Барлит В.В. Гидравлические турбины
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const
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(282)
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ro
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MyJre
(283),
a
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co-
ceAHrtMlI
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(280).
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e
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14.
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(A@r:corrst
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//
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(2e0)
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c
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(u.rru nao6opor
c
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Ha
pa3Beprxu)
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AByMfl
cnoco6aMu:
roH@punoe
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He HcKalr(arorcfl
;
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uue
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pa3BeprKy
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c
yrleroM
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H BbIXOAHO|O
yTJIOB
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oro6paxeHufl
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Ho
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eMoK.
Ilo.utayncb
crroco6oru
n
pu6JIH)KeHHoro
oro6p
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,
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6parl
raKoe
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o6pasyloqefi
KoHyca,
npH
KoropoM
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uae npoQHJIf
npt{
nepexoAe
c
pa3BepTKH Kouyca
Ha
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ToKa
6yaer
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PaccuorpHM
npu6nuxeHHoe
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ceqeHHr
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c
no-
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ToKa Ha
r$HHqecKyro
lloBepxHocrb
v
clloco6bl nocrpoe-
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Ha
pa3BeprKax
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pa3nnqHofi 6ucrpo-
(28e)
7
7-.n4
r93
xoAHocrn.
Jfto6as KpHBas,
Jrex(aurafl
Ha
noBepxHocru
ToKa
(puc.
94),
r'ro-
x<er 6urr
oro6pax(eHa
Ha noBepxHocrn
KoHyca,
.qfifl
qero
psA
ToqeK
grofi
rpueofi
nocJreAoBareJlbHo
nepeHocsr
c lroBepxHocru
ToKa Ha
Ko-
Hyc. Hanpuuep,
roqKy
.4 rpunon AB
nepeHocsr Ha
noBepxHocrb
Ko-
Hyca,
coxpansfl ee
paccroflHHe
,rlo
oKpFI(HocrI{
K
-
K,
o6urefi
AJrfl
Korryca
u noBepxHocTH
ToKa.
Auanoruuno
npo$r4trrb,
nocrpoeHumfi
na
pa3BeprKe
KoHyca,
nepeHo-
cflT
Ha noBepxHocrb
roKa raKHM o6pasonr,
uto6rt
xax
Mox(Ho
Menbrrre
HcKax{aJIHcb
pacqerHbre
yrJlbr
F,
u
F,
JIorIacrH.
EstpI nu6patr
KoHyc,
KacareJrbsufi
x noBepxHocru ToKa
Ha
Bbr-
xoAe Lrs
pa6overo KoJIeca, To
yroJr
F,
oAHHaKOB
KaK Ha nOBepXHOCTH
TOKa,
TaK H
Ha KoHyce. llo
Mepe
yAareHuq
roqKu
or
oKpyxffiocra
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ucKax(eHue
yraaB
yBernrruBaercq, npnqeM oHo
reM
6o.ntrrue,
rreM
yroJl
B
r'reHlure
90o.
floetonay rIpH
nepexoAe
c
rroBepxHocTH ToKa
Ha
KoHHqec-
Kyro
rroBepxHocrb
seo6xoAuMo
yquTblBarb
9ro
HcKaxeHHe.
llponogar czcreMy
paAH-
aJrbHbrx
H
ropu3oHTaJlbHbrx
nnocrocrefi,
B
p$ynbTaTe
Ha
noBepxHocTflx
ToKa H
KoHyca
o6pasyrorcn
ABe
cerKu.
I4z
pac-
cMorpeHnrr
puc.
94
cJle,4yer,
qro
orpesoK
ab
nu:nuu
roKa Ha [oBepxHocrH
ToKa v
Konyca
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c
AyraMH
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pnou
H
p*o"
Psc.
94.
K
nu6opy
pasBopa-
qusaeruofi
noBepxgocrn Bpa-
uteHI{t.
(2er)
r4e
A1-yroJr
MOKAy
paAHaJlbHbIMI{
nJlocKocr.nMHi
r, fxou-TeKyIqHe
paAlrycbr
Ha
noBepxHocrH ToKa
H I{OHyCa.
-
Tax
xax bc
--
b' c'
,
ro
rAx
tg
pnon
:
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tg
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orKyAa
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Vr.nu Ha
pasBeprKe
r(oHyca
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npH noMoulu
cJIeAyIoIrlHx
nupaxeuu fi:
Ha
BXoAe
tgpr*o,
:
tg
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I
rros
i
(293')
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tg
p:*o"
-
tg
Pzoou.
)
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paccMorpenbr
pa3fiHrlHbre
floBepxHocru
Bpaxreuuq,
rIpHMe-
HfleMbre npu
nocrpoeHun
cetreHr.rfi
Jro[acru
noBepxHocrrMu
ToKa.
I94
O1pasgrct4afl
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rc nuflutt,
ttloKn
I .tutecme ee
neryce-
qeHun
c eouodnortrcpourcort
(pwc.
95,
a, 6).Panwycbr
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(2e4)
rAe
T
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ocbtcl
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npoeKrruu
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pa3BeprKn
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:
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1,
(295)
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x
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B nJIaHe.
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K-n H u c a n e ne c e
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m-
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o ud
u-o HrtJr
b H u n n D oe Kuu.ro
2
u
Hu,u
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moKa
(puc.
95, e).
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roHyca
ocyuecrBJlflerct raKHM
o6paeou, uro6sr
ee
orKJIoHeHHff
or JIHHIIH ToKa Ha BXoAe H BbIxoAe
H3
pa6ouero
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orKJIoHeHHp
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qeHTpaJlbHoft
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llpu
oro6paxeHnu
upoQu.nr
c
pa3BeprKH
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roKa
I{.nH
uao6opor cqr{Taror,
qro
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tlro6u
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npotpnnr
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Ha noBepxHocrb
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6uno
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or ocu
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:
rk.
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Hc'
xoAHofi
o6uqno
eu6aparcr
roqKy, rAe
pacnoJloxeua
MaKcHMaJIbI{aff
ToJrrrlnHa
upo$H.nr.
Pa4uycu
pasBeprKn KoHyca:
(2e6)
AsarorHqHo
npoBoAsr ceKyqne
AJIa ApyrHx
lloBepxHocrefi
rora,
3aMepflroT
ra BbrrlHcrqroT cooTBeTcTByroqHe
Be.IIHqHHbI
H crpotT
pa3-
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KOHyCOB.
Lea
ecmpeqHux
KoHAca, KacamenbHbtx K
tn*epxHocmu moKfr
na exode
u eouo)e
us
pa6oueeo Kolreca.
Taxoe
pacnoJlox(eHHe
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6urr
rrpHMeHeHo
rrpH npoeKTHpoBaHHH
JrorracrH
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pagua.rlbuo-oce-
nofi
rra.qporyp6nusr,
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Hs
pa4naJlbHoro HanpaB-
JeHuq
B oceBoe ocyqecrBJrflercs
B
rrpeAeJlax
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3roM
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Ha
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Eonee
roqHoe flocrpoenHe
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Ha
pa3BeprKax
KoHycoB
ocHo-
BaHo
ua
xonQopMHoM
oro6pax<eHHa c
yrleroM
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grehaeuroB
Jrr4HHH
ToKa
npu nepexoAe
c KoHnqecxofi rioBepxHocrr
Ha noBepxHocrb
TOKA.
flp" nocrpoeHnu
pa3BeproK
KoHycoB
(oco6enno
B cryqae
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pa6ouux
xo"rrec) HX
paAHycu
^Qr
a
R,
Moryr oKa3arbcn
Aocra-
TorrHo
6orrurranN.
B
gToM
cryqae
AyrH
oKpy)KHocref,r
gaMeHflIor
rlapa-
6o.naun
vJrH
noJrbgyrorcfl
ApyrHMr.r
npu6nuxeHrrbrMr{ cnoco6auli
Hx
nocrpoeuus
[3].
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-
Rzlsin
T;
\
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:
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+
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I
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:
rolsin
1;
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:
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rpoBoAflr
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nog
Yr.troM
Fr*o"
(Pucr 95,O,
eofi.
flo.nyueuHylo
JIHHHIo
(6ecro-
HHHMaIOT
3a
JIHUeByIO
CTOpOHy
npo-
ts
norytlaercg
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6o'nlure'
HX(EHHO
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KOHCq-
Horo
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ronacrefi
Ha
orKJroHeHHe
noroKa
Ha
BbIxoAe
H3
pa6ouero
KoJreca.
ilns
nocrpoeHr.rr
npoQwnefi
xosequoft
TOJIUIHHbI
Ha
pa3Bepr-
Kax
KoHycoB
MO)KHO
BOCnoJIb3OBaTbcf
3aKOHOM
pacnpeAeJIeHHf
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ulHH,
rrpeAcTaB/reHHbrM
S
ra6il.
17,
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r4CrIOJIb3OBaTb
AaHHbIe
pactlpe-
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nonuar"fi
.nyuurux
pa6ouux
KoJIec
6lHsxofi
6ucrpo-
xoanocru
[3].
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paAHaJrbHbrx
ceqeHnfi
.rlonacru.
Ha
pa3BeprKax
npo-
Suneft
pirnru"oix
noeepxnocrefi
ToKa
o1l
peAeJI
fl IoT
Tor{KH
nepecerleHutr
oAHoI{MeHHbIX
papr4arbHblx
nJloCxoCrefi
i .ttuUesofi
H
rstnlnofi
CTopO-
nur"
npoQr.r,refi
, nepeHocfT
HX
Ha
JruHr4r4
TOKa
MepHAHOHa'IIbHOpO
IIO-
ToKa.
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HarrpHMeP,
ceqesue
I-l
nepeceKaeT
npoQn"riu
B
TOrIKax'
pacnoJrox(eHHbrx
Ha
pa\HyC3X
Ra,
Rr.
3rutvtl-t
paAHyCaMH
BbInoJIHflIoT
iu..u*"
ua
o6pasyrcrrl'X
KoHycoB;
[oryr{eHHble
roqK'
nepeHocsr
Ha
noBePXHocTHToKa'coxpaHg'IycJIoBHepaBeHcTBaAJII{HgJIeMeHToBJIH-
sufi
ioxa Ha
Ko'yce
u nosep*"o.t"
roxa
(puc.
95,
a
,
6)-
CoeAHHlls
oAHOr{MeHHbre
rorr KH
nnasHoir
xpueofi
,
noJlyq
arcT
paAH aa
bHbf
e
celIeHI'I
fl
TbIJIbHOfi
H JIHUeBOfi
nOnepxHocTu
JIo[acTH,
uanplutep,
I-l
u I'-l'
196
Puc. 95.
floeepxHocrn
Bpar{eHne,
SaMenrlrcrqHe
noBepxHocTH
ToKa:
a
-
npciluaupf,Banne
ronacTn npn
rro-
Mculr
gacarenbnbrx
KosycoB:
6
-
no-
crpoenue
npo$taa Ha
pa3aeprKe
Kolr)rca;
e
-
npoQulrpoBaHue
rorracTs
npu ilor.on(R
ceKyulBx KoHycoB.
Pacno.naras
paAHaJrbHbrMH
ceqeHHflMu
JIolacTH, MOX(HO
nocrpoHTb npoeKrrrr
JrHHrii4
TOKa
B
nJraHe. flOCrpoeu-
Hbre
paAHaJIbHbre
ceqeHHfl
H
JTHHHH TOKA NOJIHOCTbIC)
on
peAenqrcr
Qopray
Jr
on acrn.
IIpn HcnoJr b3o BaHHla
ABy-
MepHbrx MeroAoB
npoQanH-
poBaHHfl paAHanbHbre
ceqe-
Hvrfl
6ecxoueqHo
rouKofi
JrorracTH orr
peAe.rrsrorcq
pac-
rreroM
(cu.
$
5l). floayuen-
Hbre
pacqeTHbre
JIHHHH ToKa
(cxeneru
npo(pxnefi) nepe-
HOCflr Ha
pa3BepTKH
KOHy-
coB u
(oAeBaror)
npoQHneM
KOHeqHOfi
TOJTUIHHbI,
rroJrb-
syqcb npHHflTbrM 3aKoHoM
pacnpeAeneHns
roJruiuH
(crnr.
ra6.n. 17).
Atrs
roro
rrro6br
yroJr
Br
ocraBaJlcfl HeH3MeHHbrM,
Ha BxoAHoM
yracrKe
ilpoQuJrs npuHsryro
ToJIUIHHy
orKJraAbrBaror no o6e cropoHbr
or cKsrrernofi ausuu
(puc.
96).
flocrpoua
upoQn.nr.r
KoHeqHofi ronuuHbr,
Ha
MepuAuoHanbHofi
npoeK-
uI{H
Jlonacrr
crposr
paAuanbHbre
ceqeHnq
rbrnbHofi noBepxHocrH
(pagHanrHbre
ceqeHnq .[Hqeeofi noBepxnocru
noryqeHbr
pacqeroM).
llocrpoeuue
ropHsoHTrurbHblx
ceqeHnfi
uonacrt.
finn
H3roroBJreHHs
MoAeJrfl Jrolacrn
H
rua6.rosoB
Arrs,
KoHTpoJrr
ee noBepxuocru npH o6-
pa6orxe
crposr
fopa3oHTaJlbHbre
cetreHafi
.no[acra
(rax
HasbrBaeMbre
<.4ocxu>).
C
groi?
I{eJIbro
Hcnonbsyror
cacreMy ropH3oHTaJrbHbrx nJroc-
Kocrefi
(ceueuux
0-0';
1-1'u r.
A.).
Toqxs nepeceqeHHff ropH3oHTaJrb-
Hbrx ceqeHn
fi
c
pa4railbHbrMn
cerreHurMu
JronacrH B MepH
Tuouantr'oft
nJTocKocru
nepeHocflT
Ha n.IIaH
H
coeAuHflror rrJraBHbrMH KpHBbrMH. Ha
TeopeTHr{ecKoM
r{epTe)Ke
JIonacTH
BbrqeprrHBaroT
MepHAHoHanbHyro npo-
eKrruro, nJraH JroracrH i{
ee
ropn3oHTaJrbHbre
ceqeHua
(cu.
pac.
102).
tlro6u
npaBuJrbuo
ycraHoBHrb
Jrorracru a
pa6oueM
KoJrece,
Heo6xo-
AHMo
orrpeAeJrHTb
pacrrerHbre
3HaqeHHq
paccrosHufi
uex4y coceAHHMH
Jronacrflrtru
(paccrofl.H4fl.
B cBeTy
ar) aaonb Bbrxo,u,Hofi
xportrnu.
olun
H3 cnoco6on
onpe4eJreHr{s
sHaqeHufi
a2 ocnoBarr
Ha riocrpoeHxu Ha
pa3-
BeprKax ceKyrrlHX KoHycoB BbrxoAHbrx
gJreMeHroB.rronacrefi
(puc.
95,
a),
' nD'
pacnoJrox(eHHbrx Ha paccroflHuu
rrlara t
:7.
Kparuafiuree
paccrorr-
HHe MeXAy rOrrKOft Ua
IHr{eSOfi nOBepXHOCTH
JIOnaCTT{ Ha
BbrXOAe
Hs
t97
pa6ouer'o
KoJIeca
n
roqKofi
Ha
TbIJIbHOfi
nogepxHocTg
coc-eAHefi
Jlona-
cr'
npeAcraBn;
co6ofi
paccroflI{ue
B
cBery
(pt".
97).
O6pasyrourue
ceKyr[Hx
KOHyCOB
npoBoAflT
qepg3
ToqKH
nepeceuesws'
lunuit
TOKa
Puc.
96.
flocrpoeuue
npo(lunr
KoHeqHoft
tonulnsbt
ria
pasBeprKe
KOHVCa.
t-t
ffi
I
vii
t
tv
n-m
Prrc.
97.
Onpele,renHe
paccrosuuit
s
cBery
uerKAY
'uonacrauu
pa6o-
qero
KoJIeca.
c
BbIxoAHoft KpoIvIKofi,
[epreHAHKyJIflpHo
K
nocJleAHefi'
Ha
qepTe]Ke
pa6ouero
xo.rreca
yKa3bIBaIoT
3Har{eHufl
paccToflHufi
e
cBeTy
az
BLoIlb
eHxO,qHofi
xpotlxl4
14
1aATIYCOB
TOr{eK,
B
KOTOpbIX
paCCTOflHHfl
B
CBeTy
onpeAerrnrrurcb
(psc.
97).'
198
S
{,l..Ilpo$nanpotaune
Jrorracrrr
B rroTeEquaJrbHoM
Mep[AEOrraJrbEolrI
uoTose.
Ilprmep pacrreTa
O6rqas
nocraHoBKa
3aAarru
nocrpoettfl,
Qopusr
Jrorracru
B ocecnM-
MerpHqHoM
noroKe
H3Jrox{eHa
B
Sl4
H 16.
flpra
3aAaHHoM MepuAr.ro-
HaJIbHOM
nOTOKe
H
npHHqTbrx
rpaHHqHbrx
ycJIoBHflx
IIpH rroMouln
ABy-
MepHbIx
MeToAoB
MOX(HO pacrreTHbrM
nyTeM
nOCTpOHTb,
B
TIaCTHOCTH,
6ecxoneqHo
roHKyro
Jrorracrb.
9acrtruu cJr) raeM
perueHuq
o6paruofi
OcecHMMetpuvHofi
3aI.aql|1- flBJlsercfl
npoeKTHpoBaHHe
6ecxoHe.tHo ToH-
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