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143, 145, 152, 160; and freedom

8–9; issues in remedial and

compensatory protection 123;

need for democratic environment

76, 77; need for international

human rights norms 29; two

current campaigns by

descendants of wronged peoples

142

Kant, Immanuel 23–24

Kellenberger, Jakob 37

Kennedy, Robert 8

Laurens, Paul Gordon 14–15

Lauterpacht, Hersch 63, 158

law codes: ancient civilizations 2,

8–13, 10–11

LAWASIA Statement of Basic

Principles of Human Rights 59

Laws of Manu 3, 12

League of Arab States 124

League of Nations 46, 119, 126–27

legal positivism 18–19

legal rights 24; distinctions with

moral rights 17–18

Liberia 145

Lipit-Ishtar 9

Locke, John 15–16, 21

Lovelace, Sandra 42, 62

Magna Carta 3, 13

malaria 95

Malik, Charles 56–57, 58

maternal mortality 95

Mauritius 62

Mavrommatis Palestine Concession

case 118

Mbaye, Keba 85

Mesopotamia: ancient rights 2, 9

Middle Ages: Catholic doctrine of

natural law 20

migrants: Durban Declaration’s

condemnation of discrimination

against 71; references in

Millennium Declaration 95

migration 29–30, 134; economic 153

Mill, John Stuart 23

Milosevic, Slobodan 142

Minogue, Kenneth 3–4

minorities: ICCPR 16; inequalities

153; need for international

protection 117; treaties to protect

46, 126; UN report on

international protection of 126–27

minority rights 95, 111

monitoring: country-level 112; of

elections 114; in national human

rights protection system 31, 33

moral rights 17–18

Muller, Herbert 2, 8–9, 117

Napoleonic Codes 13

national charters 54

national human rights institutions:

dialogue with high commissioners

112; performance in international

protection 136

national legislation 32, 116

natural disasters 95

natural law 20–21

natural rights 19–25; Locke 15–16,

Neer case 119

neo-fascism/neo-nazism 71–72

Netherlands 66

New Partnership for Africa’s

Development (NEPAD) 106, 108

new technologies 96

Nobel Peace Prize (2003) 2

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 87,

non-governmental organizations

(NGOs): concerns over HRC 135;

human rights monitoring 31;

input for UN Charter at San

Francisco conference 159;

reference in Millennium

Declaration 95; role in

cooperation and dialogue 101;

role in protection of human rights

39, 40, 123, 124

non-refoulement 134

non-state actors: dialogue 107

North–South divide 1

Nottebohm case 117

Obeid, Osman 58

Ofﬁce for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs 124

186 Index

Ofﬁce of the High Commissioner

for Human Rights (OHCHR) 82,

112, 116, see also UN High

Commissioner for Human Rights

Optional Protocol on the Procedure

for Individual Communications

103

Organization of African Unity

(OAU) (now African Union) 46,

58, 124; summit, Harare, June

1997 53–54

Organization of American States

(OAS) 46, 123, 124

Organization for Security and

Co-operation in Europe (OSCE):

High Commissioner on National

Minorities 106, 113

Paine, Thomas 22–23

Pan-African Parliament 109

Panama 58

peace 80

Peace and Security Council 109

peace treaties 119

Peacebuilding Commission 31

peacemaking/peacekeeping

operations: Brahimi Report

(2000) 139–40; measures to

prevent abuse of civilians by

members of 136, 137; need for

human rights components 29, 31;

plans to increase support for

human rights components of 112;

reference in Millennium

Declaration 95

Permanent Court of International

Justice 118

petition systems 123, 124

Philippines 57–58, 58

philosophical systems: inﬂuence on

declarations of human rights 4;

respect for shared humanity

13–15; view of individual’s

relationship with community

15–16

Pinochet, General Augusto 142

piracy: against refugees 116; as

international crime 141

political development 92

political rights 24–25, 80, 110–11, 158

political struggles 4

positive rights 17–18

poverty 1, 36; addressed at World

Conference on Human Rights

102; as factor in human

trafﬁcking and exploitation 85; as

framework for African states’

approach to development 87;

indicators in developing countries

93–4; issues and aims to prevent

96–97; Millennium Declaration

and MDGs 95, 96; and right to

development 158

prevention strategies 30–31, 121;

guarantees of non-repetition of

human rights violations 151–52;

international protection 121–22;

role of Human Rights Council 135

Princeton Principles of Universal

Jurisdiction (2000) 141

private sector 95

promotion of human rights:

difference with protection 119–20;

r ole of Human Rights Council 135

prostitution 85, 156

protection of human rights 115, 141,

159–60; antecedents 117–19;

anticipatory or preventive 121–22;

at national level 115–16, 159;

Brahimi Report on peace

operations 139–40; children in

armed conﬂicts 137–39; civilians

in armed conﬂicts 135–37;

concept of responsibility to

protect 121; continuing need for

at international level 116–17;

cooperation from individuals 104;

curative 122–23; debates

regarding responsibility for 4;

direct and indirect 124–26;

Geneva Conventions 130;

internally displaced persons 139;

International Committee of the

Red Cross 128–30; International

Labor Organization 127–28;

international situations and

international agencies 123–24;

minorities 126–27; performance in

international system 136;

‘‘protecting powers 117–18, 130,

Index 187

139; real challenges of human

rights violations 35–40; remedial

and compensatory 123;

responsibility of international

community 28–29, 30–31, 40, 158;

role of international cooperation

and dialogue 105, 114; scholarly

views 119–20; UN High

Commissioner for Refugees

133–34; United Nations

developments 130–33; universal

criminal jurisdiction 141; women

and girls 139

public accountability 80–81

public information 101–2

public policy: international norms 5,

44, 56; need for human rights

framework 29; role in human

rights 25–26

public reasoning 25

Quran 14

racial discrimination/racism 62, 102,

117, 153, 156–57; addressed in

Durban Declaration 71–72;

addressed in Milenniumn

Declaration 95; addressed in UN

Charter 51

racism 95, 102, 117

rape 102, 136, 139

Rawls, John 25

reconstruction assistance 123

Refugee Convention (1951) 139

refugees 37–38, 116, 136; Durban

Declaration’s condemnation of

intolerance against 71; ﬂeeing

Uganda under Amin 41;

UNHCR protection 133–34

regional charters and instruments

54, 58–59

regional development banks/

institutions 97

regional human rights organizations

30, 40

religion or belief: freedom of 56;

historic treaties respecting rights

118; right to change 59

religious systems: respect for shared

humanity 13–15; view of

individual’s relationship with

community 15–16

religious tenets 54

remedy and reparation 143–44,

146–52, 160

Reparation case 117

resources: discrimination as cause of

lack of access to 96

Rodney, Walter 85

Roman laws 19–20

Romulo, Carlos 57

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 21

Russet, Bruce 75

Rwanda: international criminal

tribunal 39, 123, 145

Santa Cruz, Herna

n57

Schuster, Edward James 14–15, 15

Second American Restatement of

the Foreign Relations Law of the

US 44–45, 45–46, 143–44

security: global doctrine’s backlash

against human rights 39; need for

respect for human rights 29;

reference in Millennium

Declaration 95

segregation 3

self-determination 16, 73–75;

considerations of humanity 51;

reference in Declaration on the

Right to Development 90

Sen, Amartya 25–26, 97

Senegal 85

sexual abuse/exploitation 85;

committed by humanitarian/peace

workers 136, 137; UNSC

resolution on protection of

women and girls 139

Sierra Leone 123, 145

Simma, Bruno 100

Simons, Anne 100

slavery: Africans 3; campaign for

compensation by descendants

142; human rights norm

interdicting 43; human trafﬁcking

of women into 85, 156; as

international crime 141; treaties

to protect people from 46;

victims’ need for international

protection 117

188 Index

slum-dwellers 95

social development 80, 89, 92

social rights 36, 38, 58, 80, 110–11, 158

sovereignty 4, 159

Soviet Union: refugee situation

following break-up of 113

Spain: attempt to extradite Pinochet

142

Spencer, Herbert 23

Sri Lanka 13–14

standard of living 88

states of emergency 77–78, 116

Stoics 19

Sub-Commission on Prevention of

Discrimination 65–66

Sudan 98

Sumerians 2, 9

Swiss Federal Department of

Foreign Affairs 106–7

Switzerland: Federal Political

Department 63; religious rights in

Congress of Vienna (1815) 118

Tagore, Rabindranath 160–61

Taylor, Charles 142

technology transfer 87

telecommunications technology 153

terrorism 1, 28, 36, 130, 153;

democratic legitimacy as key to

prevention 77; need for security

with respect for human rights 29;

UN human rights special

procedures on 111

Thomas Aquinas, Saint 20

Tittoni Report (1920) 126

torture: actions called for at World

Conference on Human Rights

102; in Chile under Pinochet 142;

as international crime 141, 144;

obligations to investigate cases

50–51; UN special procedures

against 111

trade 87, 96

transitional justice 145

treaties: historic use of 118;

international cooperation 103;

and national legislation 32; states’

obligations regarding remedy and

reparation 148; states’ obligations

to human rights norms 43, 44,

46–51, 52, 154–55, see also under

names of Conventions and

Declarations

Treaty of Westphalia (1648) 118

Trusteeship Council 114

Truth and Reconciliation

Commissions 123

Turkey 118

Uganda 41, 145

UN Aide Memoire on the

Protection of Civilians in Armed

Conﬂict 135–37

UN Charter: on detection, arrest

and extradition of war criminals

104; development and human

rights 86, 96, 159; emphasis on

international cooperation and

dialogue 98, 98–100, 105;

humanity principle 51; and

international constitutional law

44; member states’ legal

obligations under 5, 45, 47, 52,

154; principle of universality 56;

principles of equality 63, 64, 66,

69, 72; promotion and protection

of human rights 119;

reafﬁrmations of commitment to

60, 92–93; San Francisco

conference (1945) 130–31, 159;

self-determination 16, 73, 74

UN Commission on Human Rights

(CHR) 29, 37, 73, 85; adoption of

resolutions on cooperation 103–4,

104–5; afﬁrmation of democracy

as fundamental human right 82;

basics of right to remedy and

reparation 146–52; consideration

of issue of violations of human

rights 131–32; criteria for

situations of concern 159;

performance in international

protection 136; practice of

dialogue 106; replaced by UN

Human Rights Council 159;

special procedures 38, 110–11

UN Conventions see under names of

Conventions

UN Declarations see under names of

Declarations

Index 189

UN Democracy Fund 83

UN Department of Political Affairs,

Division for Electoral Assistance

114

UN Development Program (UNDP)

83, 97, 116

UN Economic and Social Council

(ECOSOC) 40, 106, 146; criteria

for situations of concern 159; lack

of action in human rights ﬁeld 30;

performance in international

protection 136; recommendations

on violations of human rights

131–32; roles 125

UN Educational, Scientiﬁc and

Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) 15, 34, 40, 123, 124

UN General Assembly (GA) 26–27,

30, 40, 59, 60; basic principles and

guidelines on right to remedy and

reparation 143, 146, 160; criteria

for situations of concern 159;

Declaration on the Elimination of

Violence Against Women 70;

Declaration on the Principles of

International Law Concerning

Friendly Relations and

Cooperation Among States 73–74,

99–100; Declaration on the Right

to Development 89, 97; dialogue

with UNHCHR 112; and

monitoring of elections 114;

monitoring of Millennium

Declaration 95; on need for

promotion and protection of

human rights 131; performance in

international protection 136;

political supervision by 120;

resolution establishing Human

Rights Council 102–3, 134–35;

resolution on human rights

dialogues 106; resolution on

protection against human rights

violations 131–32, 141; roles 125;

Third Committee (Social,

Humanitarian and Cultural) 111

UN High Commissioner for Human

Rights 36, 106; role of protection

116, 122, 123, 124, 132–33, 138; use

of human rights dialogue 111–12

UN High Commissioner for

Refugees (UNHCR) 37–38; role

of protection 124, 133–34; use of

human rights dialogue 112–13

UN International Children’s

Emergency Fund (UNICEF) 34,

UN Millennium Declaration 1, 2, 4,

53, 60, 73, 92–96, 98

UN Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs) 86, 88, 95–96

UN Secretary-General: role in

protection of human rights 122,

133, see also Annan, Koﬁ

UN Security Council (UNSC) 28,

30, 40; performance in

international protection 136;

resolutions referring to

democracy 78–79; role in

protection of human rights 122,

124, 132, 141, 159; roles 125

UN Special Representative on

Human Rights Defenders 38

UN Sub-Commission on the

Promotion and Protection of

Human Rights 35–36

UN Summit of World Leaders

(2005) 60, 121

UN Treaty Bodies see under names

of Committees

United Kingdom 142

United Nations: beginnings of

international human rights law 3;

Compilation of International

Instruments on Human Rights 46,

52; as crucial in deﬁning human

rights for future 4; declarations,

principles and guidelines 52;

development of protection of

human rights 130–33; events and

programs on new and restored

democracies 78; San Francisco

conference (1945) 130–31, 159;

seminar on democracy and

human rights (2005) 82–83; 25th

anniversary 73–74, see also under

names of bodies, Conventions, etc.

United States (US) see American

Commission on Human Rights,

etc.; Clinton, President Bill;

190 Index

Second American Restatement of

the Foreign Relations Law of the

universal criminal jurisdiction 141,

148

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (UDHR) 2, 4, 8, 15, 29,

35, 39, 153, 155; on democracy

76, 82, 113; on governance 31; on

individual’s duties to community

16; member states’ obligations to

respect 44, 45, 96, 154; process of

drafting 56–59; recognition of

equality 63, 64, 69, 72, 157;

sixtieth anniversary 30

Universal Declaration on

Democracy (Council of the

Inter-Parliamentary Union) 79

universal values 1–2

universality of human rights 18, 35,

52, 155–56; bases 59; challenges

of implementation 60; debates 4,

54; democratic test of 59, 61; as

goal 55–56; instances of

reafﬁrmation of consensus over

58, 60; as normative concept

56–59; problem of arguments for

cultural diversity 55; UN

commitment to 56–59; World

Conference on Human Rights 101

Uruguay 66

Vienna Convention on the Law of

Treaties 47–48

Vienna Declaration see World

Conference on Human Rights,

Vienna (June 1993)

violence against women 153, 156;

addressed in UN Aide Memoire

136; reference in Millennium

Declaration 95; UN human rights

special procedures against 111;

UNSC resolution on protection

of women and girls 139

Virginia Declaration of Rights

(1776) 22

Visscher, Charles de 158–59

war: reference in Millennium

Declaration 95; systematic rape of

women 102, see also armed

conﬂicts

war crimes 104, 121, 141, 144

Western–non-Western divide 1

Wilson, President Woodrow 73

Wolfrum, Ru

diger 100

women: action called for at World

Conference on Human Rights

102; HRC’s guidance on

non-discrimination for ICCPR

67; indigenous community 38;

issues in UN Aide Memoire 136;

refugees 134; relief brought by

concept of equality in

international law 42, 62;

trafﬁcking of 85, 156; UNSC

resolution on protection of 139,