Askeland D.R., Fulay P.P. Essentials of Materials Science & Engineering
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Essentials
of
Materials
Science
and
Engineering
Second Edition, SI
Donald R. Askeland
University of Missouri—Rolla, Emeritus
Pradeep P. Fulay
University of Pittsburgh
SI Edition prepared by
D. K. Bhattacharya
Solid State Physics Laboratories
New Delhi
Australia
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Brazil
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United States
Essentials of Materials Science and
Engineering, Second Edition, SI
Donald R. Askeland and Pradeep P. Fulay
SI Edition prepared by D. K. Bhattacharya
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Chris Carson
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 11 10 09
To Mary Sue and Tyler
—
Donald R. Askeland
To Suyash, Aarohee, and Jyotsna
—
Pradeep P. Fulay
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Contents
Preface xv
About the Authors xix
Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 1
Introduction 1
1-1
What is Materials Science and Engineering? 2
1-2
Classification of Materials 5
1-3
Functional Classification of Materials 9
1-4
Classification of Materials Based on Structure 11
1-5
Environmental and Other Effects 12
1-6
Materials Design and Selection 14
SUMMARY 17
9
GLOSSARY 18
9
PROBLEMS 19
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure 21
Introduction 21
2-1
The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance 22
2-2
The Structure of the Atom 23
2-3
The Electronic Structure of the Atom 28
2-4
The Periodic Table 30
2-5
Atomic Bonding 32
2-6
Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing 40
SUMMARY 44
9
GLOSSARY 45
9
PROBLEMS 48
Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 51
Introduction 51
3-1
Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order 52
3-2
Amorphous Materials: Principles and Technological Applications 54
3-3
Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures 55
vii
3-4
Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations 63
3-5
Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell 64
3-6
Interstitial Sites 74
3-7
Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials 76
3-8
Covalent Structures 79
3-9
Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis 80
SUMMARY 82
9
GLOSSARY 83
9
PROBLEMS 86
Chapter 4 Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements 90
Introduction 90
4-1
Point Defects 91
4-2
Other Point Defects 97
4-3
Dislocations 98
4-4
Significance of Dislocations 105
4-5
Schmid’s Law 105
4-6
Influence of Crystal Structure 108
4-7
Surface Defects 109
4-8
Importance of Defects 114
SUMMARY 116
9
GLOSSARY 117
9
PROBLEMS 119
Chapter 5 Atom and Ion Move ments in Materials 122
Introduction 122
5-1
Applications of Diffusion 123
5-2
Stability of Atoms and Ions 125
5-3
Mechanisms for Diffusion 127
5-4
Activation Energy for Diffusion 129
5-5
Rate of Diffusion (Fick’s First Law) 130
5-6
Factors Affecting Diffusion 133
5-7
Permeability of Polymers 141
5-8
Composition Profile (Fick’s Second Law) 142
5-9
Diffusion and Materials Processing 146
SUMMARY 147
9
GLOSSARY 148
9
PROBLEMS 149
Chapter 6 Mec hanical Properties: Fundamentals and Tensile, Hardness, and
Impact Testing 153
Introduction 153
6-1
Technological Significance 154
CONTENTSviii
6-2
Terminology for Mechanical Properties 155
6-3
The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram 159
6-4
Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test 163
6-5
True Stress and True Strain 169
6-6
The Bend Test for Brittle Materials 171
6-7
Hardness of Materials 174
6-8
Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior 176
6-9
Properties Obtained from the Impact Test 177
SUMMARY 180
9
GLOSSARY 181
9
PROBLEMS 183
Chapter 7 Fracture Mechanics, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior 187
Introduction 187
7-1
Fracture Mechanics 188
7-2
The Importance of Fracture Mechanics 191
7-3
Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials 194
7-4
Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and
Composites 198
7-5
Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis 200
7-6
Fatigue 206
7-7
Results of the Fatigue Test 209
7-8
Application of Fatigue Testing 212
7-9
Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion 215
7-10
Evaluation of Creep Behavior 217
SUMMARY 220
9
GLOSSARY 220
9
PROBLEMS 222
Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing 225
Introduction 225
8-1
Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve 226
8-2
Strain-Hardening Mechanisms 231
8-3
Properties versus Percent Cold Work 232
8-4
Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses 235
8-5
Characteristics of Cold Working 239
8-6
The Three Stages of Annealing 241
8-7
Control of Annealing 244
8-8
Annealing and Materials Processing 246
8-9
Hot Working 248
SUMMARY 250
9
GLOSSARY 250
9
PROBLEMS 252
CONTENTS ix