Bernstein J. Quantum profiles

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INDEX

Einstein, Albert (cont.) 110–11, 118; nuclear reactor re-

inﬂuenced by, 33; Wheeler’s assess- search, 121–22; on quantum the-

ment of, 129, 138–41 ory, 49

Einstein Centennial, 125–26 Fermi distance, 64–65

Feynman, Richard: atomic bomb pro-Einstein, Eduard (Tete), 151, 153–

ject, 121; death of wife (Arlene54, 156–57

Einstein, Hans Albert, 151 Greenbaum), 116; Ph.D. thesis,

Einstein: His Life and Times, 144 116–17; popular culture inﬂu-

Einstein, Maja, 149 enced by, 5; reservations about

electricity, 69 quantum theory, 77; Wheeler’s in-

ﬂuence on, 97–98, 107, 114–15electrodynamics, 68, 108

Forrestal Center, 127electron: atomic spectra, 32; identiﬁ-

four-dimensional spacetime geome-cation of, 14; ‘‘state of,’’ 95–96;

try, 133–34wave mechanics and, 30–31, 34

electron microscope, quantum the- Frank, Philipp, 20, 33, 144, 153

ory and, 31 Freedman, Stuart, 76

Frisch, Otto, 110–11electron-positron accumulator, 86–

87, 108 Fuchs, Klaus, 125–26

electrostatics, 68, 79

Galileo, 3, 69–70elementary-particle physics, 18–19,

137–38; cosmic radiation and, Gamow, George, 55–56

Gell-Mann, Murray, 57124–25; Wheeler’s view of, 132–

genetic determinism, quantum the-33

ory and, 63–64Elements of Electricity,14

geon, development of, 132–33Emeleus, Karl, 14

entropy, 150–51 Gerlach, Walter, 60–61, 160

German University (Prague), 153EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) ex-

periment, 44–45; Bell’s inequality Germer, L., 31

and, 75; Bertlmann’s socks analogy Gibbs, Willard, 151

and, 8–9; Bohm’s interpretation Gödel, Kurt, 140–41

of, 54, 57, 60–62; cultural aspects Goudsmit, Samuel, 58–59

of, vii–viii; impact of, on popular Graves, George, 122

gravitation: early research on, 68–69;culture, 77–78; impact on quan-

relativity theory and, 43–44tum theory, 49–50; locality and,

Greenbaum, Arlene, 11672–73; Wheeler’s assessment of,

138–39 ground states, planetary atomic

ether, early physics research and, 68– model, 29

Groves, General, 122–2369

Ewald, Peter Paul, 14 Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik,

excited states, planetary atomic 104

Habicht, Conrad, Einstein correspon-

model, 29

fallout shelters, 128–29 dence with, 3–4, 23–24

Feinberg, Gerald, 71–72, 93 Hafstead, Larry, 105–6

Hagner, Janette, 107Fermi, Enrico: on nuclear ﬁssion,

172

INDEX

Hahn, Otto, 110–11 Institute for Advanced Study (Prince-

Haller, Friedrich, 155 ton), 39, 110, 127–28

Hanford Engineering Works, 119– Institute for the Study of Twins, 63

21 interference, in quantum theory, dou-

ble-slit experiment, 40–41Hapgood,5

Jauch, Josef, 67–68

Harrere, Heinrich, 80

Hartle, Jim, 134

Jeans, James, 23Hawking, Stephen, 134

Johns Hopkins University, 103–4heat absorption, solid-state (con-

densed-matter) theory, 27–28 Joliot-Curie, 110

A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime,Heisenberg, Werner: Bell’s theorem

135and, 7; Einstein nominates to No-

Judaism, Einstein and, 155–57bel Prize, 44; matrix mechanics,

Kennedy, John F., assassination of, 67

32; Nobel Prize awarded to, 37;

nuclear dimensions of quantum

Kirchoff, Gustav, 22theory, 49; origins of quantum the-

ory and, 4; planetary atomic Kronig, Ralph, 58

Kuhn, Thomas, 23, 27model, 31–32; Schrödinger and,

55. See also uncertainty principle

Lamston, Alison Wheeler, 109Herzfeld, K. F., 104–5

hidden variables, 54–57: Bell’s analy- Landau, Lev, 56

Langevin, Paul, 31sis of, 64–65, 85; critical reactions

Large Electron Project (LEP), 10–to, 66–68; spin concept and, 62;

11, 86–89Wheeler’s assessment of, 131–32,

Lewin, Gerhard, 146139–40

holistic medicine, quantum theory light: Galileo’s research on, 69–70;

particle theory of, 24–25; principleand, 79

Holton, Gerald, 145 of complementarity and, 42; prop-

Holt, Richard, 75–76 erties of, 23–24; speed of, 69–71;

Horne, Michael, 75–76 wave propagation, 75; wave theory

House Un-American Activities Com- of, 24–25

liquid-drop atomic model, 109; nu-mittee, 56

Huygens, Christian, 24 clear ﬁssion and, 110–12, 117–18

Livingston, M. Stanley, 16hydrogen bomb research, 126–29

I Am News,6

locality concept, 68–69, 71

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 31, 58,

IBM, 128 102, 143, 153

IMB (Irvine, Michigan, Brookhaven) Löwenthal, Elsa Einstein, 154

lower-energy proton-antiproton col-detector, 88

‘‘Information, Physics, Quantum: lider, 88–89

The Search for Links,’’ 135–36 Lüders, Gerhard, 18

Lüders-Pauli theorem, 18Ingenious Mechanisms and Mechanical

Devices,97

‘‘Mach, Einstein, and the Search forInstitute for Advanced Study (Dub-

Reality,’’ 145lin), 33

173

INDEX

Mach, Ernst, 145, 152 neutrons, slow and fast, in nuclear ﬁs-

magnetism, 69; spin concept and, sion, 112

59–62 New Age mysticism: inﬂuence of

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, quantum quantum theory on, 6; quantum

theory and, vii–viii, 130–31theory and, 83–84

Newton, Isaac: gravitational theory,Manchester University, 28

Mandl, Franz, 65 68–69; laws of motion, 13; on

Maric´, Mileva, 151, 153, 155 light, 24; space and time concepts,

Mathematical Foundations of Quantum 145

Theory, 56 Nobel Prize in Physics, 37–38, 44

nonlocality: defense applications, 78;matrix mechanics, 32

parapsychology and, 79Matthews, Paul, 17

nuclear ﬁssion, quantum theory and,Mauchley, John, 106

110–18Maxwell, James Clerk, 25, 54, 68

McConnell, R. A., 79 nuclear power plants: early experi-

Mechanics, Molecular Physics, Heat and ments at Hanford, 120–22; enemy

action against, 123–24; Wheeler’sSound,14

research on, 118–24Meitner, Lise, 110–11

Mermin, David, 78 nucleus: discovery of, 28; liquid-drop

meson, discovery of, 108 model of, 109; slow neutron ab-

sorption by, 108–9Metallurgical Laboratory (University

Olympia Academy, 3

of Chicago), 118

Misner, Charles, 140–41

‘‘On the Einstein-Podolsky-RosenMoke, Verdet, 101

molecular theory of heat, 55 Paradox,’’ 7

Møller, Christian, 108–9 ‘‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving

momentum: EPR experiment and, Bodies,’’ 143

46–48; quantum mechanics and, Oppenheimer, Robert: black hole

36; spin concept and, 59–60. See research, 117–18; Bohm and, 56;

also angular momentum collapsing star research, 129; hy-

Morgenstern, Oscar, 141 drogen bomb research, 127; on

Morton Salt Company, 88 electrodynamics, 108; Reith lec-

Murray, Bob, 107 tures, 5, 38–40; studies in Europe,

104; study of Eastern religions, 6;My View of the World,80

Wheeler’s relations with, 106

National Research Council Fellow- Optiks,24

ships, 105–7

Pais, Abraham, 38–39, 42Natural Philosophy of Cause and

Chance, 64 parapsychology, quantum theory

Nature, 47 and, 79–80, 131

parity violation in weak interactions,nature, laws of, 130–31

Needham, Joseph, 82 106

Nernst, Walther, 28, 159 particle theory of light, 24–25; princi-

ple of complementarity and, 42neutrinos, 88; Z

concept, 90–91

174

INDEX

Pauling, Linus, 49 positrons, discovery of, 49

Pauli, Wolfgang, 18, 76; Heisenberg principle of complementarity: EPR

and, 52–53; interest in Eastern re- experiment and, 48–49; spin con-

ligions, 80; origins of quantum the- cept and, 61

‘‘A Principle of Least Action inory and, 4; spin concept, 58

Quantum Mechanics,’’ 116Peebles, Jim, 141

Peierls, Rudolf (Sir), 15, 17, 67, probability: amplitudes, 116–17; hid-

125 den variables and, 64; statistical

philosophy and physics, 13, 94–95, mechanics, 140; wave function

130–31. See also Eastern religions; and, 35

Problems of Modern Physics, 102reality

Project Matterhorn, 127–29photoelectric effect, 152, 159

‘‘Proposed Experiment to Test Localphoton polarization, 75

Hidden Variables,’’ 75–76Physical Review, 44, 64–65, 117–18,

143; Bohr rebuttal of EPR experi- proton, 65

ment, 47; importance of, 74–75 Prussian Academy of Sciences, 153

quanta: Besso-Einstein correspon-

Physical Review Letters, 75–76

Physics magazine, Bell’s inequality

published in, 74 dence on, 159; blackbody radia-

Physics Today, 114 tion, 23; double-slit experiment,

Picasso, Emilio, 86–87 41; polarization, 75

Quantum Mechanics, 49–50Placzek, George, 112

Quantum Theory, 49, 53–54Planck, Erwin, 21

Quantum Theory and Measurement,9Planck, Max, 21, 143; atomic theory

quantum theory (quantum mechan-of matter, 54–55; Besso introduces

Einstein to, 155; blackbody radia- ics): absurdity of, 4, 6; Bell’s in-

tion theory, 27–28; opposition to equality and, 74–77; Bohm’s inter-

statistical mechanics, 38; photoelec- pretation of, 53–55; chemical

tric effect, 159; radiation formula, bonding and, 49; criticisms of, 20–

22–23, 27 21; Eastern religions and, 80–83;

Planck’s constant: conjugate quanti- Einstein and, 158–62; genetic de-

ties and, 36; probability ampli- terminism and, 63–64; hidden vari-

ables and, 54–57; increased accep-tudes, 117; Z

principle, 90–91

tance of, 49; locality and, 71–72;planetary atomic model, 28–38, 50;

local realism and, 73–74; Maha-angular momentum and, 58–62

plutonium: liquid vs. solid, 121; nu- rishi Mashesh Yogi and, 83–84;

clear ﬁssion and, 112; nuclear reac- old vs. new, 30–32; origins of, 4–

5; parapsychology and, 131; ‘‘par-tors and, 118–24

Podolsky, Boris, 44–45 ticipator’’ aspects of, 130–31;

popular culture, quantum theory philosophical and practical appli-

cations, 51; popular culture and,and, vii–viii, 3, 5–7, 77–81

position: EPR experiment and, 46– vii–viii, 3, 5–7, 77–81; probability

48; quantum mechanics and, 36; amplitudes, 116–18; ‘‘reality’’ of,

45–46; spin and angular momen-spin concept and, 59–60

175

INDEX

quantum theory (cont.): safety, of nuclear plants, 119–22,

tum, 57–62; statistical interpreta- 124–25

tion (wave function), 38; ‘‘umpire’’ Schrödinger equation, 33–37, 95,

analogy of (Wheeler), 96; wave 161

Schrödinger, Erwin: Bohr debatesand matrix mechanics and, 34;

with, 55–56; cat paradox of quan-Wheeler’s view of, 96, 131–34. See

also solid-state (condensed-matter) tum mechanics, 50–51; education

theory and personal life, 32–33; Einstein

Queen’s University, 13–15, 50 nominates to Nobel Prize, 44; Ein-

‘‘The Queerness of Quanta,’’ 5 stein’s relations with, 146, 160; in-

terest in Eastern religions, 80; op-

Rabi, I. I., vii, 60, 93–94, 104 position to statistical mechanics,

38; quantum theory and, 55; ori-radioactivity, spin concept and, 61

gins of quantum theory and, 4Rayleigh-Jeans law, 23, 26

semi-empirical mass formula, 111–12reality and quantum theory: coin toss

analogy, 45–46; EPR experiment, Seven Years in Tibet,80

45–46; philosophical aspects of Shimony, Abner, 75–76

physics and, 94–95; quantum the- Simon, Walt, 122–23

Skitt, David, 81–82ory and, 42–43, 84–85, 140–41;

slow-neutron ﬁssion, 112–13spin concept and, 61. See also local-

Snyder, Hartland, 16, 117–18, 129ity concept

solid-state (condensed-matter) the-relativity theory: Einstein-Besso dis-

ory, 27–28cussions of, 147, 152–53; Ein-

Solovine, Maurice, 3stein’s 1905 paper on, 4, 143; grav-

Solvay Congress, 43itation and, 43–44; planetary

atomic model and, 31–32; role of Solvay, Ernest, 40

time in, 161; speed of light and, Sommerfeld, Arnold, 143

70–71; spin concept and, 58–59; space quantization, 60

Wheeler’s view of, 133–34 spacetime concept, 133–34

religion, physics and, 53. See also Speakable and Unspeakable in Quan-

Eastern religion tum Mechanics,8

Reviews of Modern Physics, 112 Speziali, Pierre, 147–49, 154

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re- ‘‘spin’’ concept, 57–62; Bell’s inequal-

search, 127 ity and, 75; values in, 59

Roemer, Ole, 70 Spitzer, Lyman, 127

‘‘spooky actions at a distance,’’ 44,Rosenfeld, Léon, 43, 111; EPR exper-

iment, 46–47 62, 73

Rosen, Nathan, 44–45 ‘‘Stability of Perturbed Orbits in the

Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences, Synchrotron,’’ 16–17

27 Stanford Linear Accelerator, 67–68

statistical mechanics, 26, 140, 151Ruark, Arthur, 109

Rutherford, Ernest, 28–29, 104, 107 stellarator research, 127

sabotage and atomic research, 125–

Stern, Otto, 60–61, 76, 160

Stoppard, Tom, 5

Strassman, Fritz, 110–1126

176

INDEX

strong focusing principle, 16–17 University of Texas, 129–30

Super Collider project, 11 University of Wisconsin, 110

‘‘superluminal’’ phenomena, 78 University of Zurich, 153

superspace concept, 133–34 Upanishads,6

uranium isotopes, and slow-neutronSurely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!,

ﬁssion, 11297–98

Surprises in Theoretical Physics,67

von Neumann, John, 56; theorem,Swiss Federal Patent Ofﬁce, 147–48,

64–65, 67152–53

synchrotron, deﬁned, 16–17

wave equation, superspace and, 134Szilard, Leo, 113

wave function, 35; ‘‘state’’ of elec-

tachyons, 72 trons and, 95

wave mechanics, 33–34TCP theorem, 17–18

wave theory of light, 24–25; princi-telepathy, quantum theory and, 79

Teller, Edward, 127 ple of complementarity and, 42

thermodynamics, 22; hidden vari- Weyl, Hermann, 104, 137

What Do You Care What Other Peopleables and, 54, 64

Think?,116‘‘The Science of Mechanics,’’ 145

What is Life?,33Thompson, G. P., 14, 31

Thomson, J. J., 14, 28–29 Wheeler, John Archibald: atomic

bomb research, 113–14, 117–18,Thorne, Kip, 140–41

124; black hole research, 129–30;three-dimensional geometries, 133–

Bohr’s inﬂuence on, 107–8, 126;34

bypass surgery on, 135–36; child-Toll, John, 128

Tucci, Niccolò, 150 hood of, 100–101; constructs fall-

Turner, Louis, 112 out shelter, 128–29; educational ca-

twin analogy of correlations, 62–63 reer, 101–4; Einstein assessed by,

Ufford, Letitia Wheeler, 109

138–41; family life and history,

98–100, 109–10; Feynman and,

Uhlenbeck, George, 58–59 97–98, 107, 114–16; Fuchs and,

Ulam, Stanislaw, 127 125–26; geon experiments, 132–

umpire analogy and quantum theory 33; Guggenheim Fellowship

awarded to, 126; at Hanford Engi-(Wheeler), 96, 117, 139–40

neering Works, 119–24; hydrogenuncertainty principle (Heisenberg):

bomb research and, 126–29; inter-Bell puzzled by, 50–51; determin-

ism and, 35–37; double-slit experi- est in explosives, 102; marriage to

ment, 41–42; energy-time aspects, Janette Hagner, 107; nuclear ﬁs-

sion research, 110–18; nuclear re-43–44; popular culture and, 5;

quantum theory and, 140–41; spin actor research, 118–24; Ph.D. the-

concept and, 59, 61–62; Z

princi- sis of, 104–6; philosophical aspects

of physics, 94, 130–31; Princetonple, 90–91

Uniﬁed ﬁeld theory, 110, 157–58, University post, 109–10, 124–30;

160 quantum theory interpretation, 9,

95–96, 131–34, 136–41; receivesUniversity of North Carolina, 109

177

INDEX

Wheeler, John Archibald (cont.) Wilczek, Frank, 129

National Research Council Fellow- Williams, E. J., 107–8

ship, 105–7; research assessed, 98; Williams, Roger, 119–22

retirement, 130, 135–36; social Winteler, Barbara, 149

Winteler, Paul, 149–50life, 106–7; teaching career as-

Young, Thomas, 24–25, 30, 40–41

sessed, 93–98, 130, 136–37; at Uni-

versity of Texas, 129–30

‘‘Wheeler-Moke Safe and Gun Com-

Zeitschrift für Physik,103pany,’’ 101

Wien, Wilhelm, 22, 26 Zukav, Gary, 6, 77–78, 130–31

Wigner, Eugene, 109–10, 113, 137– Zurek, Wojciech, 9

width concept, 90–9138

178