Bhadeshia H.K.D.H. Bainite In Steels. Transformations, Microstructure and Properties
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
partitioning of carbon is slower, a proportion of the excess carbon has the
opportunity to precipitate inside the bainitic ferrite. This leads to the lower
bainitic microstructure.
Bainite grows at temperatures where the austenite is mechanically weak and
unable to elastically accommodate the shape deformation. As a result, the
dislocations generated during the plastic deformation of the adjacent austenite,
cause a loss of coherency at the
b
= interface. The growth of the bainite
platelet therefore is arrested before it hits any hard obstacle such as an
austenite grain boundary. Continued transformation therefore requires new
platelets to form, giving rise to clusters of parallel sub-units with identical
crystallographic orientation, habit plane and size. These clusters are known
as sheaves of bainite. Acicular ferrite is an alternative, more chaotic morph-
ology of bainite in which the plates are intragranularly nucleated on non-
metallic inclusions and hence grow in many different directions from the
nucleation site.
The possibility remains that the transition from Widmansta
È
tten ferrite to
bainite involves a gradual increase in carbon supersaturation, rather than a
sudden change from paraequilibrium to diffusionless growth.
The Transformations in Steel
407
Fig. 15.2 (a) A single invariant-plane strain shape deformation. (b) The combined
effect of two mutually accommodating, back-to-back IPS deformations. (c) The
morphology of two plates, with different habit plane variants, growing together
in a mutually accommodating manner.
Martensitic transformation is diffusionless, both during nucleation and
during growth.
The reconstructive transformations include allotriomorphic and idiomorphic
ferrite, and pearlite in its various forms. It is important to appreciate that all
elements, including iron, must diffuse during reconstructive transformation in
order to achieve the structural change without the strains characteristic of
displacive reactions. None of these transformations are associated with shear
strains.
A prominent feature of the eutectoid decomposition reaction which leads to
the formation of pearlite is that the ferrite and carbide phases grow with a
common transformation front with the austenite. They are said to grow co-
operatively.
Figure15.1 lists the growth of austenite by a reconstructive mechanism. This
is not always the case. However, extraordinarily large heating rates are needed
in all practical circumstances to change the growth mode into one which is
displacive. The precipitation of alloy carbides undoubtedly occurs by recon-
structive transformation with the long-range diffusion of substitutional solutes.
However, this is not necessarily the case for the iron carbides, which can grow
at temperatures where the diffusion of iron is inconceivable.
15.1 Key Characteristics of Transformations in Steels
Table 15.1 lists the key characteristics of phase transformations in steels. The
nomenclature used for the transformation products is as follows: martensite
(
0
), lower bainite (
lb
), upper bainite (
ub
), acicular ferrite (
a
), Widmansta
È
tten
ferrite (
w
), allotriomorphic ferrite (), idiomorphic ferrite (
i
), pearlite (P),
substitutional alloying elements (X). Consistency of a comment with the trans-
formation concerned is indicated by (=), inconsistency by (6); cases where the
comment is only sometimes consistent with the transformation are indicated
by a bullet (). The term parent implies the grain in which the product
phase grows. Note that it is not justi®ed to distinguish massive ferrite from .
15.2 Notes Related to Table 15.1
Nucleation and growth reactions are of ®rst order in the Ehrenfest classi®ca-
tion; in all such reactions, the parent and product phases can coexist, and are
separated by well-de®ned interfaces. Martensitic transformations, although
they can be rapid, still involve a nucleation and growth process.
It is signi®cant that all of the ferrite crystals which grow in the form of plates
cause an invariant-plane shape deformation which is dominated by shear. The
ferrite within pearlite does not have a plate morphology; Hillert showed some
time ago that it is wrong to consider pearlite as alternating layers of ferrite and
408
Bainite in Steels
cementite ± instead a colony of pearlite is an interpenetrating bicrystal of ferrite
and cementite.
Reconstructive diffusion is the ¯ow of matter necessary to avoid the strains
characteristic of displacive transformations. A diffusional transformation may
phenomenologically be regarded as a combination of a lattice change and a
recrystallisation of the product phase, reconstructive diffusion being the ¯ow
necessary for the recrystallisation process.
In diffusionless transformations, it is possible to specify (in a localised region
at least) how particular vectors, planes and unit cells of one structure (de®ned
by an imaginary labelling of the individual atoms) are derived from
corresponding vectors, planes and unit cells of the other structure. This is
The Transformations in Steel
409
Table 15.1 Characteristics of solid-state transformations in steels.
Comment a
0
a
lb
a
ub
a
a
a
w
aa
i
P
Nucleation and growth reaction
Plate shape 6 6 6
IPS shape change with large shear 6 6 6
Diffusionless nucleation 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Only carbon diffuses during nucleation 66 6 6
Reconstructive diffusion during nucleation 6 6 6 6 6
Often nucleates intragranularly on defects 6 66 66
Diffusionless growth 6 6 6 6
Reconstructive diffusion during growth 6 6 6 6 6
Atomic correspondence (all atoms) during
growth
6 6 6 6
Atomic correspondence only for atoms in
substitutional sites
6 6 6
Bulk redistribution of X atoms during growth 6 6 6 6 6
Local equilibrium at interface during growth 6 6 6 6 6
Local paraequilibrium at interface during
growth
6 6 6 66
Diffusion of carbon during transformation 6 6 6 6
Carbon diffusion-controlled growth 6 6 6 6
Co-operative growth of ferrite and cementite 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
High dislocation density 6 6 6
Incomplete reaction phenomenon 66 6 6 6
Necessarily has a glissile interface 6 6 6
Always has an orientation within the Bain
region
6 6 6
Grows across austenite grain boundaries 6 6 6 6 6
High interface mobility at low temperatures 6 6 6
Displacive transformation mechanism 6 6 6
Reconstructive transformation mechanism 6 6 6 6 6
termed a lattice correspondence and it de®nes a pure lattice deformation which
carries the original lattice points, or some fraction of these points into points of
the new lattice. When interstitial atoms are present, they may move over large
distances during transformation without affecting the lattice correspondence;
this is sometimes loosely expressed by stating that there is an atomic corre-
spondence for the solvent and substitutional solute atoms but not for the
interstitial atoms. A further relaxation of the condition is to allow the solvent
and substitutional solute atoms to be displaced during transformation among
the sites speci®ed by the lattice correspondence, but not to create new sites or
to destroy any speci®ed sites; in this way the lattice correspondence is pre-
served but there is no longer an atomic correspondence. Note that in the
classi®cation presented above, the single atomic jumps of interstitial atoms
needed to destroy Zener ordering (which is produced automatically by the
Bain correspondence) are not taken into account.
Even though two crystals may have an identical bulk composition, it may not
be concluded that their compositions at the transformation interface are iden-
tical. There are modes of transformation (e.g. negligible partitioning local equi-
librium) where the bulk compositions are predicted to be identical but where
the phases differ in the vicinity of the transformation interface. For plain car-
bon steels, there is no difference between equilibrium and paraequilibrium.
The incomplete reaction phenomenon implies that when a reaction can be
studied in isolation, it stops before the phases reach their equilibrium or para-
equilibrium compositions when stored energy terms have been accounted for.
An orientation within the Bain region means a reproducible relation which
may be irrational but is close to the rational NW or KS relations.
Massive ferrite is not classi®ed as a separate morphology since it can be
included within allotriomorphic or idiomorphic ferrite.
Bainite in Steels
410
References
Aaronson, H. I. The Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes, eds. V. F. Zackay
and H. I. Aaronson, Interscience Publishers, New York (1962) 387±546.
Aaronson, H. I., Domian, H. A. and Pound, G. M. Trans. Met Soc. AIME 236 (1966a)
753±767.
Aaronson, H. I., Domian, H. A. and Pound, G. M. Trans. Met Soc. AIME 236 (1966b)
768±780.
Aaronson, H. I. and Domian, H. A. Trans. Met Soc. AIME 236 (1966) 781±796.
Aaronson, H. I. The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Crystalline Solids, The
Institute of Metals, London (1969) 270±281.
Aaronson, H. I. and Wells, C. Trans. AIME 206 (1956) 1216±1223.
Aaronson, H. I., Laird, C. and Kinsman, K. R. Phase Transformations, ASM, Metals Park,
Ohio, USA (1970) 313±396.
Aaronson, H. I., Hall, M. G., Barnett, D. M. and Kinsman, K. R. Scripta Metall. 9 (1975) 705.
Aaronson, H. I., Plichta, H. R., Franti, G. W. and Russell, K. C. Metall. Trans. 9A (1978)
363.
Aaronson, H. I., Enomoto, M. and Reynolds, W. T. Advances in Phase Transitions, eds. J.
D. Embury and G. R. Purdy, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1988) 20±36.
Abe, F., Araki, H. and Noda, T. Materials Science and Technology 6 (1990) 714±723.
Abson, D. J. Welding Institute Research Report 7931.01/86/544.3, The Welding Institute
Abington, Cambridge, (1986) pp. 1±30.
Abson, D. J. Nonmetallic inclusions in ferritic steel weld metals ± a review, International
Institute for Welding, Document IX±1486±87 (1987).
Abson, D. J. and Pargeter, R. J. Int. Met. Rev. 31 (1986) 141±194.
Adcock, J. N. JISI 200 (1962) 909±913.
Afrouz, A., Collins, M. J. and Pilkington, R. Metals Tech. 10 (1983) 461.
Agren, J. Acta Metallurgica 37 (1989) 181±189.
Akbasoglu, F. C. and Edmonds, D. V. Metall. Trans. A 21A (1990) 889±893.
Alberry, P. J. and Jones, W. K. C. Metals Technology 11 (1977) 557±566.
Alberry, P. J. and Jones, W. K. C. CEGB internal report R/M/R282, Central Electricity
Research Laboratories, Leatherhead, Surrey, U.K. (April 1979).
Alberry, P. J., Brunnstrom, R. R. L. and Jones, K. E. Metals Technology 10 (1983) 28.
Al-Salman, S. A. and Ridley, N. Scripta Metall. 18 (1984) 789±791.
Ali, A. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge (1990).
Ali, A. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 5 (1989) 398±402.
Ali, A. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 6 (1990) 781±784.
Ali, A. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 7 (1991) 895±903.
Allen, N. P. and Pfeil, L. B. ISI Special Rep. 24, London (1939) 369±390.
[13:43 3/9/01 C:/3B2 Templates/keith/3750 BAINITE.605/3750-refs.3d] Ref: 0000 Auth: Title: Chapter 00 Page: 411 411-440
411
Allen, N. P., Pfeil, L. B. and Grif®ths, W. T. 2nd Report, Alloy Steels Research Comm., Iron
and Steel Institute, London (1939) 369.
Allten, A. G. Discussion to ?tf>Owen (1954).
Allten, A. G. and Payson, P. Trans. ASM 45 (1953) 498.
Amano, K., Haromura, T., Shiga, C., Enami, T. and Tanaka, T. Accelerated Cooling of Rolled
Steel, eds. G. E. Ruddle and A. F. Crawley, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK (1988) 43±56.
American Society for Metals Atlas of Isothermal and Cooling Transformation Diagrams,
ASM, Ohio, USA (1977) 28.
American Society for Testing Materials Special Technical Publication 155, Metals Park,
Ohio, USA (1955).
Andrews, K. W. Acta Metall. 11 (1963) 939±946.
Antia, D. P., Fletcher, A. and Cohen, M. Trans. ASM 32 (1944) 290.
Ashby, M. F. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A322 (1987) 393±407.
Ashby, M. F. and Easterling, K. E. Acta Metallurgica 32 (1982) 1969±1978.
Atkinson, C. Acta Metallurgica 15 (1967) 1207±1211.
Austin, A. E. and Schwartz, C. M. Proc. ASTM 52 (1952) 592±596.
Austin, A. E. and Schwartz, C. M. Proc. ASTM 55 (1955) 623±625.
Avrami, M. J. Chem. Phys. 7 (1939) 1103.
Avrami, M. J. Chem. Phys. 8 (1940) 212.
Azevedo, T. A. L. and Galvao-da-Silva, E. Scripta Metall. 12 (1978) 113±117.
Aziz, M. J. Journal of Applied Physics 53 (1982) 1158±1168.
Aziz, M. J. Applied Physics Letters 43 (1983) 552±554.
Babu, B. N. P., Bhat, M. S., Parker, E. R. and Zackay, V. F. Metall. Trans. A 7A (1976) 17±22.
Babu, S. S. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 6 (1990)
1005±1020.
Babu, S. S., Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., and Svensson, L.-E. Journal of Materials Science
Letters 10 (1991) 142±144.
Babu, S. S., Hono, K. and Sakuri, T. Applied Surface Science 67 (1993) 321±327.
Babu, S. S., David, S. A., Vitek, J. M., Mundra, K. and DebRoy, T. Maaterials Science and
Technology 11 (1995) 186±199.
Bagaryatski, Y. A. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 73 (1950) 1161.
Bailey, E. F. Trans. A. SM 46 (1954) 830±854.
Bain, E. C. Chem. Met. Eng. 25 (1921) 657±664.
Bain, E. C. Trans. AIMME 70 (1924) 25±46.
Bain, E. C. Trans. AIMME 100 (1932) 13.
Bain, E. C. Alloying Elements in Steel, ASM, Cleveland, Ohio, USA (1939).
Bain, E. C. Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy, ed. C. S. Smith,
Gordon and Breach Publisher, New York (1963) 121.
Baker, J. C. and Cahn, J. W. Acta Metall. 17 (1969) 575±578.
Baker, J. C. and Cahn, J. W. Solidication, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, USA (1971) 23±54.
Baker, R. G. and Nutting, J. JISI 192 (1959) 257±268.
Bannova, M. I. Fiz. Metal. Metlloved. 41 (1976) 1104±1106.
Barbaro, F. J., Edwards, R. H. and Easterling, K. E. 7th National Conference of the
Australian X-Ray Analysis Association (AXAA-88), University of Western
Australia, (August 1988) 1±14.
References
[13:44 3/9/01 C:/3B2 Templates/keith/3750 BAINITE.605/3750-refs.3d] Ref: 0000 Auth: Title: Chapter 00 Page: 412 411-440
412
Barbaro, F. J., Krauklis, P. and Easterling, K. E. Materials Science and Technology 5 (1989)
1057±1068.
Barford, J. JISI 204 (1966) 609±614.
Barford, J. and Owen, W. S. JISI 197 (1961) 146.
Barnard, S. J., Smith, G. D. W., Garratt-Reed, A. J. and Vander Sande, J. Advances in the
Physical Metallurgy and Applications of Steels, Metals Society, London (1981) 33±38.
Barnard, S. J., Smith, G. D. W., Garratt-Reed, A. J. and Vander Sande, J. Solid ! Solid
Phase Transformations, TMS of AIME, Warrendale, PA, USA (1982) 881±885.
Barnard, S. J., Smith, G. D. W., Sarikaya, M. and Thomas, G. Scripta Metall. 15 (1981)
387.
Barritte, G. S. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge (1982).
Barritte, G. S., Ricks, R. A. and Howell, P. R. Quantitative Microanalysis with High Spatial
Resolution, The Metals Society, London (1982) 112±118.
Bastien, P. G. JISI 187 (1957) 281±291.
Bayerlein, M., Mughrabi, H., Kesten, M. and Meier, B. Materials Science and Engineering
A159 (1992) 35±41.
Benjamin, J. S. Metall. Trans. 1 (1970) 2943±2951.
Bee, J. V. and Honeycombe, R. W. K. Metall. Trans. 9A (1978) 587.
Bell, T. and Farnell, B. C. The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Crystalline Solids,
Institute of Metals, London (1969) 282.
Benson, J. P. and Edmonds, D. V. Metal Science 12 (1978) 223±232.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Acta Metall. 28 (1980a) 1103±1114.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Scripta Metall. 14 (1980b) 821±824.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Acta Metall. 29 (1981a) 1117±1130.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. International Conference on Solid ! Solid Phase Transformations,
eds. H. I. Aaronson et al., TMS±AIME, Warrendale, PA, U.S.A. (1981b) 1041±1048.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Metal Science 15 (1981c) 175±177.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Metal Science 15 (1981d) 178±180.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Journal of Materials Science 17 (1982a) 383±386.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. J. de Physique 43 (1982b) C4-437±441.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Metal Science 16 (1982c) 167±169.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Journal of Materials Science 18 (1983a) 1473±1481.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Int. Conf. on Phase Transformations in Ferrous Alloys, Marder A. R.
and Goldstein, J. I. eds. A.S.M., Cleveland, Ohio, USA (1984) 335±340.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 1 (1985a) 497±504.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Progress in Materials Science 29 (1985b) 321±386.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Scripta Metall. Software Survey Section 22 (1988a) I±IV.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Proc. of Int. Conf. on Solid ! Solid Phase Transformations,
Cambridge, ed. G. W. Lorimer, Institute of Metals, London (1988b) 309±314.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 5 (1989) 131±137.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Metallurgy, Welding, and Quali®cation of Microalloyed (HSLA)
Steel Weldments, eds. J. T. Hickey, D. G. Howden and M. D. Randall, American
Welding Society, Florida, USA (1990) 34±69.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Engineering A, A223 (1997) 64±77.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science Forum 284±286 (1998) 39±50.
Bainite in Steels
[13:44 3/9/01 C:/3B2 Templates/keith/3750 BAINITE.605/3750-refs.3d] Ref: 0000 Auth: Title: Chapter 00 Page: 413 411-440
413
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Engineering A 273±275 (1999) 58±66.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Proceedings of Ultra-Steel 2000, National Research Insitute for
Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (2000) 205±214.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Edmonds, D. V. Metall. Trans. 10A (1979a) 895±907.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Edmonds, D. V. Metal Science 13 (1979b) 325±334.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Edmonds, D. V. Acta Metall. 28 (1980a) 1265±1273.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Edmonds, D. V. Metal Science 14 (1980b) 41±49.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Waugh, A. R. Proc. of Int. Conf. on Solid ! Solid Phase
Transformations, Pittsburgh, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, U.S.A. (1981) 993±998.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Waugh, A. R. Acta Metall. 30 (1982) 775±784.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Edmonds, D. V. Metal Science 17 (1983a) 411±419.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Edmonds, D. V. Metal Science 17 (1983b) 420±425.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Svensson, L. E. and Gretoft, B.Acta Metall. 33 (1985) 1271±1283.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Svensson, L. E. and Gretoft, B. J. Materials Science 21 (1986a)
3947±3951.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Svensson, L. E. and Gretoft, B. Proc. of the 4th Scand. Symposium
on Materials Science, University of Trondhiem, Norwegian Inst. of Technology,
Trondheim, Norway (1986b) 153±157.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Svensson, L. E. and Gretoft, B. Welding Metallurgy of Structural
Steels, ed. J. Y. Koo, AIME, Warrendale, Penn. (1987) 517±530.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Svensson, L. E. Joining and Materials 2 (1989a) 182R±187R.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Svensson, L. E. Joining and Materials 2 (1989b) 236R±238R.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Svensson, L. E. J. Materials Science 24 (1989c) 3180±3188.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. and Christian, J. W. Metall. Trans. A 21A (1990) 467±497.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., David, S. A., Vitek, J. M. and Reed, R. W. Materials Science and
Technology 7 (1991) 686±698.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 2, ed. H. Cerjak, The
Institute of Materials, London (1995) 71±118.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Mathematical Modelling of Weld Phenomena 3, ed. H. Cerjak, The
Institute of Materials, London (1997) 229±284.
Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Strang, A., Gooch, D. J. International Materials Reviews 43 (1998)
45±69.
Bhat, M. S. PhD Thesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 4340 Steel
modi®ed with Al and Si, Lawrence Berkley Laboratories, California (1977).
Bhattacharyya, S. and Kehl, G. L. Trans. ASM 47 (1955) 351±379.
Bilby, B. A. and Christian, J. W. The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Crystalline
Solids, Institute of Metals, London, Monograph No. 18 (1956) 121±171.
BISRA Atlas of Isothermal Transformation Diagrams of BS En Steels, Special Report 56, 2nd
ed., The Iron and Steel Institute, London (1956).
Blackmore, P. A. and Harding, R. A. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Austempered Ductile Iron,
ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, USA (1984) 117.
Bodnar, R. L., Ohhashi, T. and Jaffe, R. I. Metall. Trans. A 20A (1989) 1445±1460.
Bodnar, R. L., Shen, Y., Lin, M., Elwood, D. W., Feher, F. C. and Roe, G. J. Proc.
Materials Solutions '97 on Accelerated Cooling/Direct Quenching Steels, TMS±AIME,
Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA (1997) 3±13.
References
[13:44 3/9/01 C:/3B2 Templates/keith/3750 BAINITE.605/3750-refs.3d] Ref: 0000 Auth: Title: Chapter 00 Page: 414 411-440
414
Bondt, De M. and Deruyttere, A. Acta Metall. 15 (1967) 993.
Bowen, P. and Knott, J. F. Metall. Trans. A 17A (1986) 231.
Bowen, P., Druce, S. G. and Knott, J. F. Acta Metall. 34 (1986) 1121±1131.
Bowles, J. S. and MacKenzie, J. K. Acta Metall. 2(1954) 129±234.
Bowles, J. S. and Kennon, N. F. J. Aust. ISI 5 (1960) 106±113.
Bowles, J. S., Muddle, B. C. and Wayman, C. M. Acta Metall. 25 (1977) 513±520.
Bowles, J. S. and Wayman, C. M. Acta Metall. 27 (1979) 833.
Bradley, J. R., Rigsbee, J. M. and Aaronson, H. I. Metall. Trans. A 8A (1977) 323±333.
Bram®tt, B. L. Metall. Trans. 1 (1970) 1987±1995.
Bram®tt, B. L. and Marder, A. R. Metall. Trans. 4 (1973) 2291.
Brown, G. T. and James, B. A. Metals Technology 7 (1980) 261±268.
Brown, P. W. and Mack, D. J. Metall. Trans. 4 (1973a) 2639±2643.
Brown, P. W. and Mack, D. J. Metall. Trans. 4 (1973b) 2850±2851.
Brozz, P., Buzzichelli, G., Mascanzoni, A. and Mirabile, M. Metal Science 11 (1977) 123±
129.
Buchi, G. J. P., Page, J. H. R. and Sidey, M. P. JISI 203 (1965) 291±298.
Buerger, M. J. Phase Transformations in Solids, Wiley, New York (1951) 183.
Buhler, H., Buchholz, H. and Schultz, E. H. Arch. Eisenhuttenwes. 5 (1932) 413.
Buhler, H. and Scheil, E. Arch. Eisenhuttenwes. 6 (1933) 283.
Buhler, H. Arch. Eisenhuttenwes. 26 (1955) 51.
Bunshah, R. F. and Mehl, R. F. Trans. AIME 193 (1953) 1251±1258.
Burdekin, F. M. Advances in Physical Metallurgy, eds. J. A. Charles and G. C. Smith, The
Institute of Metals, London, (1990) 27±45.
Burgess, P. B. and Kennon, N. F. Metals Forum 4 (1978) 185±190.
Bush, M. E. and Kelly, P. M. Acta Metall. 19 (1971) 1363±1371.
Caballero, F. G., Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H., Mawella, Jones and Brown Materials Science
and Technology 17 (2001) in press.
Cahn, J. W. Acta Metall. 4 (1956) 572.
Callender, W. R. PhD Thesis, University of Shef®eld (1983).
Cameron, J. A. JISI 194 (1956) 260±267.
Cane, B. J. and Townsend, R. D. Central Electricity Generating Board Report TPRD/L/
2674/N84 Leatherhead, Surrey, UK (1984).
Carruthers, R. B. and Collins, M. J. Quantitative Microanalysis with High Spatial
Resolution, Institute of Metals, London (1981) 108.
Carruthers, R. B. and Collins, M. J. Metals Technology 10 (1983) 461.
Chance, J. and Ridley, N. Metall. Trans. A 12 (1981) 1205.
Chandel, R. S., Orr, R. F., Gianetto, J. A., McGrath, J. T., Patchett, B. M. and Bicknell, A.
C. The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Narrow Gap Welds in 2.25Cr±1Mo
Steel, Report ERP/PMRL 85±16(OP±J) of the Physical Metallurgy Research
Laboratories, CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada
(1985).
Chanani, G. R., Antolovich, S. D. and Gerberich, W. W. Metall. Trans. 3 (1972)
2661±2672.
Chandrasekharaiah, M. N., Dubben, G. and Kolster, B. H. American Welding Journal 71
(1994) 247s±252s.
Bainite in Steels
[13:44 3/9/01 C:/3B2 Templates/keith/3750 BAINITE.605/3750-refs.3d] Ref: 0000 Auth: Title: Chapter 00 Page: 415 411-440
415
Chang, L. C. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 30A (1999) 909±916.
Chang, L. C. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 11 (1995a)
874±881.
Chang, L. C. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Materials Science and Technology 11 (1995b)
105±108.
Chapetti, M. D., Kitano, T., Tagawa, T. and Miyata, T. Fatigue and Fracture of
Engineering Materials and Structures 21 (1998) 1525±1536.
Chart, T. G., Counsell, J. F., Jones, G. P., Slough, W. and Spencer, P. J. 20 (1975)
57±82.
Chester, N. A. and Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Journal de Physique IV 7, Colloque C5 (1997)
41±46.
Chevenard, P. and Portevin, A. Rev. Met. 28 (1931) 417.
Chijiiwa, R., Tamehiro, H., Hirai, M., Matsuda, H. and Mimura, H. Offshore Mechanics
and Arctic Engineering (OMAE), Houston, Texas (1988) 1±8.
Choi, B. Y., Krauss, G. and Matlock, D. K. Scripta Metall. 22 (1988) 1575±1580.
Choi, S. J., Kwon, S.-J., Choo, S.-H. and Lee, S. Materials Science and Engineering A A165
(1999) 208±216.
Christian, J. W. Acta Metall. 6 (1958) 377±379.
Christian, J. W. The Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes, ed. V. F. Zackay
and H. I. Aaronson, Interscience Publishers, New York (1962) 387±546.
Christian, J. W. Physical Properties of Martensite and Bainite, Iron and Steel Institute Spec.
Rep. No. 93 (1965a) 1±19.
Christian, J. W. Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Pergamon Press, Oxford
(1965b).
Christian, J. W. Monogr. Ser. Inst. Metals, Number 33, Institute of Metals, London 33
(1969) 129.
Christian, J. W. Strengthening Methods in Crystals, eds. A. Kelly and R. Nicholson,
Elsevier, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1971) 261±329.
Christian, J. W. Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, Part 1, 2nd. ed.,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1975).
Christian, J. W. Phase Transformations, Vol. 1, No.1, series 3, Institute of Metallurgists,
London (1979a) 1±11.
Christian, J. W. ICOMAT 79, International conference on martensitic transformations,
Cambridge, Massachusetts (1979b) 220±234.
Christian, J. W. and Crocker, A. G. Dislocations in Solids, ed. F. R. N. Nabarro, vol. 3,
North±Holland, Amsterdam (1980).
Christian, J. W. Metall. Trans. A 13A (1982) 509±538.
Christian, J. W. Metall. Trans. A 14A (1983) 1237.
Christian, J. W. Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, Pergamon Press,
Oxford (1986) 2741±2743.
Christian, J. W. Metall. Trans. A 21A (1990a) 799±803.
Christian, J. W. Materials Science and Engineering A127 (1990b) 215±227.
Christian, J. W. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 25A (1994) 1821±1839.
Christian, J. W. Progress in Materials Science 42 (1997) 109±124.
Christian, J. W. and Edmonds, D. V. Int. Conf. on Phase Transformations in Ferrous
References
[13:44 3/9/01 C:/3B2 Templates/keith/3750 BAINITE.605/3750-refs.3d] Ref: 0000 Auth: Title: Chapter 00 Page: 416 411-440
416