Boggs S. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
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658
Index
Eratl .em, 515
Ergs, 258, 260
Erosion structures, 97-101
Erosional truncaon, 46
Eskers, 282
Estuaries and estuarine systems,
317-322
ancient examples of, 321, 322
hydrologic and sediment
characteristics of, 319-321
major types, 319-321
physiography of, 318, 319
Eustatic sea level change,
416, 417
Evaporative drawdown, 204, 205
Evaporative pumping, 185
Evaporites, 198-206
classification of, 199-203
composition of, 199
diagenesis of, 206
environments, 390-395
ancient, 393-395
mode, 390-393
evaporation sequence of, 203
models for deposition,
203-206, 394
origin of, 20206
Event correlation, 533-538
Event stratigraphy, 398, 533
Evolution, organic, 485, 486
deterministic vs. probablistic,
491, 492
gradualistic model for,
489-491
punctuational model for,
489-491
rates of, 489, 490
Extinction of species, 49194
Extinction mass, 492
Extraclasts, 162
Fabric, 70
Facies, 412, 413
FAD (st appearance datum),
507, 521-523
Fan deltas, 299, 300
Fa reef, 382
Faal succession principle of,
480
Feldspars, 120, 121
Feldspaic artes, 129, 130, 133
Fence diagrams, 570, 571
Fission-track age dating, 526
Fjards, 318
Fj ords, 318
Flame structures, 75, 94, 95
Flaser bedding, 75, 91, 92
Flow regimes, 83
Flow separation, 85, 86
Flow velocity, 25
Fluid
density of, 22
types of, 45
viscosity of, 22
Flu�d escape structus, 75
Flllld flow, 22-27
deposits
of, 35, 36
Fluids,
types of, 456
Flute casts, 49, 75, 100, 101
Fluvial architecture, 256
Fluvial deposional systems,
245-258
Flysch, 365
Fondaform, 441
Foraminifers, 371
Foramol carbonate sediments,
373
Fore-arc basins, 562
Foreld basins, 564
Formation density log, 429
Formation stratigraphic, 400,
419-421
Form (shape) of parcles, 65,
Fossil soils, 3, 17
Fourier shape analysis, 66, 67
Francolite, 225
Freeze-that (frost) weathering, 4
Frequency curve (grain size),
55, 56
Frging reefs, 382
Froude number, 26, 27
Fusel, Geo Christian, 417
Ga ray logs, 429-431
Gauss Epoch (polarity zone),
466, 467, 471
Geochronologic uts, 419
Geochronologic scale, 514, 515,
519
Geochronometric units, 419, 517
Geohistory diagrams, 552
Geologic time scale, 518-533
calibration of, 520-533
development of, 518-520
Geologic e units, 513-517
Geomagnetic polarity time
scale, 466
Geophysical studies, 576, 577
Geostatic gradient, 146
Geostatic pressure, 146
Geosophic currents, 340
Geosynclines, 550
Geoermal gradient, 146
Geoermometers, 151
Gilbert Epoch (polarity zone),
466
Gilberttype deltas, 293
Glacial systems, 276-287
deposits of, 285-287
environmental setting of,
276, 277
glacial facies, 28285
transport and deposional
processes in, 35, 277-280
Glaciofluvial sediment, 282
Glaciolacusine sediments, 282
Gla omarine sementaon d
sedimen, 284, 285, 362
Glauconite
radiomeic age deteration
of, 530, 531
Glossngites, 103-105, 109
Graded bedding, 75, 80, 81
Gradualism (in evolution), 489
Grain contacts, 72
Grain ows, 44
deposits of, 45
Grain orientation, 70, 71
Grain packing, 71, 72
Grain Reynolds number, 31
Grain shape, 658
Grain size
measurement of (methods),
52-55
environmenl significance of,
61-64
graphical d mathematical
treatment of data, 551
scales, 52, 53
sorting, 57, 58
statiscs, 51
Grain-supported fabrics, 73
Grapestones, 165
Graphic biocorrelation meod,
506-509
Graywacke, 130
Great Barrier Reef Australia,
382, 383
Greenhouse states,409, 410
Groove casts, 49, 75, , 100
Groups (stratigraphic), 400,
420, 421
Grus, 133
Guano deposits, 227
Guide fossils, 488
Gypsum, 199, 200
Hailstone imprints, 113
life (of radioactive
isotopes), 523, 525
Hali, 199, 202, 203
Halmyrolysis, 13
Hardgrounds, 190
Heavy merals, 121, 122, 123
Helical ow, 252, 254
Hemipelagic mud, 357, 358
Heatypic corals, 384
Herringbone cross-stratification,
330
Heterozoan association, 373
Hiatus, 401
Histogram (grain size), 55, 56
Hjulsom diagram, 29, 31
Homopycnal flow, 393
Hummocky cross-stratication,
75, 92, 93, 341, 342
Hybrid sandstones, 134, 135
Hydration (weathering), 8,9
Hydrolysis (weatherg), 7,8
Hydrostatic gradient, 146
Hydrostatic pressure, 146
Hyperpyal ow, 393
Hypopyal ow, 393
Ice contact sedents, 281
Icehouse states, 409, 410
Ice raing, 353, 354
e sheets, 277
Ice transport load, 277, 278
Ichnofacies, 10109
Ichnogenera, 103, 105
lchnospecies, 103
Illite, 121, 126
Image analysis, 54
Impactogens, 567
Impact structures, 75
Impact threshold, 34
cised-channel ow, 248
Inclinaon magnec, 465
Index fossils, 482,
4
88
Index species, 482
Inertinites (coal), 233
Injecon structures, 75
Insolaon weathering, 4
Instrumental well logs, 427-431
Interdune deposits, 262, 263
Inteational Stratigraphic
Guide, 418
Interval biozone, 482
Inaclasts, 162
Inacratonic basins, 559
Intrasatal solutio
n
,
153
Ion exchange (wea
e
ring), 8,9
Iron content of sedimentary
rocks, 217 ·.
Iron formaons, 217, 218
Iron-rich sedimentary rocks,
217-223
chemical composion of,
219, 220
classication of, 217-220
mineralogy of, 219
origin of, 221.223
Iron-rich shales, 220
Ironstones, 218, 219
Isochronous time units, 513
Isolated carbte platforms,
368, 369, 376, 377
Isopach
maps, 571, 572
Jacob Sta, 569
Jasper, jaspillite, 207
K-feldspars, 120, 121
Kames and kame terraces, 282
Kaolinite, 121, 126
Kerogen, 235, 236
Key bed, 426
Kurtosis, 59-62
Lacustrine (lake) systems,
268-275
deposits ancient, 274, 275
deposits characterisc of,
272-274
kds of, 269
sedimentation processes in,
270-272
LAD (last appearance datum),
507, 521-523
Lagoons
deposits of, 325, 326
hydrologic characteristics of,
324
physiography of, 323
Laminae, laminated bedding,
75, 79, 80
Laminar ow, 24
Laminar sub layer, 26
Laminated anhydrite, 200,
201, 202
Lapout, 444
Laser diacter size analyzer, 54
Law of correlation of facies, 413
Law of faunal succession, 480
Law of superposition, 399
Layer, dened, 76
Lehman, Johann Gottlob, 417
Lenticular beddin 75, 91,92
Lepispheres, 214
Lift force, 28
Lignite, 231, 232
Limestones
classication of, 169-173
composition of, 161-167
deposition of, 174-182
Lineage biozone, 484
Linnaeus, 486
Liptinites (coal), 233
Liquefied sediment flow, 43
deposits of,
Lithic arenites, 129, 130, 133, 134
Lioclasts, 162
Lithorrelation, 421-431
Lithodemic units, 419
Liofacies, 413
Lithofacies maps, 572-574
Lithology, 399
Lithosome, 400
Lithostragraphic units
Index
659
classification and
nomenclature of, 419-421
procedures for naming,
420, 421
Lithostragraphy, 398-432
Lithotypes {coal), 233
Load casts, 75, 101,102
Load and founder structures, 75
Loess, 260
Log-herbolic disibution, 64
Long grain contacts, 72
Longshore curren, 310, 311
Lumps, 165
Lutetium/haium age dating,
525, 526
Lyell, 480, 481
Macerals (coal), 233
Magmatic arc provenances,
156, 157
Magnesite, 160
Magnetic anomalies,
467
Magnetic field of Ear, 464
Magnetic geochronology, 473
Magnetic inclination, 465
Magnetic polarity time scale,
46469
Magnec reversals, 464
Magnetism remanent, 463
Magnetometers, 465
Magnetopolarity units, 419
Magnetostratigraphic
correlation, 469-475
Magnetostratigraphic units, 470
Magnetosatigraphy, 398,
46276
Manganese nodules, 220
Maps
isopach, 571
lithofacies, 572-574
clastic rao, 573
three-component, 573, 574
paleocurrent, 575
paleogeologic
subcrop, 572
structure contour, 571
end surface, 575
worm's eye, 572
Marker bed, 426
Marls, 172
Mass extinctions, 49294
Massiv
e
a
liydrite, 202
Massive bedding, 75, 81
Maix
defined, 119, 126
Matrix-supported fabric, 73
Maturity (sediments), 130
Matuyama Polarity Zone, 464
Meandering river systems, 250,
251, 254-257
Mean grain size, 57-60
660
Index
Measuring sagraphic
sections, 569
Median grain size, 57, 59, 60
Melange, 563
Member (stratigraphic), 400,
420, 421
Mesogenesis, 147, 148
Messinian evaporites, 395
Mica, 121, 122, 123
Mrite, 166
Micrite , 19
0
Microcrystalline calcite,161, 166
Microfacies, 413
Microquartz, 206, 207
Mid-ocean ridge, 334, 352
Milankovitch cycles, 411
Mixing-zone dolomite, 185, 186
Mode (grain size), 57, 59, 60
Moment grain size statiscs,
60, 62
Montmorillonite, 121, 126
Moraines, 278, 279
Mottled bedding, 75
Mounds carbonate, 382, 383
Mudcracks, 75, 112
Mudrocks, 139-145
Mudflows, 45, 46, 247
Mutation, 486
Napthenes (hydrocarbons), 237
Nave mineral waxes, 238
Natural levee deposits, 252
Natural selection (evolution), 486
Nekton, 496
Neomorphism, 193
Nepheloid layer and sediment
transport, 341, 353, 354
Nereites, 103-105, 108-110
Netic zone, 334, 335
Newtonian fluid, 23, 45
Nodular anhydrite, 2
Nodular chert, 210, 216
Nodular phosphorites, 226
Nonconformity, 403, 406
NonNewtonian uids, 45
Nor American Code of
Satigraphic
Nomenclatu, 418
Novaculite, 207
Ocean basin, 352
Ocean Drilling Program, 350
Oceanic environments, 334, 349
ancient
sediments of, 364, 365
deposional setng of, 3-352
modem sediments of, 356-363
transport and depositional
processes in, 352-356
Oceanic zone, 334, 335
(kegen) shales, 231,
234-236
Oncoids, 165
Onlap,
4
Ooids carbonate, 163, 164, 165
Oolites, 164
Oozes (biogenic)
Calcareous, 358, 363
Siliceous, 358, 363
al-A, 206, 207, 213, 214, 215
Opal-CT, 213, 214, 215
Ophiomohia, 103, 105, 106
Oppel,
Albert, 482, 483
Oppel Zone, 482
Orbital foing, 411
Orbital motion and wave action,
339
Orbital velocity under waves, 339
Overgrowths, 125
idation, 8, 9
Oxygen isotopes
corlaon by, 538-543
effect of temperature on,
539-541
standards, 539, 540
ygen isotope stragraphy, 539
Paleobiogeograph 493
Paleoclimatology, 475, 476
Paleocurrents
analysis of, 114, 115
maps of, 575
rose diagrams of, 115
Paleogeologic maps, 572
Paleomagnetism, 463
Paleosols 3,
recognition of, 17
Paleotemperatures methods of
esmating, 151
Palimpsest sediments, 338
Pandemism, 500
Paraconformity, 403, 405
Paraffins (hydrocarbons), 237
Parasequences (in sequences),
45153
Parting lineation, 75, 113
Patch reefs, 382
PDB isotope standard (oxygen
and carbon), 539
Peat 230, 231, 232
Pebble-bed phosphorites, 227
Pedostratigraphic units, 419
Pelagic clays, 363
Pelagic rain (of planktoc
organisms), 355, 356
Pelagic sediments, 363
Pellets fecal, 165, 180
Peloids, 163, 165
Penecontemporaneous
dolomite, 183
Pericontinental seas, 335
Period (geologic), 515
Peplatform ooze carbonate, 380
Peoleum, 236, 237
Phanerozoic time, 515
Phi scale, 52, 53
Phosphorites, 223-229
classificaon of, 226-227
deposits of, 226, 227
bedded posphorites, 226
bioclastic phosphorites, 226
nodular phosphorites, 226
pebble-bed phosphorites,
227
guano deposits, 227
distribution of modem, 227
mineralogy and chemistry of,
224, 225
origin of, 227-229
Photohydrometer analysis of
grain size, 54
Photosynthesis, 178, 179, 384
Photozoan association, 373
Phyletic evoluon, 489
Pillar structures, 75, 96, 97
Pinnacle reefs, 382
Pipette analysis grain size, 54
Pisoids and pisolites, 164
Pits, 75
Placers, heavy mineral, 220, 221
Plagioclase feldspars, 120, 121
Planar bedding, 75, 79
Plankton, 495, 496
Point bars, 252, 254
Polarity (magnetic)
Con, 469, 472
chronologie unit, 419
chronostratigraphic units, 419
normal, 463, 464
reversed, 463,
subzone, 469, 472
superzone, 469
time scales, 466-471
zone, 469, 472
Porceanite, 207
Posity, 71, 72
Potassium argon ages, 524,
530, 531
Potassium feldspars, 120, 121
ecambrian, 515
Pressure solution, 148, 149,
150, 151
Process-response model, 242
Ptactinium/orium age
dating, 524, 525, 531, 532
Proterozoic time, 513
Protodolomite, 183
Pto-oceanic rift troughs, 558
Provenance, 154-157, 575, 576
Pseudoextinction, 488
Pseudoplastic, 46
Psilonichus, 104, 109
Punctuated equilibrium
(evolution), 489-491
Pyrobitumens, 238, 239
uartz, 120, 121, 122
tz arenites, 129, 130, 131, 132
Quartz overgrowths, 125
Radiochronology, 523-533
Radiolarian chert, 209, 210
Radiolas, 209, 213
Raindrop imprints, 113
Ramps, 368, 369, 378, 379
Rank of coal, 231, 232
Reactivaon surfaces, 330
Recrystallizaon, 191, 193
Recycled orogen provenances,
156, 157
Reefs, 382-390
atolls, 382
barrier, 382
faro, 382
fringin 382
patch, 382
pinnacle, 382
table, 382
Regression, 314-316, 414, 415
Relative sea level change, 416
Rect sedimen, 337, 338
Remanent magnesm, 463
Replacement (diagenesis), 148,
150, 153, 191, 194
Retro-arc basins, 563
Reversed magnetic polarity, 464
Reynolds number, 25
Rhythites,365
Ribbon chert, 210
Rifts, 553, 554, 556, 557
Rill marks, 75, 113
Rip Currents, 310, 311
Ripple cross-laminaon, 75,
90, 91
Ripples, 75, 82-87
classication of, , 87
River depositional systems,
250-258
Rock flour, 278
Rock agments, 121, 123,124, 125
Roundness (or grains), 65-68
Rubidium/Strontium ages,
525, 526
Sabkha, 391, 392
Salinas, 392
Salt weathering, 5
Saltaon transport,
Samarium/neodymium age
dang, 525, 526
Sand crystals, 152
Sand ribbons, 344,
345
Sand ridges, 4
Sand seas, 258, 259
Sand sheets, 260, 261
Sandstone dikes and sills, 114
Sandstones, 119-135
chemical composion of,
126, 127
classificaon of, 127-130
mineralogy of, 120-126
Sand waves (dunes), 344
Sapropel, 230
Scour-and-fill structures, 75, 98
Scour marks, 75
Scoyen, 103, 104, 108
a level changes, 416, 417
analysis of by seisnnic
meods, 457-461
sea level curves, 459-461
Sedigraph (grainse alysis),
Sedimentary petrography, 118
Sedimentary structures
classification of, 75
definition of, 50
formed by erosion, 75
formed by organisms, 75
formed by sedimentation, 75
formed by soft sediment
deformation, 75
in carbona cks, 168, 169
Sedimentary textu,
definition; 50
Sedimentation unit, 76
Sediment gravity flows, 36-38
deposits of, 41-43
types of support mechanisms,
38
Sediment plumes, 338, 353
Sediment transport
by fluid ow
,
27-33
by gravity flow, 361, 437
loads, 33-34
Seepage refluxion, 185
Seismic fades analysis, 44751
Seismic flection
amplitude, 439, 441
configuration, 439, 440
connuity, 439-441
frequency, 439, 441, 442
interval velocity, 439, 442
Seismic sequences and sequence
analysis, 44247
Seisnnic satigraphy, 398,
433-451
Sequences depositional, 410, 443
quence straaphy, 398,
45162
fundamental units of, 45155
methods and applications,
455-461
Index
661
Series (stratigraphic), 515, 517
Settling velocity, 32, 33
Shales, 139-145
chemical composion of,
142, 143
classication of, 143, 144
mineralogy of, 140, 141
origin and occurrence of,
144, 145
Shape particles, 65-68
Shaw, A. B., 506
Sheetflood deposits, alluvial
fan, 248
Sheet sands, 263
Shelf break, 334
Shelf environment, carbonate
epeiric platforms, 368, 369, 379
isolated platforms, 368, 369,
376, 377
ramps, 368, 369, 375, 378, 379
rinnmed, 369, 376
unred, 369, 375 .
Shelf environment, siliciclastic
ancient sediments of, 347-349
dominated by intruding ocean
currents, 345, 346
physiography of, 336
de-dominated, 343-345
transport and depositional
processes on, 337
wave- and storm-dominated,
338-343
Shields diagram, 30, 31
Siderite, 160
.
Sieve deposits alluvial fan,
248, 249
Silica
biogenic precipitation of,
213-215
concentraon in ocean water,
211
concenation in river water,
211
residence time in ocean,
211, 213
solubility, 211,212
sources in ocean , 211
Siliceous oozes, 363
Siliceous sedimentary rocks,
206-216
Siliceous sinter, 207
Silicic add, 12
Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks,
119-158
Silicoflagellates, 213
Sinuosity, 251, 252
Skeletal carbonate grains, 162,
163, 164
Skewness (grain se data),
53
662
Index
Skolithos, 103-106
Slope apron, 381
Slump and slide deposits deep
sea, 362, 363
Slump structures, 75
Smectite, 121, 126
Smith, Wi lliam, 480, 481
Soils
horizons in, 16
paleosols, 3, 17, 20
soil-forming processes, 15
soil peds, 17, 18
soil profiles and
classification, 16
Sole markings, 98
Soluon (weathering), 7, 8
Sonic logs, 42931
Sorting grain size, 57, 58
Sparry calcite, 166, 167
Speciation, 489
Species
changes through me of, 487,
488
extinction of, 488, 49294
rst and last appearance of,
487, 488
migration of, 493-502
taxonomic classicaon of,
486, 487
Sphericity, 65-67
Spheroidal weathering, 6
Spicular cherts, 210
Stability (chemical), minerals, 11
Stage, biostratigraphic, 481, 515
Standard deviaon (grain size),
57-59, 61-63
Standard mean ocean water
(SMOW), 539, 540
Stasis, 489
Stochastic models for evoluon,
491, 492
Stokes Law, 32, 33
Storm layers, 342
Stratigraphic code, 417, 418
Stratigraphic paleontology, 478
Stratigraphic range, of species
local vertical range, 501
total range, 501
Stratigraphic units major types,
419, 420, 421
Stratotypes, 400, 513
Stress-release weatheng, 5
Stromatolites, 75, 110-112
Strontium isotopes, 547- 549
Sucture contour maps, 571
Stylolites, 194, 195
Subbituminous coal, 231, 232
Submarine fans, 381
Subtidal carbonate factory, 370
Successor basins, 567
Sulfur isotopes
age
curve, 546
composition in various
materials, 545
corlation by, 545, 546
Supergroups (stratigraphic),
400, 420, 421
Superposition, 399
Surface textures of grains, 65,
68-70
Suspect terranes, 476
Suspended (transport) load,
33, 34
Sutured grain contacts, 72
Swash marks, 75, 113
Sylvite, 199
Syneresis cracks, 75, 112
Synthem, 421
System (stragraphic), 515, 516
Systems tracts (in sequences),
45155
Synsedimentary folds, 75, 96
Table reefs, 382
Ta ngential grain contacts,
Taxon, 482
Taxon range biozone, 483
Ta xonomic classification, 486
Teil zone, 501
Telogenesis, 147, 148
Tephra layers, 358
Tephrochronology, 474
Terminal fall velocity, 32
Terodolites, 103, 104, 109
Terrestrial rift valleys, 557
Terrigenous deepsea sediment,
357-363
Textur maturity, 130
Thermal remanent magnetism,
463
Thixotropic substances, 46
Thorium/Protactinium dating
method, 531, 532
rombolites, 111
Tidal-at systems
Ancient deposits, 331, 332
depositional setng, 327, 328
sediment processes and
characteristics, 328-331
dal range, 308
Tidal rythmites (tidalites), 442
Ti des and tidal currents, 343, 344
Till, 281
Tool marks, 75
To plap, 444, 445, 446
Trace fossils, 102-110
as water depth indicators,
104, 110
classification of, 104
Tr acks, 75
Transgres�ions, 314-316, 414, 415
Transpres$ional basin, 565
I
I
Transrotational basin, 565
Tr anstensional basin, 565
Trenches, deep sea, 334, 335, 562
Tr ypanites, 103-105, 108
Tbidites, 358-361
Turbidity currents, 383, 356
deposits of, 41
high densit 41
low density, 41
steady uniform flow, 40
surge or spasmodic, 38
velocity of, 39
Turbulent flow, 24
Udden-Wentworth grain size
scale, 52, 53
Unconformities, 401
Undaform, 441
Undulatory extinction, 120
Uranium/lead age dating,
525, 526
Varves, 271
Vi scosity, 22, 23
Vi scous sublayer, 26
Vitrinite, 233
Vi trinite reectance, 151
Volcaniclastic sandstones, 134
Wacke, 129, 130
Walther's Law, 413, 415
Washload, 34
Wave base, 339
We athering, 2,3
freeze-thaw in, 4
hydrolysis in, 7
insolation in, 4-5
oxidaon in, 9
processes, chemical, 7-10
processes, physical,
products of subaerial, 11-13
products of submarine, 13-15
rates of chemical, 10
solution in, 7
spheroidal, 6
stress-release in, 5
Web sites sedimentology and
satigrphy, 619
Wheeler diagram, 457, 458
White Smokers, 14
Whitings, 180
Wind-forced currents, 339, 340
Wind transport, 34
Wilson cycle, 553
Wren basins, 567
Xooxanthellae, 384
Zechstein Evaporite, 204
Zingg shape indice, 66
Zone (biozone), 48183
Zoophycos, 103-105, 107,108
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PEARSON
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ISBN D-13-15�72�-3
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