Беспалов В.И. Системы и источники энергоснабжения

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 4

ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ 5, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ 1

ɨɬɤɪɵɬ, ɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ 3 ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ

ɧɚɩɨɪ ɇ

, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 6.11. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ

ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ (ɚ) ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ (ɛ)

/ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ; 2 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ; 3 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɞɨ ɫɟɛɹ»; 4 –

ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ;

5 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.12, ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-

ɬɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ 3 ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ȽɌɉ ɢɥɢ ɚɛɨ-

ɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ

ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɬɨ

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ 3 ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.

ɉɨɥɧɵɣ

ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɨɫ-

ɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢ-

ɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬ-

ɫɤɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɚɜɬɨ-

ɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ, ɬɨ

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧ-

ɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɦ-

ɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-

ɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟɦ . ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ

ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-

ɬɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. ɉɪɢ

ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫ-

ɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɝɭɥɢ-

ɪɨɜɤɚ

. ɍ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ,

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟ-

ɠɞɭ Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɧɚɫɨɫ-

ɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ,

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫ-

ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ

ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɭ

ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧ-

ɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ

ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɢ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨɡ-

ɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ.

Ɋɢɫ. 6.12. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬ-

ɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ɚ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɛ – ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ

ɩɪɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɚɯ;

ɜ – ɬɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚ-

ɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɜɨɞɚɯ; 1 – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ

ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ; 2 – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, 3 –

ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ; 4 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ

ɥɢɧɢɢ ɭ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ II, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹ-

ɧɢɢ ɨɬ Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ȼɟɡ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟ-

ɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɧɚ

ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɵ-

ɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ, ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ 5 ɢ 6 ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ 2, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɦɢ-

ɧɭɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ 3 ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚ-

ɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ 6 ɢ 5, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ,

ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ.

ɉɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ 2, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɨɬɨɤ

ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 5 ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 6.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.12, ɛ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ: ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɭ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬ-

ɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ.

Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ɡɚ-

ɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɩɨ-

ɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɟ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. ɂɡ-

ɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɚɛɨ-

ɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ-

ɠɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ.

Ɂɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɭɸ ɩɨɞ-

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ) ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ-

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɟ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɭɸ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ-

ɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ, ɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫ-

ɯɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵ-

ɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɭ-

ɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ.

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɞɚɧ ɝɢɞ-

ɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɟɬɢ

ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ

ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ.

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɨ-

ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ, ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ

ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ

ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɛɨ-

ɧɟɧɬɨɜ.

6.4. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ

Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜɨɡɧɢ-

ɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ-

ɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟ-

ɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.

ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨ-

ɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ

ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ

(Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɯ

ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ), ɜɜɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢ-

ɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɟɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸ-

ɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ

ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨ-

ɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ

ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ.

Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɟ

ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵ-

ɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɟɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ-

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ

ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ

ɜɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɭɞɚɪɨɦ.

Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɡɚ-

ɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧ-

ɰɢɹɯ, ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɦ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.

ȼɨɥɧɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɨ

ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000 ɦ/ɫ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ-

ɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪ-

ɦɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬ-

ɜɚɯ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ (ɜɨɡ-

ɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɩɚɤɢ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɚɦ-

ɩɥɢɬɭɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ

ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚ-

ɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.13 ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-

ɬɢ: 1 – ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ, II – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɦ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, III – ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ

ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ. ɋɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɉ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫ-

ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-

ɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ

ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ, ɭɫ-

ɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɦ, ɱɬɨ

ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ

ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 1, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢ-

ɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɢ

ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ

ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ ɢ ɧɚ-

ɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɜ

ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 6 ɢ 1 ɩɨɞɞɟɪ-

ɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧ-

ɧɵɦɢ

ɩɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɢɞ-

ɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢ-

ɦɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ

ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟ-

ɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ IV ɢ V,

ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ

ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɸ-

ɳɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 6.13. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ (ɚ) ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬ-

ɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ (ɛ) ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.13, ɛ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ

ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III: 1-2-3-4-5-6 ɩɪɢ

ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɢ 1-2'-3'-4'-5'-6 ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɢ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.14 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫ

ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 2 ɢ 3 ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɠɢ-

ɦɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɹ.

Ⱦɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 2 ɢ 3 ɪɚɜɧɵ (ɇ

= ɇ

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ

ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɇ’

=ɇ

, ɝɞɟ ɇ

– ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤ-

ɬɨɪɟ Ɍɗɐ, ɚ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 3 ɇ

' = ɇ

, ɝɞɟ ɇ

– ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ Ɍɗɐ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 6.13).

ɉɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧ-

ɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɤɥɚ-

ɩɚɧɚ III ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ

ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 2 ɢ 3 ɦɨɧɨ-

ɬɨɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ

ɨɬ ɇ

ɞɨ ɇ’

=ɇ

ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɨɬ ɇ

ɞɨ ɇ’

=ɇ

ɉɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɡɚ-

ɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III

ɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɨ-

ɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ

ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɠ-

ɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ

ɫ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ w, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨ-

ɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚ-

ɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ

, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ

ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ

(ɪɢɫ. 6.14, ɚ). ȼɟ-

ɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪ

= ɇ

ȡg

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 6.14. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɟ

ɚ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2; ɛ – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ

ɬɨɱɤɟ

3; –––– – ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III;

– – – – ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III

ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ III ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ

ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜ-

ɲɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɚ,

ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɤ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɭ III.

ȼɨɡɧɢɤɲɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɨ-

ɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ

1, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɞɜɢɠɭ-

ɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤ.

ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ

(ɨɬ + w ɞɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ – ɚ).

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɦ-

ɩɭɥɶɫɭ ɫɢɥɵ:

fpawG

)( 

(6.14)

ɝɞɟ

– ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɝ/ɫ;

w – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦ/ɫ; ɚ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɦ/ɫ;

f – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɦ;

– ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɝ/ɦ

; ɪ

– ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɉɚ,

U )(

awwp

(6.15)

ɉɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ w

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ

aw, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ

U awp

(6.16)

ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (6.16) – ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɇ.ȿ. ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨ-

ɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɦ ɜ 1899 ɝ.

ɉɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ; ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɞɚɪɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ

ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ,

ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ ɪ

ȿɫɥɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ III ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ǻw, ɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ

U' wap

(6.17ɚ)

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝo ɭɞɚɪɚ

gwaH /

(6.17ɛ)

ɝɞɟ g – ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ (g =9,81ɦ/ɫ

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ

ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɫɬ



(6.18)

ɝɞɟ ȿ

, – ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 2 • 10

ɉɚ; ȿ

ɫɬ

– ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭ-

ɝɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ (ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ȿ

ɫɬ

= 2 • 10 ɉɚ); d, s –

ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɪɭɛ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ, ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨ-

ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɬ 0,05 ɞɨ 1,4 ɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ d/s ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ

ɨɬ 20

ɞɨ 100 ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 1300 ɞɨ 1000 ɦ/ɫ.

ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ǻw ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɦɨ-

ɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɬɪɭɛɨ-

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ǻw = 1 ɦ/ɫ, ɚ = 1000 ɦ/ɫ ɢ

= 1000 ɤɝ/ɦ ɪ

= 10

ɉɚ

ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɇ

= 100 ɦ,

ɉɪɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 (ɪɢɫ. 6.13)

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɚɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 1

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

alz /

210 

(6.18ɚ)

ɝɞɟ

21

– ɞɥɢɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ 1–2, ɦ.

ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ

ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ 1–2, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 1 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟ-

ɧɢɸ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ

ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨ-

ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 1 ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ

ɞɨ H

, ɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɲɚɹ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 ɧɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 1 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɚ ɢ ɝɚɫɢɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡ-

ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɨɣ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ z

= 2l

1-2

/ a =

, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ

ɬɨɱɤɢ 2 ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ III. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɇ

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ z

, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɡɟ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ

ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɇ =f(z) ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɨɩɢɲɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɜɨɥɧɭ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɬ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɇ

ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɟ (ɇ

+ ɇ

)

ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɹɫɶ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɇ

ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 1 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ 1 – 2 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨ-

ɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ-

ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 2 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢ-

ɝɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 2, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ

. ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ (ɇ

– ɇ

) ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ III ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɲɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ III

ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ,

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 2 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1. ȼ ɦɨ-

ɦɟɧɬ z

= 3l

1-2

/ a = 3z

, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɬɨɱ-

ɤɢ 1, ɜɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ 1-2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɧɟɣ

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ (ɇ

– ɇ

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ

1-2, ɬɨ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɩ-

ɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 1 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ

ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ z

= 4l

1-2

/ a = 4z

ɜɨɥɧɚ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 2 ɢ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɞɨɫ-

ɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɇ

. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ 1 ɤ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2, ɬ. ɟ. ɤ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɭ III, ɚ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ III ɡɚɤɪɵɬ,

ɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-

ɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɦ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬ ɫɬɚ-

ɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɇ''

(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 6.14).

Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɩɨɥɭ-

ɜɨɥɧɵ z

ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɡɟ ɭɞɚɪɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ

ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɚɦɩɥɢ-

ɬɭɞɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɟɬ.

ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ III, ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 3, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɚ-

ɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ.

ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɟ,

ɭɫ

HHH r

(6. 19)

ɝɞɟ ɇ – ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ; ɇ

– ɧɚɩɨɪ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ.

ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɞɚɪɟ

ɭɫ

ppp r

(6. 20)

ɝɞɟ ɪ – ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ;

– ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨ-

ɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ.

ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.13, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɥ-

ɥɸɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ Ɍɗɐ ɧɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬ-

ɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ Ɍɗɐ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ

ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚ-

ɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ. ɉɨ-

ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ

ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɜɨɥɧɭ.

ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɮɚɡɨɣ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ

ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɜɨɥɧ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɸɫ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɬ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ

ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɬɫɹ ɧɚ-

ɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ

ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɢ, ɮɚɡɭ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

alz /

(6. 21)

ɝɞɟ

l – ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɢ, ɦ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɬɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.13, ɚ, ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ

ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ

l=l

1-2

+ l

2-3

3-4

+ l

5-6

+ l

6-1'

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ

ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɞ ǻw ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (6.17) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨ-

ɪɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɭɞɚɪɚ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɛɵɥɚ w

ɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ

z > z

ɷɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ w

, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ

ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

zzwww /)(

ɭ21

 '

(6. 22)

ɂɡ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (6.17) ɢ (6.22) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ, ɉɚ,

zzawwp /)(

ɭ21ɭ

U

(6. 23)