBO3KH TPY3OB HA

CTPOHTEJIbCTBE

flpu

nsr6ope BHAa

rpaHcnoprHblx

cpeAcrB,

Koropble

AoJrlI(Hrt

6uru

uc-

noJIbSoBaHbr

AJrs

AocTaBKH

fpy3oB

Ha crpoHTeJrbcrBo, rrpeABapHTeJIbHo

npo-

n3BOAflT

AeTaJrbIIbre

TexrrrrKo-sKoHoMsqecKFre

pzrcqeTlrr

v onpeAeJlfroT

cTolt-

r\{ocrb I

rttu nepeBo3oK

rpysoB

pa3HbIMH

BHAaMH TpaHcnopra.

nnn

onpeAeJreHufl

cronMocru

I rc.ilt fiepeBo3oK

ycraHaBJIHBaIoT BItAbI

u

o6teunr 3arpar,

ueo6xoAuMbrx

AJrfl

yctporicrna

HoBbIx

Aopor

co

sceMlr

HCKyCCTBeHHbIMH COOpyXeH

t4fl.Mur,

CTOHMOCTb

ailopTl4s aqHH H

gKCnJIy

aT

a\nu

aBTorpaKTopHoro napKa,

crouMocrb

coAep)KaHtrn nyrefi

H

norpy3or{Ho-pa3-

rpysorrHblx

pa6or.

,4,.na

onpeAeJreHHR

crouMocrn

I rrcu nepeBo3oK rpyaoB BHarIaJIe

onpe:

Ae.,-rflroT

cToHMocrb

3KcnJIyaTaIII4I{

TpaHCIIOpra c e CyTKH IIO

CneAyIOqeIi

Qopuyne:

C:++3+

ppy6.,

(6)

T

rAe

E

-

e1nsoBpeMeHHbre

3arparbr

Ha

crponTeJlbcrBo

HoBbrx HJIH

yJlyque-

Hr{e

cyulecrByFoulHx

Aopor;

T

-

npo4oJrx(HTeJlbHocrb

gKcrIJIyarauI'IIl

B cyrKax;

3

-

gKcrrJryaraquoHHbre

cyroqHble

pacxoAbl,

cocroffulne I{g

Barpar

Ha

'

coAep)KaHue

llyru

H

rpaHcnoprHblx

cpeAcrB

(peuonr,

TonJIIiBo,

cMa3Ka, sapa6oruan

nJrara

3Kc[JryaraIIHoHHoro flepcoHaJIa

u

T.

A.);

P-pacxoAbr

Ha

rorpysKy

H BbIrpyBKy nepeBo3l{Mblx

rpy3oB.

flo cyrovHbrM

sKcnJryararrnoHublM

pacxoAaM

C

uoxtto BbITII{cJIIITb

H

cronMocra I rrcu repeBo3oK

rpy3oB

no

Qopuy.ne

:S:

c

Q)

Glcp

rAe'

G

-

sec

rpy3oB,

nepeBogllMblx

ga

cvrKlr, B ?;

lcp- cpeAHee

paccroqHHe,nepeBo3Kl't

rpy3oB

B

tc14.

flprE

ne6oJrbrrrux

o6reuax

nepeBosoK

porfl

oflpeAeneHnfl

TexHI{Ko-3Ko-

HoMuqecKofi

qe.necoo6pa3Hocrr.r

[pI{MeHeHI4s roro r{JIH HHoro

BV!.a

Tpauc-

nopTa

Mox(Ho no.rrb3oBaTbcfl

cBeAeHHflMH,

npHBOAI{MbIMH

B

pa3IHrIHbIX

crJpaBorrHEKax.

,

f .ilABA

III

3EMJI'HbIE

PAEOTbI

'

S

rs. oEUIHE cBEAEHrrfl

o

3EMJIqHHx cooPvXEHI{tlx

H

PAsorAx

llpu crpouTeJrbcrBe

BoAonpoBoAHo-KaHaJrH3aIIHoHHbIx

coopyxeuufi

eo-

3BO[gTCfl

nOCTOrHHbre

r.r

BpeMeHHbre 3eMJIfiHbIe coopy>KeHllfl

pa3IHqHOrO

HasuaqeHr.Ifl:

,n.rroruHbr

BoAoxpaHI,IJIHuI

I,I npyAoB,

Aau6u

AJIfl

yctpofictna

3auIHTHbrx

orpaxAeHuft

noAonpHeMHHKoB

r{ oq}IcrHblx vrltr HacocHblx

craH-

uufi

u

BpeMeHHbre

3eMJrffHbre

nepeMbrqKu

AJrr

orpaxAeHnfl

Mecra

pa6otu.t

npH

EpoKJraAKe

AIoKepoB,

rIpI4

Bo3BeAeHVV BOAOTIpHeMHbIX COOpyXeHUH

rr T.

A.

fnaea III. 3e,u.lnuate

paiorat

flprl

coopy)KeHr{Ll

rJIorHH H repeMbtqeK rpyHr

pa3pa6arbrBaror

B ctre-

uHaJrbHo

HaMeqeHHbIx

Kapbepax,

AocTaBJIflIoT

ero

or Kapbepa

Ao

Bo3BoAr.r-

Mbrx

coopy>KeHHri,

aKKypaTHo

yKJraAbrBaIoT

rr rIIIareJrbHo

y[JrorHffroT.

Kpoue

roro,

npa

crpollTeJlbcrBe

BoAolpoBoAHbtx

HJrr4

KaHaJrr,r3arraoH-

Hbrx coopyxeHuft

n tpy6onpoBoAoB

[pHxoAHTcs

BblrroJrHflTb

3eMJrrHbre

pa-

6oru tro

paspa6otxe

H 3acbllKe

rpaHIIrefi u xornoBailoB,

ttJrauupoBKe

rep-

pHTopr,ru

orrr{crHbrx

cran'qnft

pI

noJrefi

Qu.rrnrpauHH

LutH

oporueHur,

pa3pa-

6orre ocyrrruTeJlbHbrx

KaHaB

n

ycrpoficrBy

ApeHaxefi

H

T.

A.

O6ren,tu

BbInoJIHfleMbIx

B

Hauefi crpaHe 3eMJrflHblx pa6or

no crporr-

TeJrbcrBy

BoAorrpoBoArro-KanaJfl{sa(Eorrrrbrx coopy)I(esnft

u

rpy6onpoBoAoB,

KaHaJroB, KpynHblx rI{ApotexuHqecKI,IX coopy)I(eHIEii

u

xe"rre3Hbrx

Aopor

Hc-

srrcJrffrorcfr.

v.rlJtJruapAaMu

xy6uuecrux

MerpoB B roA.

llpousnoAcrno

3eM-

JIsHbIx

pa6or

B croJlb KpynHbrx

nracrura6ax craJro

Bo3MoxHbrM

B cBfl3n

c

oc-

HauIeHHeM

HaIrIux

crponTeJrbHblx

oprauasauufi 6o.nuunu

KofiHrrecrBoM

BbrcoKorrporI3BoAHTe.rrbHbrx

gKcKaBaropoB,

6yJrrAosepon,

cKpenepoB,

3eM-

cHapflAoB II

ApyrHX

CpeACTB MeXaHH3arIHH.

,

.[,o

peeo.nrcIrau

Bce crpor{TeJrbubre

pa6oru,

B ToM

rrucJre

rz

3eMJrflHbre,

BbI[oJIHsJIHcb BpyrIHyIo,

xorff

nepBaff

B r.IcroplrH crpor.rreJrbcrna

pa6orocrro-

co6uas seu.lrepotigafl Marur.rHa

-

nflaByrraff

napoBarr

3eNrfierrepn

ailKa

-

6st-

JIa nocrpoeHa

na l{xopcKoM

3aBoAe

(6.rrus

JleHnurpaLa)

v

ycnerrrno

pa6o-

raila

c

l8l3

no l8l9

r. e

Kpourura4rcKoru

nopry.

Cyxonyruafl

seMrrepofi-

Hafr. MaIITHHa

-

flapoBaf

JroIIaTa,

frBUBuIaflcfl

rrpoToTHrIoM

coBpeMeHHoro

sKcKaBaropa,

6u.ua

co3AaHa npuMepHo

qerBeprb

BeKa

cnycrs,

npuqeM

qe-

Tbrpe

raKne Marrrl{Hbr

6wnu ilpr{MeHeHbr Ha 3eMJrffHbrx

pa6orax

Ha crpou-

TenbcrBe Hnxo.rraeecxofi

(HuHe

Oxrx6prcxofi)

x<eresuoft

Aoporu.

Ll:rt>x.

n.

n. MenruuxoBy,

crpouTeJrro

erori

4oporn,

rro

perxeHuro

Cosercxoro

npa-

BLITeJIbcrBa

n 1955

r.

ycraHoBJreH

naMsrHHK

Ha craHqnu

,Ifto6anr.

B reqe-

sne

20 net

(c

1839

no 1859

r.)

Bo

BceM

MHpe 6ntno

ceur

napoBbrx

Jronar,

npuqeM

rrerbrpe

H3 rrflx

pa6oranu

n

Poccnu,

AB€

-

n AuepHKe

rr oAHa

-

B

AHruLtn.

B 1902

r.

Ha flyru.uoocKoM

saBoAe

e llerep6ypre

6u.no

oprauuso-

BaHo

rlgroroBnerlue

gKcKaBaropoB

c

KoBIuoM eMKocrbro

2,3

uB

u x l9l7 r.

6uao r.I3roroBJreno

l5

TaKHx

gKcKaBaropoB,

Koropbre rrpnMeHrJrucb

B Kapb-

epax'A.ns

Ao6urru

uecKa

n

rpaBafl.

Ho sce )r(e B

AopeBoJrroquoHHofi

Pocclln

Mexanu3aqr.rff

3eMJIrHbrx

pa6or

cyqecrBeHHoro

pa3BHTHfl

He

noJryqr4na.

Illupoxaa

Mexau[3aur{ff seMnffHbrx

pa6or

HaqaJlacb

Jrurrrb

c

pa3Br{TH-

eM

ngAycrpnanrrsaIlun

B CCCP fi ocHarrlerrueM

cTpoureJrbHbrx

opraunsaquft

orerrecTBeHHblME

cTpoI{TeJIbHbIMIr

Marur{Ha

MH

r.r MexaHIl3MaMH.

s

16.

rPvHTbr

H Hx

OCHOBHbIE

CBORCTBA

Pasru.rarcT

cneAyrorque ocHoBHbre

BuAbr

rpyHToB:

necKLI,

cyfiecn,

cyr-

iltrHKH, rJrLrHbI,

n6ccbr,

MepreJru,

rpanufi,

qe6eHb,

cKaJIbHbIe

rpyHTbI.

llecxu

-

npoAyKr pa3pyrueHr.rr ropHblx flopoA, IloABepruuxcs pa3Jrr{q-

HrIM

arl\locQepurrvr

sosAericreusla

(oca4xu,

Berep,

TeMrreparypa

v r.n.).

flecxn

cocroflT

H3

orAeJrbHbrx

oKarauHbrx

HJrr{

yrJloBarblx

sepen

pa3MepoM

or

0,05

Ao

3

ltt.u

c

npaMecbro nHJreBarblx u

rJrriHr.rcrblx

qacrurl.

Paeru,rator

ue.rrxnfi

[ecoK

c

npeo6.uaAaHueM

3epeH or 0,

I

Ao

0,25 uu,

necoK

cpe4neft

KpynHocru

c upeo6JraAaur{eM

sepeH

or

0,25

,qo

0,5

.il4.tut

u

xpynuufi

necoK

c

npeo6aa4aHr.reM

sepen

6onee

0,5 ttn.

Cynecrrc,

HnH cynecKoM,

Ha3brBalor

rpyHT, cocrofluluft

Hg

necxa c

rnr-

HHCTbIMH

qacrHrlaMH;

KonHrrecrBo

flecKa

B

TaKoM rpyHTe

90-97

0lo,

a

KoJrK-

qecrBo

rJruur.rcrux

qacrurl

or 3

Ao

l0o/0.

PasraqapT

cynecoK

'ux<eflbrfi,

KorAa

B

rpyHTe

coAepx(HTcq

or 6

11o

lOu/o

TJIHHHCTbTX

rracrHr{,

H cynecoK

.nerKufi,

coAepxauuft

or 3

ao

60/o r.rrn-

HHCTbIX

qacTfiq.

$

16. tpgxru u ux ocHooHue caoilcraa

cyr.nuHox

-

3ro

fpyHT,

coAeplKaulllfi

or

10

ao

300/s

rnnHr{crbrx

qacrHu.

IIpn co4eplKaHHH

B rpyHre |JIHHHCTbIX

rlacrlrq

or l0

lo

20010

cyrJrHHoK

Ha-

3blBaIoT JIeTKHM, a

flpn

coAepx(aHHH oT

20

lo

300/o

-

Tflx(eJIbIM.

f.nuHa

npeAcraBJrser

co6or?

ocaAoqHylo fiopoAy H3

rrpe3Bbl.rartHo

r,{er-

KHX

qaCTI{II

fJIHHO3eMa,

KpeMHe3eMa, [pIlMeCI{ necKa,

Id3BecTH,

OKHCT.I

X(eJIe-

3a fi T.A., BKJrroqafl

TaKxe

cBfl3aHnylo

BoAy.

f.nuna coAepx(nr

6o.uee-300/o

rracrkrrl

AHaMerpoM

MeHee 0,005

uitt. [lpu coAepxaHhr TaKHx

qacrHrl

60nee

600/o TJIHHa Ha3blBaercg

tsxe.noft.

JIEcc

B ocHoBHoM

cocrorT

Hg

ue.nrqafiruHx [bIJreBarbIX

qacrfiu,

orJro-

x{eHHbIx BerpaMr.I

u

cIIeMeHTIIpoBaHHbIx

HgBecrblo,

c

o6pasonaHueu MeJrb-

qafiuax

ilycror

r.r

qacro

LIMeer npHMecH

rI3BecrH.

JI6cc JrefKo BrrLITbIBaer

Bo-

Ay

H npH 9TOM

paC[JIbIBaeTCff,

a

B CyXOM

BHAe

XOpOIuO

AepX(HTCfl

BepTH-

xa.nruofi crenxolt.

Meprens

npeAcraB.nser

co6ofi

AonornHo

rBepAyro H cBssHyto

nopoAy,

cocToffrllyro

H3 cMecH

rJrHHLIcTbIx

Lrllr4 cyfJIHHHcTbIx

fpyHToB

c LI3BecTbro.

I-lpz

nunerpuBaHuu npeBpalqaercfl

B

pbrxJryro

Maccy,

Ha3brBaeMyro pyxJrff-

KOM.

l'pannfi

-

o6.novroqHafl

ropHarr nopoAa,

cocroflrr{afl

H3

orAeJrbHbrx

oKa-

TaHHbIX 3epeH

pa3rvrepoM

or

3

Ao

40 tt,w

c npuMecbro

urnur.rcrbrx

u necsa-

IIbIx

rracruu.

Taxaq

x{e

fiopoAa npH

pa3Mepe

sepeH

or

40

ao

200 i,tJfl

:e^asbr-

Baercfl

na.rrKofi,

a npu

pa3Mepe

cBbrrrre 200

nttt

-

Banuuaaru.

HeoxaraHHbre,

ocrpoyroJlbrrbre

o6noMo.rHbre ttopoAbr

c

pa3MepoM

rracrurl

or

20

.qo

200

uu

HagbrBarcT

ure6Helr.

Cxa.nnHue

rpyHTbr cocroflT H3

cnJlouHblx

MaccHBoB

r43BepxeHHbrx

r,lJrrl

ocaAorrHbrx nopoA, uHorAa floKpbrTbrx

ceTblo TpeuIHH

r,r

npocJroeK.

flouutuo

nepequcJreuHblx BHAoB

rpyHToB

B crpouTeJrbHoM

AeJre

qacro

BcTpeqarcTcfl

eue

pacTHTeJrbHbre rpyHTbr,

coJroHqaKH

Lr rrJrbrByHbr.

PactnterrHbre

rpyHTbI cocroflT rr3

cMecu

cyrJrHHKa,

rrecKa,

nbrJreBarblx

qacrurl

r.r

ocrarKoB

pasJrox{eHr.rfl

pacreunfi

-

neperHon.

fpynrbr

c coAepxa-

HHeM

neperHoq

or

4

Ao

220f

s

uazttBaroTcff

rrepHo3eMaM[.

PacturenrHbre

rpyHrbr

npu fiponnrbrB aHuH

eoAorl

pacrrJrbrBarorcfl

u o6-

pa3yroT

rps3b,

a flpr{

BblcbrxaHlrfi

cr.rJrbHo

rBepAepT.

CoroH.IaxH

npeAcraBJlffIor coSorl

rpyHTbI,

coAep)Kaulne

6o.nrmoe

Ko-

flHrlecrBo

co.nefi. Bo

snaxHoM cocrorHflH coJIoHrIaKr.I

craHoBflTcfl

JIIITIKHMH.

npH

BbrcbrxaHKK

TBepAeroT H

pacrpecKHBarcrcs.

[IlunyH

-

rlecqaHo-rJluHucrafir unu

rrblJreB aro-necqauufi

rpyHT,

cHJrbHo

HachluleHgrtfi

eoAorl c noABI{}KHbIMI4,

B3BerrieHHbrMH

B BoAe MeJrKr{MH

qacrz-

IIaMH.

B orxoce

He

Aepx(HTcfl

coBeprrreHHo,

Ha rurbtKosofi

flonare

pacTeKa-

eTcf.

B

npnpo4e HacrrLlTblBaercfl HecKoJIbKo

AecflTKoB

pagnltqHbrx

Br4AoB

fpyHroB.

Ceoficrea

rpyHToB, 3aJlerarcurplx

Ha

KaKoM-JrH6o yuacrxe

seN{Hofi

no.

BepxHocTH,

He

ocTaloTcfl

Bce BpeN{fl

rIocToflHHbIMH,

a

MeHgIoTcfl

B 3aBHCH-

MOCTH

OT

BJra)KHOCTr4,

reMnepaTypbr r{ HapyrueHnff

crpyKTypbr.

3unaofi

nor, BJTHflHI{eM

Mopo3oB

rpyHTbI

(sa

ucKrrorreHueM

cxanruux)

B BepxHHx

cJroflx

npoMep3aror H

paspa6orKa

HX

cr{JrbHo 3arpyAHffercff.

Ot

pas.uIEqHbIX

rrocroflHHbtx HJIH MenffIorqHxcs

csortcrB

rpyHToB

gaBH-

cflT:

a)

ycrofiuuBocrb

H creneHb npoqHocrn

ocHoBaHnft

no,.

coopyxeHnfl;

6)

npnroAHocrb

fpyHTa

AJrfl

Bo3BeAeHr.rfl H3

Hero 3eMlrflHbrx

coopyxe-

utrft;

p)

rpyAHocrb

H crroco6 ero

paspa6orxn.

Vcrofiqnnocrb rpyHToB

gaBHcHT

or

rrx

cqenJreHnfl

HJrlr

cBr3Hocrl{.

B

se-

Koropbrx

rpyuTax, HanpuMep

B

rrecKax,

cocraBJrflrorrlue

r.rx

qacruqbr

cso6o.4-

Ho

orAeJrflrorcff oAHa or

4pynofi,

TorAa

KaK B

Apyrux

rpyHTax

qacrnrlbr

Ltx

f

naea

III.

3eui.qxote

pa6orot

cBr3aHbr

Mex(Ay

co60r1.

CssaHocru

npHcyqa

rpyHTaM,

B

COCTaB

Koropbrx

BXOA'T

r{acrHubl

rrHHbI,

H3BeCTH

H Her{OTopbrx

ApyrHx

Bfl}r(yuIHX

BerrIecTB.

c

yeeJrHueH'enr

BJraxHocr'

cBfl3'ocrb

rpyHTa

yMeHbruaeTcfl.

Be'''utIHHa

cBfl3HocTH

onpeAeJlffercfl

corrportBJre'HeM

el{ar'ro

rpyHTa.

Or see

saBr{cr.rT

creneHb

rpyAHocrH

paspa6orKz

rpyHTa.

Cor.nauro

<E4auuu

"opiruiut

H

pacrreHr(aM

Ha

crpouTeJrbgbre,

MoHTax_

HbIe

H

peMoHTl{o-crpoilTeJlbHble

pa6brrr>

pa3JluqHbre

rpyHTbr

B

3aBHcHMocTH

or rpyAHocrH

ax paspa6otKH

oAHoKoBIuoBbrMu

gKcKaBaTopaMr{

pacfipeAe-

/IeHbI

Ha

Iuecrb

npy'''''

a MHoroKoBIuoBbII\{H

gKcKaBaropaMr{

-

Ha

ABe

rpy[-

nu'

tleu

6onsure

HoMep

rpyunbr,

"cM

B'rrffe

rpy*noerb

paspa6orrn

rpy'Ta.

3:ly::"_:J-"jv_"-r91q-eua

pasp'a6orxi

.py"rt'il

ecrecrBesnori

Brrax(Hocr',

Hbrx

Mep3Jrbrx

H CKaJTbHbIX

rpyHToB.

pa3AeneHbr

ua ll

rpyrn.

^s,r\v

rvrqdr!'J\,ru?rynrJble

IIJyHTbI

Moryr

coxpaHflTb

olpeAeJleHUnre

Qop_

MbI

HJrr{,

KaK

roBopflT,

(<Aepxarl

orroc,

-6naroiapa

BHyrpeHHeMy

rpeHr,ilo

cocTaBHblx qacrHII.

Stor

oixoc,

Ha3blBaeMrtfi

ecrecrBeHHbrM

orxoiou,

o6yc-

JIoBJII{Baer

ycrotiuaBocrb

3eMrqHoro

coopyx{euv!fl,

B

ToM

rrucJre

a

yctofivu-

BOCTb

creH

Bbrpbrrbrx

rpaHurefi

a KorJioBaHoB

r

r.u"r".

il;"p"AeJreHHO

AOJITOTo

BpeMeHH.

Buytfennee

rpeH,e

H3Me'flerct

B 3aBrrcrMocr'

or.creneHn

BJrax<Hocrr.r

rpyHra.

cor.nacHo

rexHHrrecKHM

ycJroB

HflM

Ha

npo'3BoAcrBo

H

npaeMKy

geMJrrI-

uux-pa6or

H

npaBnnah

rexHuxn

oesona;;.rn,

-purpa6orxa

rpanrueft

Lr

KorJroBaHoe

Maror?

r.uy6auu

B rpyHTax

ecte.tu."^nri-

-"nu*"o"ii

r{o'.er

:?T:%:H::cn

c

BeprHKaJrbHbrMH

cre'KaMa

6es

KperrneHr.rfi

Ha

r.,ry6nuy

B

Hacbr[Hbrx,

fiecrranbrx

n

rpaBenficrHx

rpyHrax

:

I

>

cyuecqaHr*_l___:ylrnsl.lcrux

rpyHrax

1,25

>rururrncTbrxrpyrrrax

.':

l,b

>

oco6o

nJrorHbrx

rpynTax

z

B ycaonafix,

orJrl{qarculuxcfl

or

yKaaaHHblx,

TpaHIueH

H KornoBaHbr

Aonx(HbI

paspa6atblBarbcs

c

orKocaMir

6ee

rpenneu'ra

""ot

.

"Llrn*ur"-

HbIMI

CTeHKaMrr,

pacKpe[JTeHHbIMI{

Ha

BCrO

BbrCoTv.

Hacunnofi

fIecqaHHft

srax(Hnfi

l:l

I

:0,67

l:0,5

1:0,25

l:0,5

l:l

,25

I:0,85

l:0,75

I:0,5

l:0,5

Hrrr?)

fausucrufi:

cynecb

cyfnr.rHoK

.

fJIHHA

.lr€ccoeHft

cyxoft

:/6

90

56

63

76

63

50

53

63

T

a 6.rr

uua

2

Kpyrf,gHa

orKocoB

KorJroBaHoB

x

rpanuefi

ecT€crBeHHofi

nnaxnocrr

Iay6uxa

BHeMKH

B

,,

.qt

>

X.a

hS F"

f

H::

tr338

oEt(r

;853

6:

JX

EEA

=oq

QrS

5F^

F;6'

olqt

.o

.:

:Xii

bS F'

Y-E-^

gIEN

.EEq

cEBE

9trvr

>=od

cI

9=

ov

eF5

*oE

9rS

!TF^

F96

F4

oErt

.o

.!

EEo*

i9 F'

fE;s

4')qtE

cEtE

Otrl!E

;,s53

$

17.

Merodot

nodc,aera

o6.oeuoa

s€ilttflHbtx

pa6or

3l

KpyrlrsHa

orKocoB

rpauurefi

u

KorJroBaHoB,

paapa6arbrBaeMbrx

6es

Kpenae'Hft

ua

rny6'Hy'

rpeBbllllarcqyrc

yKa3aHHbre

Ebrue

pa3Mepbr,

A.J[]K-

Ha

Ha3Harrarbcff

B coorBercrBHH

C

4aUnsruu, [pHBeAeHHbIMH

n

ta6n.

2.

tlpa

uepeyBJIaxHeHHI'I

cyrnl{H'crux

u

r.nun'cTbrx

rpyHToB

B pe3ynbra-

Te

{ox(Aefi, cHeroraflHntr

HJ:H

Apyrnx

[pHr{HH

KpyrH3Ha

orKocoB

rpauueft

H

KOT.IIOBaHOB

AOJIX(Ha

yMeHbruarbcfl

H Ha3Haqarbcr

corJracHo

TV.

S

17.

METOA'I

IOACqETA

O''EMOB

3EMJI'HbIX

PA6OT

onpe4erreMbre

3apasee

o6reMbr

3eMJrrHux

pa6or

cJryxar

ocHoBaHH-

eM

AJIfl

nu6o-pa

ueto4oa

I{

cpeAcrB

BbInoJrHeHvfl

HxB

3a,(apHbre

cpoKg,

Bbr-

fl'B.ne(ufl

Heo6xo,quMocra'

orBo3a

HJIH

Bo3Mo)I{HocTH

pacnpeAeJreHHa

ert6po-

rueHHoro

H3

rpaHrueit

unu

KorJroBaHoB

rpyHTa

na

npuneiaroqefi

TeppHTO_

ptrK

H

nocneAyl,oulero

ero

ucnorrb3oBaHur

4;rx

o6pat;ot

,;;;;;n

rpanrueft

H

KOTJIOBaHOB,

O[peAe.IIeHHfl

CTOHMOCTH

[poH3BOACTBa

3eMJrflHbrx

puOoi

.

-

llpa

paspa6oiKe

rpaHluefi

A.rq

npoKnaAKu

rpy6onpoBoAoB

r.rrrrr

KorJro-

B

aHoB

Arrr

ycrporic'ea

sAa

Hari

Ha

cocHbrx

.rr"qrii,'np

;;;;;;f,

"..p"y"pou,

o'rcrofisaKoB,

agporeHKoB

H

Apyrux

coopylKeHnri

o6reubr

3eMJrrHbrx

pa6or

oflpeAefiqlorct

[pocTbIMH

reoMerpHqecKrril{H

BbrrrHcreH

HflMH

H

TOJTbKO

IIpH

nnaHupoBKe

3Haqzre.nnuorl

reppuropurr

rroA

floJrfl

oporueHafl

u",ru

6unirp?-

IrHH

c ycrp-ortctnorl

ocytufiteniHnx

KaHaB,

BaJroB

Anff

pa3BoAru{Hx

JrorKoB

H

T.

n.,

oco6esuo

Ha yqacrKax

c

ycnoxHeHHbrM

p"ro.$,i*,-;p;6;u*or

r

6o_

NCE

CNOX(HbIM

BbIIIPICJICHHfi

I\{.

rpn pa3pa6orxe

KorJroBaHoB

ttoA

3Aa-

cAoganopHyro

6aruHlo

[r

r.

A.

ux

npnur.r_

royfonbHofi,

xpyr.uort

uau

MHoroyronb_

CH[Ifl.

)bI

KOTJTOBaHa

B

nJIaHe

noHH3y,

T.

e.

Ha

xeHHt,

H Ha3H,aqIIB

r(pyTr{3Hy

oTr(ocoB

'brMH

ycaoBHqMU,

noryqarcT

pa3Mepbr

o cH

oB a

H

a I{

a

roro

B

b*r r{

crr

n ro

r

o

6-re

u

ffi

:;116#.T:0,rffi

t;ffit

Hh#

:

BbIAeJIeHfieu

o6teua

pa3u,brx

Br.rAoB

rpjrnra

(necox,

cyrnggor{,

rpaBufi,

cra_

"na

u

r.4.)

H

c

yjreroM

rpyAuocrn

HX

f

dspa6orxu.-

f lpu

cnoxofisorvr

pe.nreQe

Mecrnocru

[oBeDxt

qacTffx

KoT.rIOBaHa

npHHHMaroTcff

oALrH

Ta

onpeAeJrsercfl

no

eopruy.naM

fioAcq

nfipatruAbr

.(ecna

xor.nonau

npffMoyroJr

ro

KoHyca

(ec.nn

KorrroBau

rpyr.noli

qo

JroBaHa,

a

rarxe

npu

Hecfloror?nou

pe

peAeJltlor

lyreM

pas6unxa

Bcefo

Kor.tloBaHa

Ha

npocTbre

reoMerpuqecKrre

TeJra.

H cyMMHpoB

arufi

Hx

o6teMoe.

IlpH

pa3pa6orxe

rpauruefi

Arfl

BbrrrncJreHnff

o6reMos

rpyHToB

[oJrb3y-

IOTCS

rrpo,(oJrbHunar.r

npoQlc.ilflMyt,

Ha

Koropbrx

B

o[peAeuennlix

rovxax

(na

rII'IKerax,

B

Mecrax

ycrpoficrna

cMorpoBbrx

Korroau'en)'

fi;;;;;a

rayon_

Ha

saJlox(elluff

rpy6onpoBoAa,

B coorBercrBulr

c

xoropori

HagnarraeTcff

rny-

6ur^a

rpaHrrreu.

flpn

paspa6orxe

TpaH[IeH

c

BeprHKaJrbHbrMH

creH*aMrr,

ec.rru

ee

uE-

pfirla

no

Bbrcore

He

r{sMeHflercs,

g_6reu

pa6or

oflpeAeJrsercrr

nyreM yMHO-

x(e'r{n

ru'p'Hbr:T.:.T.^11-g-"11-y

Ha

cpe4nroro

rnyoaHy

sarro}(eHua

rpy6o-

npoBoAa

unu

rny6uHy

saJrox{eHuff

noAotuBbr

ero

r.rixyccTBeHHoro

ocHoBaHHfl

Me>K,qy

.qByllfl

coceAHHMlr

cMoTpoBbrMH

KOIOATIaMH

H

nocJreAyroqero

yMHO-

x(eH'Hfl

Ha

AnHHy,

T.e.

Ha

paccrosHHe

rlexAy

srHMH

*Onoaqrior.

ty*r"py"

sareM

o6r'eivu

pa6or

no

orAe.ntHblM

yqacrKaM,

onpeAeJrflror

o6ulufi

o6ren

no

BceMy

rpy6onponoAy.

f,taaa III.

Senanuote

pa1orot

v:#',

(s)

rAe V

-

o6'reM

noAJrex(aulero paspa6orKe

rpyHTa s

us;

Fr

rr

F4-

nJIoIqa.qH

xparluux

noneperrHbrx

ce,{eHr,ui

s u2;

/

-

paccroflHue

MexiAy nonepeqHbrMr.r

ceqettl.wu

B

.ilt.

-

Hacotno

Pnc.

6. Pag6rsxa

repparopnl

Ha

KBaAparbr

H rpe-

yroJrbHr.IKrr

Ptrc.

7. floAcser

o6l-

eM_oB

Ha

nnoqaAKe

cnoco6orvr

rpeyronbHH)K

npHsM

c

-

Ha-

TeppHTopsH

cpB-

xu;

o-Ha

TeppHTOPEn

cpe3KII

tr troAcErrrKtl

flpu

6onruux

o6teuax pa6or

Ii

H.a

MecrHocrr{

c

fioflepeqgbrM

cKaroM

o6reurr

rpyHTa

oflpeAenrrcr

no

Qoprvry.nau,

npuMeHffeMbrM

B xeJre3HoAo-

pox(HoM

crpor{TeJrbcrBe

npn

noAcqere

o6teMos

BbreMoK.

,(nx

onpeAe.IleHHfl

niOrqaleli ceqeHufi

F1

u

F2

AaHHbre

o

r.rry.6uue

6e-

pyrcff

c

npo.(onbHblx

npoQH.neIl,

a KpyrLIsHa..orKocoB

HasHaqaercfl

B

coor-

BercrBHH

C TeXHI{TIeCKHMH

yCJTOBHgMn

Ha

.qpoH3BoAcrBo

H

npHeMKy

3eMnrr-

Hrrx pa6or.

Lllupaua

rpaHlxeu

rIoHLI3y

np'buauaercfl

B

saBrrcgMocrr4

or Ha-

pyx{Hb_rx

pasMepoB

rpy6onpoBoAa

u rueroAoB

npou3BoAcrBa

pa6or

no

ero

yctpgricrBy

HJrr{

npor(JraAKe

fi 3aAeJrKe

crbrKoB

Eo.nee

cJIox(HbIe

BbIrrHcreHLIq flpHxoAuTcfl

BbrnoJrufl

Tb

rIpH

onpeAeJreHgr{

o6leMoe

seMJIflHbIX

pa6or

fio

rrJlaHilpoBKe

ropo4cxolt

nnn

^npo*Lm"rrenuofi

repprdropEK,

a

TaKXe

rpH

ycrpoficrne

no.nefi

opo[reHr4s

r.r.nu-

Qa.rrbrpaquH,

6onrruux

yqacrKoB

noA

HJroBbIe nJroxraAKu

r.r r.

n.

flpu

n.rranupoBKe

yqacrKoB

noA

HJroBbre

rrJroura

\KLr,

a

reu

6o.uee

no,4

noJIfl

OporueHr{r

tr-nn

sx.nnrpaqHH

Bcro

reppHropHro pas6ueaor

Ha

KBaApa-

Tbr

co

ctopoHoft

19^

29 .*y(npu

rrlocKotvl

pe.rrteQe

cropoHur

KBaApara

Moryr

npHHHMarbcfl

Ao

50

n).

3ateu rillBennponxofi

onpeAenflroT

orMerKH

roBep-

$

17. Merodu

nodcqera o6'ae.uoe BeilttnHblx

pa6or

xHocrtr

seMJrH

B

yrJrax

Bcex

KBaAparoB

(puc.

6

u

7)

w no

HHM BbIqI{cJIflIor

oTMeTKH

nJIOqaAoK

TIOCJIe

nJraHHpOBaHVIfl.,

Ha3Harlafl

HX

C TaKHM

pacrleToM,

qro6ur

o6reun

cpe3oK

H

noAcblnoK

rpyHTa

B

[peAeaax

xax4ofi nJIouaAKH

6anaucupoBarHcb;

t. e. 6urlu

6n oAuuaKoBbIMH.

llpu arou 6anaucapoBaHHH

AoJI)t(Hbr

flpr{HuMarbcff

Bo

BHHMaH'LIe

raKx(e u o6reuu

rpynTa,

BbIHHMaeMo-

fo

H3

ocyullcreJrbHbrx

KaHaB

r{Jlr.r npeArra3HaqaeMoro

AJII

ycrpoftcrna

pa3Bo-

AflIIIHX

H OTPAAHTCJIbHbIX

BAJIOB.

flolcqer

o6reMoe

B KaxAoM

KBaApare

Moxer 6ltrr

npousBeAeu

cno-

co6auu r(BaAparHbrx

rdJrr.r

rpeyroJrbHbrx

npusM; nocJleAHufi

Aaer

6o.nee

roq-

EEre

pe3yJrbraT-bl;

Ho

rpe61'er 6o.nnruefi

BrrrnrcJrrTeJlElrofr

pa6ornr.

fllnr

rron

cqere no

cnoco6y

rpeyroJrbHbrx

np?r3M

raxAurft KBaApar

Aerurcq AI,IaroHa-

rrflMH

Ha

ABa

rpeyroJlbHvna,

a 3areM onpeAeJltercfl o6teu

xaxAofi-

rpe-

yro.rruofi

npugMbr

KaK

npoH3BeAeHHe

nJIouIaAH ocHoBaHHg npH3MbI

a2l2 ua

CPEAHrcN

BbICOTy:

u

HL+ H2+ Hs

,rcp

_

3

,

V

I

o"',*H,-l-Ho):-l

'npo.or"

:

;

a'(Hr*

Hz.* Ht)

:

-d

o'Hru,

(9)

r-Ae 4-cTopoHa

KBaApaTa B

Jtt;

Hr, Hr, Hs-

pa6ovue

oril{erKH,

T.e-

paguocrb

orMeroK

ecrecrseHHoft

no-

BepxHocru

H

nJlaHuposoqHofi

(upoercruofi)

oruetxu

nJIouIaA-

xu

(puc.

7,a),

Koropbre

6yayr rroJroxlrreJrbHbrlrn

AJrfi

npll3M,

HaxoAsIqHXCr B 3OHe

cpe3Kr.r

fpyHTa,

H

oTpHqaTenbHbIMH B

3OHe efo

noAcblnKlt.

!..nx

npusM,

y

Koropbrx

rracrb

pa6outtx

orMeroK MolKer

6urr

[oJIox(H-

re.rrHori,

a.racri

orpr{rrare.nuuofi

(pnc.

7,6), npunegeHuar

Sopuy.rra

(9)

Aaer

roJrbKo

pa3Hocrb

o6teMoe

cpesKn u noAcbInKH, I,I

no

nonyqeHHoMy

sHaKy Mox(Ho

ycraHoBHTb npeo6aa4aHue

cpe3KH

LrrH noAcbrnKH s

gtoft

npH3Me.

,II,.nr

onpeAeJreHus

o6reua

noAcbInKH

H

cpe3Kn B

TaKfix

cflyqaflx

ttoA-

cr{r{TbrBanr

orAeJrbHo

o6tenr

rroAcbrnKu rpexrpaunori

tttlpaMHAbr

ABCn

(puc.

7,6)

no

Qopuyne

Vnsp

dn3

(I/r

*

Hs)

(Hz*

Ha)

'

B KOrOpOfi Hu H2

H

H3

IIpOCTaBJrflrOTCr

rIO a6COnrcTHOMy

CBOeMy

3Haqe-

HHro,

a

o6reu

cpe3Ku

onpeAeJrffercr

KaK

a.nre6pauqecKafl

cyMMa o6teMos

Vcp:

Vnp".r"

*Vr,"p,

onpeAeneHHblx no

Qoprrrynau

(9)

u

(10)

-

llo.nuuft

o6renr

cp$Kr.r H no,(cbrnKn no BceMy

yqacrKy

u.nu

orAe.ni'soft

Kapre

[oJrerl

opo[rennfl

flonyqaercs cyMMHpoBaHHeM

o6reMos npr{3M.

O6teruu

3eMJrsHbrx

pa6ot

npa

nnaHupoBKe

He6oJrbrul4x

nnouaAefi

(Ha-

npa^{ep,

npu crpouTeJrbcrBe

sAaHHfr uacocsori craH'rrull, 6avtru, x<tlJloro

AoMa

rz

r.

A.)

Mox(Ho

noAcrrl4Tarb

no nofleperrHb_rM upoQu.nau,

Han6onee

noJrHo

xapaKTepn3yroulHM

pe.ureQ

Mecrnocru

AaHHoro

yqacrKa,

nyreM

Ha-

HeceHHe

Ha

HHx JrHHrwr,

onpeAeJlfltouleft orMerKy [JraHHpoBKH

ylracrKa,

H

no,qctrera

o6reuon

cpe3Ku

H

noAcbrrrKrr no npocreftrunu reoMerpuqecKnM

TCJIAM.

Ec.un

o6rent cpegKrr rrpeBbllrraer

o6reu noAcbrrrKn

anu o6teru

BbreMKH

rpyHTa

H3 TpaHIIreH HIIH

KorJroBana npeBbtllraer

o6tetr 3acblnKu, To oTa

pa3-

Hocrb

6yaer

onpeAeJrfiTu

o6reu

rpyrira,

rroAJrexaqero

orBo3Ke.

flpu

noAcqerax o6reua Ba.ra nrr6porueuHoro

rpyHra ueo6xo4uMo

yqn-

TbrBarb,

qro

npu

paspa6orxe

o6teu

rpyHTa yBenurruBaercs

or

pa3pbrx-

JIEHHfl.

3-26

(t0)

I

-6

laaoa

III.

Seuannore

pa6orot

HssecrHo,

rrro

3aJrerarolrl'ri

B

ecrecrBeHHoM

cocToffHHH

rpyHT

np'

pa3-

pa6orxe

ero

seMJrepofiuurulr

-riur"ou*

H

HJIH

pyrrHbrM

r.rgcrpyMeHToM

pa3_

pbrxJlfieTcfr

H

npr

9TOM

noflyqaercfl

3HaqHre.rrsioe

yne,ruveHn6

ero

o6teua,

pa3Hoe

Anfl'

rpyHToB

pa3JIHqHbIX

xareropufi.

Taxoe

yBergrreHge

o6renra

ua-

3brBaeTcff

nepBoHaqaJrbHbrM

paSpbrxJreHHelr.

'aSpbrxJreuH'ri

rpyHT

C re.IeHZeM

BpeMeHH,

HaxoAffcb

noA

AaBneHaeM

BbIIrIeJIex(zlHax

cJIoeB

r{

noA

BJTHSHHeM

aoxas, nocreleHHo

yrrJroTHqeTcff

5::,. t: lp-brxrreHHocrb

nofl

yqaercff

sHaqErerrbHo

M

eHbrue

nepBoH

a

qan

nuor?.

ctro

yMeHbIrIeHHoe

yBenHqertue

o6teua

rpyHTa

HocHT

HasBaHr4e

ocraTorrHoro

pa3pbrxneHHfl.

""

"

#?r[:?T":"Toir"#q

a rIbH

oM

I'I

ocrarorl'

o

M yB

err

HrreHr{

H

o6re

M oe

rp yH

-

o6lena

BbInoJIHseMbIx

3eMJIflHbIx

pa6or

Hcq'crseTcfl

B

ecTecTBeHrroM

n'lor'oM

TeJre

npyHTOB

HeSaBHCrMo

or

roro,

6yaer

JrH

9TO paspa60rr

a HJ,H

sacbrnKa

rpauruerl

H

KOTJTOB

aHOB

HJ\H

Cpe3r(a

tz

noAcunKa

nJlorqa,4Klr.

Be.lllqrnu

nepBoHaqanbHoro

rr.ocraToqHoro

pa3pbrxneHt.rq

Ta6anua

3

Be.naqxua

paapux.nenun

n

j/o

lpynr

HarraJrbHoro

I

ocrarovHoro

Ilecox

6es

npuueceft

I-TlIIT""uft

rpyHr,

rope

CyrnaHox

8-17

20-30

t4-28

24-32

33-37

45-50

l-2,5

3-4

r,b-b

4-9

I

I-t5

20-30

l.nnsa

Crana

Mepre.nt

o6renu

[oAcrrr4TblBaroTcfl

rJIr

Ka]Kroro

B'Aa

rpyHTa,

ecJrr.r

oHH

orJr,_

qalorct

Apyr

or

lpyra ro

rpyAHocrH

paspuoot^?,

a

r{HorAa

u

no

BeJrr{rrrrHe

paspbrxJrseMocrlr,

qro

aueei

bcoboe

e

y'.

,

Heo6xoAnMoro

AJr.fi

3acbrflKr.t

(6es

'onHvra),

onpeAeJrflror

no

$opuy.ne

r'4e

ve

-

o6leu

orpblBaeMor:r

rpaHu

eH

I4rH

i

KorJroBaHa,

onpe4enRelrrrri

BbrqlrcJreHuenn

o6reMa

reoMerpuuedxoro

TeJra,

B

JrtrJ;,

v"

-

o6reu

coopylr(eHraa

(rpy6o;pF;;;;;e3epByapa

u

r.

a.),

onpe_

Ae,'rseuufi

BbrrrucJreHueu

o'6ib*u

.aorarfa,iec^xoro

'.&'u,

s ,rrz;

K0-

xoaeeuqu."r

o."ut;;;;.;-"'-ft.|uiii.""",

npuuauaeunfi

no

ra6.n.

3.

a"prfir'":"Heq'

o6leu

rpyura

7o'

noArlex{aqefo

orBo3Ke'

onpeAenrror

no

v":

(vo-%)

(f!h{q)r',

Vo

:

Ve

-V"

il",

rAe

vo-

o6reu

orpbrBaeMofi

rpanureH

vr.

KorJroBaH

a

n

nr;

Vs-o6tev

rpyHTa,

noAJrexau{ero

3acbrnKe,

B

tts.

(l

i)

(t2)

$

18.

IlodeoroaurerbHbg

u acnortoeareltbHbte

pa6cirw

rlpu

conpeMeHHbrx

ycJroB'ffx

crpoHreJrbcrna

rpy6onpoBoAoB

B ropoAax

H

Ha

reppr.rro,puH

npeAnpnnrnfi

rpe6yerca

raKoe ynJrornegue

rpynta

npu

3acblnKe,

qto6uI

rpyHT

B TpaHlxee

He

AaBaJr

BnocJreAcTBHLr

Haxax6ft

ocaAKH

u

qro6u

cpa3y

x(e

fioc.rle 3acbInKH

rpaHruefi

Mo)r(Ho

6u.no

"oaarr"o""ro

IlrocroBylo

t'l

o6ecnequTb

HopMaJIbHyIo

pa6ory

ropo4cKoro

HJrH

npogbrrrrneH-

H

orxc_despeJrbcoBoro

rp a H crropra.

B

raxzx

cryqaflr

o6reu

Baila

nlr6poureuHofo

rpyHra

v,

noAcrrHThrBa-

rcr

6es yqeJa

rosQQuuueura

ocrarorrHoro

pa3pbrxJreHr.rff

rpygra

npu

sacbrn-

r(e

rpaarrefi

no

@opMyJr€

v

u

:

v

"(-ryq*&")

:

v

e

-

v.)

(.J%tu)

"',

(13)

nAe-

K1,ro-xoeQQuquent

repBoHaqaJlbHoro

pa3pbrxneuaq

rpyHra;

Va,

Vp

H

V"-rapaMerpbr,

npHBeAeHHbre

n

eopuyn.i

trri.

S

18.

NOA|OTOBHTEJIbHbIE

H BCIOMOTATEJIbHbIE

PAEOTbT

NPH

IIPOH3BOACTBE

3EMJI'HbIX

PA6OT

H

PA3EHBKA

3EMJIqHbIX

COOPYXEHUA

Ao

uaqa.ua

npou3BoAcrBa

3eMJrffHbrx

pa6or

reppilTop

Hfl,,

Ha

xoropofi

noJIxH,bI

6urs

BbInoJIHeHbI

aJlaHaposoqHlr-e

pa6orli

(no"rri

opoureHuff

HJrH

Qa.nHrpaquu)

ntu BbIpbITbI

KorJIoBaHbr

noA 3AaHHe

H,ztcocHofi

craHuHH,

6aru-

Hro, pesepB_yapbr

HJrH

TpaHruen

Ailfl

rrpoKJraAKH

rpy6onpoBo.(oB,

AoJrlr(Ha

6utr

ocno6oxAeHa

or

AepeBbeB,

r(ycrapnr.rKa,

nHeii,

*pln"ofr

-xamnefi,

a

TaKxe

or BcqKHx

BpeMegHbrx

coopyxeunfi

u

3Aau:uli (caphu,

cKJraAbr, HaBe_

cbr

H

r.

r.).

.{,nn

pacuucrKu

nJIoIqaAKH

HJrH

Tpaccbr

or KycrapHuKa

r.r

MeJrKorecbq

npHMeHflIOTCfl

KyCTOpe3bI,

^KOTOpbIe

Cpe3arcT

He

roJrbKo

Kycrbl,

Ho

Lr

AepeBbfl

ronrrluHofi

y

xorra.n

s

to

20 c.ilr

sa

oAnH

rpoxoA

n ronuiuuofi

ao

40

iu

sa

ABa-TpH

npoxoAa

B

3aBHcr.rMOcTr.r

OT nopoAbr

cpesaeMbrx

AepeBbeB H

rpyH_

ToBbrx

yc.nonnr?.

Pa6o'Innt

opraHoM

Kycrope3a

ffBJIqeTcff

orBaJI

c

Hox(aMH,

yKpefiteuuufi

K

paMaM

ryceHl'lrlHblx

reJlex<eK

TpaKTopa

H

ynpaB.nseuufi

npr.r

ublrorrlg Ka-

HarHoro

npaBoAa.

Kycropes

I'IMeer

orpaxAeHlle,

Koropoe

npe4oxpauqeTBo-

&wTeiln

H TpaKrop

oT

[aAarouHx

AepeBbeB.

.{,.nn

xopuesxu

nHefi,

yAaJreHHs-xanaHefi

4H'arrrerpou

0,1-l,b

u,

crpe6a-

y-\!

?_l3rol

cpe3aHHbrx

r(ycrope3oM

AepeBbeB

H

r(ycrapHHKa

Hcrorb3yror

KoprleBarenr-co6t'tpareJIb,

orBaJI I(oroporo

npe4cran.naei

co6ofi

peuerqa-

ruft

ulat

i

rsorHyrltull

sy6tffMl{,

pacnoJrox(eHHbrMa

B

uuxueri

qacrg.

,-

3y6rn

KopqeBarenn-co6upareJlff

onycKarorcs

HHx(e ypoBnr

seMJrH Ha

ro-zv

clr

H

npw

ABH)KeHHH

nOAAeBaTOT

KOpHeBr{UIa,

BbIAeprHBaroT

tlx

u

yAaJrrIoT

3a

[peAeJrbr

Tpaccbr

BoJroKoM.

,Il,.na

yne.nH.ueHHr

npoI43BoAHTeJrbHocrH

trpa

yAaJTeHLIH

xaMnefi,

oco6eu-

Ho

npH

sHaqLIrefluFIoli

AaJIbHocra

Bo.rtorleHI-Iff,

KopqeBareJrb-co6npate.tru

ToJIbKo

BbIKoprIeBbIBaer

u

BTailKuBaer

KaMHu

na

6onblllue

MeTaJIJIHTIecKHe

-

itHCTbr,

Ha

Koropblx

oHLr orracKHBalorcfl

TpaKTopaMH

ga

npeAenbl yqacrKa

HnH

Tpaccbr.

Eo.nruue

BaJryHbr

n

peABapHTeJrbHo

B3pbrBa

ror

np'

noMorrln

BaKnaAHbrx

3aptAoB,

a 3areM

pasApo6reHHbre

KycKH y6nparor

C rpaccrr

6y.nr4osepou,

a

H3Jpanureli

HJrlr

KorJroBaHoB

-

gKcKaBaropaMH.

flpa

nporJraAKe

rpy6onpoBoAoB

rrJrH

Bo3BeAeHHa

BoAo[poBoAHo_KaHa-

JIH3aLIHoHHblx

coopyxeuult

B HaceJIeHHbIX

Mecrax

H

Ha

gaeoAcxofi

TeppLrro-

pHH

UHOfAa

BcTpeqarorcfl

Ha rpacce

H B Mecrax,

orBeAeHHbrx

AJrs

crpoH_

TeJrbcrBa

HoBbIx

coopyll{eHut?,

apevleHnble

H

Aax(e

nocroflHHbte,

Ho

11oAne-

xiarqHe

cHocy

3AaHHfi

H COOpyXeHHs.

3rH

sAaHHf

H COOpyXeHr,rfl

Aon)r(Hbt

3r,

36

l-,taea

I I I.

3eunnuoLe

pa6orot

6url

pa3o6paHbl

-4o

Haqaila

pa3paSorxrr

rpaHruer?

r

xor.roBaHoB,

a Mare-

pHaJI,

no"rlyqeHHntli

or

pas6opxu,

no

Bo3Mo)KHocTH

rlcno"rlb3oBaH

Ha

crpoH-

TeJIbHbre

Hyx(Abr.

cyqecrnyrurrlHe

)Ke

noA3eMHbre

coopyx(eHfla,

rpy60rlpoBo_

AbI

H

I(OMMYHHKAIIIIH

AONX(HbI

6UtN

HAAC}I(HO

3ATTIHIIICHbI

OT

NONPCXACHUiI

uo

ugj:..::g:y_T."bcrBa

HoBbrx

rpy6onpoBoAoB

Hrra

coopyxeuu,?.

rro

oKoHtIaHvH

pacqHcTl(It

H

cHoca

coopyxeHnfi

npodsioar4Tcrr

pas6r.rn-

Ka

KOTJTOBaHOB

H

rparrurer:r

c BbrHocoM

Ha

MeCTHOCTb

r.rx

ouepraunr?

flpuenau

pas6Hrru

tn

anoao6"

saKpe[JreH

ufi

na

MecrHocru

oueprarrzli

KorJIoBaHoB

H

TpaHuretl

eeclMa

pa3Hoo6pasHu

n

gaBlcnr

He

To.rihKo

or

BH.

Aa

coopyxeHnft,

Ho

u

or cno-

co6oe

npoH3BoAcrBa

pa6or.

llpu

pas6unxe

KorfloBa-

HOB

npHneHqroT

reoAe3uqec-

KHe

HHCTpyMerrTbr

r.r

HaAex<-

Hbre

cuoco6nr

3aKpenJreHHfl

pas6anrli

Ha

,MecrHocrH,

TaK

KaK

oAHoBpeMeHrro

c

pas6ne-

xofi

xor.uoBaHa

npoH3BoAHTcq

u

pas6unxa

caMoro

coopyx(e-

HHr (aAanlrs

sacocsoli

-craH-

qHH,

pe3epByapa,

6aurHH,

or.

croHHHKa

H

T.

A.).

-

Ha

puc.

8 rroKa3aHa

pa3-

6nexa

KorJroBaHa

floA

reuTor{-

Hbre

KaMeHHbre

Qyu4anaeHrnr

cTeH

sIaHI{q.

Cuaqala

Ha

MecrHocru

npH

IIOMOTTIH

TeOAOnHTa

pa3_

6usaror

rJraBHbre

oct

aa

i oo

H

SaKpeIInfroT

HX

nyTeM

3aKa_

nbIBaHHfl

cron6on,

B

BepxHHe

TOprIbr

KoTOpbIx

TOrrHo

rlo

Ha-

0ceAod

eh@irt

Pnc.

8.

Cxeua

paa6unrn

KorJroBaHa

ro/r

SAAHI{C

c-

nJIaH;

6_sacrr

o6nocxn

$

18.

ITodeorolurenbHble

u Bcnottoeare/LbHue

pa6orat

Pas6uexa

npH

nollotqu

reoAe3HI{ecKHx

HHcrpy}reHToB

AaeT

6o.nee roq-

Hble H

Ha,{e)KHbre

pe3yd'Ibrarbr

H Mo}Ker

6urr

ocyqecTBJreHa

KaK

Ha

3acTpo-

eHuofi,

TaK H Ha

rre3acrpoeHuofi

Teppr.rropHH,

TorAa

KaK

paa6unxa

rpaccbr

npH

noMourH craJrbHbrx JreHr HJru

pyJreroK

c rrpHB.rrsKoft rpaccu

r.py6onpo-

BOAa

K flpeAl.reraM Ha IuecrHocTrr

ocyulecTBJrseTcr

ToJrbKo

B npeAenax

SacT-

poeHHbrx

ropoAcKHX KBapraJron

u

BnaAeHHfi.

Pag6uexa rpaccbl aHaJIHTLIqecKHM

MeroAoM,

KorAa

HcxoAHbIr\{H

To,1Kd.

MH flBJIflIOTCff

nOJIIZTOHOMeTpITqeCKI4e

3HaKH, HaBCerAa

3aKperrJlfleT Tpaccy

rpy6onpoBoAa

B

l{oopAugaruoti

cerxe,

qro

no3BoJrfler

n

4a.nuuetirueM

Jrerxo

Puc.

9. Cxelra

paa6nnxH

rpaccbt

rpy6olpoeo4a

ycraHoBHTb

r\{ecTo[oJrox(eHr{e

npoJroxenHoro

rpy6onpoBoAa

He3aBacrlMo

or

lI3NIeHeHHfi

xapaxrepa

H

THna

sacrporixu

reppnropreu,

no r{oropofi

flpoJro-

xceH

rpy6onpoBoA.

flpueasxa

xe

rpaccn

rpy6onpoBoAa

K

nocrorHHbrM

[peAMeraM

Ha

Me_

crHocrH

xorr

ynpouaer

u

o6.nenqaer. pae6unKy

B

MOMeHT

nOCTpOfirn

rpy-

6onpoeo4a,

Ho

gIIaqHTeJIbHo

ycJloxHfleT

orblcKaHue

ero B[oc.rIeAcrBHH,

Kof-

Aa

3!-aHr4fl

rllrld

COOpyXeHVIfl.,

K KOTOpbTM

npr.rBs3aHa

Tpacca

B

MoMeHT

CTpO-

HTeJIbcrBa

rpy6oupoBoAa,

6yayr

cHeceHbl,

a

Ha

Hx nrecre

Bo3BeAelibr

HoBbre

c

HHbtMH

BHeIXHHMH

OIIepraHHtMH, pa3MepaMH

U

MeCTOTTOJTO)I(eHI{eM.

,

Heaanucuno

or

lvleroAa pas6unxu

rpaccbr

BHaqa.rre

flepeHocETci

H

ga-

KperlJltlorct

Ha

MecrHocrH

xaxue-nu1o

ABe

ocuoBubre

ToqKH

,1r4*r4u

ryy6o-

rpoBoAa_-

o6uquo

srn

TorrKH

B

HasaJre

HJrH

KoHrIe yJrntrbr

r{

npoe3Aa

'(iov_

xnAuBuapuc.g)

!,ony_crr.rrrr,

qro

rpacca

srofo

rpydonpoeo4a

pas6r.lnaercfl

B

Harype

c

npHBff3Kofi

ee r

[peAMeraM

Ha MecrHocru.

B

ropoacKux

ycJroBr{flx

9To

o6u-

qHo

xHJIbIe

AoMa,

gl.alHufl

o6uecrseHHofo,

xoruuyuanbHoro,

npoMbtluJreHg,o-

ro

uJrH

KaKoro-JrH6o

nHoro Ha3HarreHHfl,

pacnonokeusue

Ha

yrnax

ynHrr

H.

rpoe3Ao_g.

^I]a

p_uc.

9

raxuprH

sAaHHflMH

6yayn

AoMa

Nb 16

n 21

6nus

roq-

xtt A

u

Ne 22

u 27

v

roqxu

6.

,[I,onycru_u-, a

npoexre yKa3aHo,

qro

ro,{xa

,4

AoJrx(Ha

HaxoruTbcfl

Ha

pa_ccrofHHu

6,3 il.

or

yura

Ao[a

Nb 2l (na

yponue

rporyap

a Hrrr4

naocronofi]

u

9,2

iw

or

yrna

AoMa

Nb

16.

[.nn

orucnalnfr

H

saKpenJreHur

roqKu

A

sla-

rype

nocrr/narcr

raKHM

o6pasou.

-I"uo,

pyKoBoAflrrlee

nepeHeceufiet{

Tpac-

cbr

B Harypy

(n_pozsnoar.rreJrb

pa6or,

feoAesHcr),

crauooRcr

npHMepHo

Ha

JtrrHHH

Tpaccbr

6.nug

roqxu

A,

nepeAaer

KoHerr

cranbHofi

neHtn'Hnr.r

pyner-

Krr

c

HyJreBbrM

AeJrer{HgM

pa6ouertny

a HanpaBJrqer

ero

K

yrny

AoMa

Nd'2t,

,

Hy.nenofi

KoHe(

nropofi

JIeHTbt

HrIH py^JIerKH

nepeAaer

iroportry pa6ouervry

H HanpaBrqer

ero

K

yrJry

Aor\{a

Ne

16.

Kor46

pa6ouue

aofiayr-4o

yxasaH-

HbIX

HM

AOI,IOB'

OHH NPHI(JIAAbIBAIOT

HYJIEBOC

ACNCHHC

JICHT

HJIII

PY.rrCtOr

X

yrJry

AoMa,

a npoH3BoAHTeJrb

pa6or

HJrH

reoae3ncr,

vait!:n

Ha

.n6Hrax

u.rru

pyJrerr(ax

,[eJreHHfl

6,3 u

u

9,2.44,

nepeMerqanrcr

no

yJruue

JIO

TeX

trop,

nO-

xa

o6e

py-;rerKn

c

yKa3aHHbrMH

neneHnflMH ue

oxaxyrcfl

Ha

olHofi

ioo*a,

coorBercruyrcureft

noJroxeHun,

3aAatrHoMy

npoeKToM,

T.€.

Ha MecrHocTH

Бородин И.В. Технология и организация строительства водопроводно-канализационных сооружений

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.