Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 597
PRACTICE 8 USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
On a separate piece of paper, rewrite each of the following sentences in two
forms — in a negative form and as a question. Note that some sentences use
regular verbs and some use irregular verbs. You may need to refer to the chart
of irregular verbs on pages 469–72.
EXAMPLE: Kevin maintains two different blogs.
(negative)
Kevin does not maintain two different blogs.
(question)
Does Kevin maintain two different blogs?
1. He writes his “public” blog for anyone who wants to see it.
2. He even tells his parents to read it.
3. He writes there about politics, his courses, and some music he likes.
4. He chooses topics that are rather general for this blog.
5. This blog gets comments from a wide range of people.
6. Kevin makes his other blog much more personal.
7. He gives only his close friends access to this blog.
8. He includes his thoughts about specifi c events and his views on life in
general.
9. He uses incorrect grammar and loose organization for his entries here.
10. He fi nds that he learns and grows a lot from writing both of his blogs.
The Simple Past
Use the simple past to describe situations that began and ended in the past.
PRESENT
PAST (now) FUTURE
I worked at NuLite Company.
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EDITING ESSAYS
598 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
Regular verbs in the simple past are formed by adding -ed; if the verb
already ends in e, add only d.
PRESENT PAST
Karina plays in the band. Karina played in the band.
Toby practices every day. Toby practiced every day.
Irregular past-tense verbs do not follow that rule: They are formed in
other ways. For a chart of irregular past-tense verbs, see pages 469–72.
Negatives. To form the simple past of any verb, add the past form of do
(did ), the negative not, and the verb without an ending.
subject
+
did not
+
base verb
Selena did not call. [The verb did — the past tense of do — expresses the past.
The verb call is the base verb with no -ed ending.]
Terry did not run in the race. [Run is the base form of the verb. The past is
expressed by the verb did.]
Questions. To form a question in the simple past, add the past form of
do (did ) and the verb without an ending.
did
+
subject
+
base verb
Did Selena call her mother? [The verb did — the past tense of do — expresses
the past. The verb call has no past ending; it is the base form.]
Did Terry and Jan run in the race?
Negative Questions.
didn’t
+
subject
+
base verb
Didn’t Selena call her mother?
Didn’t Terry and Jan run in the race?
PRACTICE 9 USING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
On a separate piece of paper, rewrite each of the following sentences to express
three forms — the past tense, a past negative, and a past question. Note that
some sentences use regular verbs and some use irregular verbs. You may need
to refer to the chart of irregular verbs on pages 469–72.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 599
EXAMPLE: Terri likes to drive long distances.
(past)
Terri liked to drive long distances.
(past negative)
Terri did not like to drive long distances.
(past question)
Did Terri like to drive long distances?
1. She especially enjoys highway driving.
2. The rest of us love to sleep on the long drive to the city.
3. Luis annoys all of us by his snoring.
4. The sound of his snoring gets loud and irritating.
5. Genine calls out Luis’s name.
6. This makes his snoring louder.
7. Genine pokes Luis’s arm gently.
8. Luis wakes up angrily.
9. We choose to stay awake for the rest of the drive.
10. This keeps the peace between Luis and the rest of us.
Be, Past Negative. The verb be can be confusing in the past tense, espe-
cially when it is used in a negative statement. The chart that follows shows
how to form the negative past of the verb be.
BE, PAST TENSE, NEGATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
I was not We were not
You were not You were not
He/she/it was not They were not
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EDITING ESSAYS
600 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
The Simple Future
The future tense is used to describe situations that will happen in the
future. It is easier to form than the present and past tenses. Form the
simple future using this formula:
will
+
base form of verb
I will fi nish soon. We will fi nish soon.
You will fi nish soon. You will fi nish soon.
He/she/it will fi nish soon. They will fi nish soon.
The Progressive Tenses
The Present Progressive
Use the present progressive to describe situations that are happening now
but began in the past.
PRESENT
PAST (now) FUTURE
I am studying too much.
Statements.
subject
+
am/are/is
+
base verb with -ing ending
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
I study too much. I am studying too much.
They sing in the choir. They are singing in the choir.
Negatives.
subject
+
am not/is not/are not
+
base verb with -ing ending
I am not studying too much.
They are not singing in the choir.
Questions.
am/is/are
+
subject
+
base verb with -ing ending
Am I studying too much?
Are they singing in the choir?
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 601
Negative questions.
isn’t/aren’t
+
subject
+
base verb with -ing ending
Isn’t he studying too much?
Aren’t they singing in the choir?
PRACTICE 10 USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
On a separate piece of paper, rewrite each of the sentences below in three
forms — present progressive, present progressive negative, and present pro-
gressive question.
EXAMPLE: We hike up a fairly high mountain.
(present progressive)
We are hiking up a fairly high mountain.
(present progressive
We are not hiking up a fairly high mountain.
negative)
(present progressive
Are we hiking up a fairly high mountain?
question)
1. I bring a lot of water for the hike.
2. Roger takes chocolate bars along in his backpack.
3. He gives away chocolate to anyone who wants it.
4. I try to do without a chocolate snack on this hike.
5. This winding trail gets steep.
6. I feel a need for a chocolate boost of energy.
7. I ask Roger for one of his energy bars.
8. He searches his backpack for any remaining chocolate.
9. Roger’s chocolate helps me to keep on climbing.
10. Several of us thank Roger for his generosity and thoughtful preparation.
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EDITING ESSAYS
602 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
The Past Progressive
Use the past progressive to describe situations that were going on in the
past.
PRESENT
PAST (now) FUTURE
snowing arrival
It was snowing when we arrived.
Statements.
subject
+
was
+
base verb with -ing ending
SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE
The car started slowly. The car was starting slowly last
week.
We parked next to the restaurant. We were parking when the car
stalled.
Negatives.
subject
+
was not/were not
+
base verb with -ing ending
The car was not starting slowly last week.
We were not parking when the car stalled.
Questions.
was/were
+
subject
+
base verb with -ing ending
Was the car starting slowly last week?
Were we parking when the car stalled?
Negative questions.
wasn’t/weren’t
+
subject
+
base verb with -ing ending
Wasn’t the car starting slowly last week?
Weren’t we parking when the car stalled?
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 603
The Future Progressive
Use the future progressive to describe situations that began and ended
before some other situation that happened.
PRESENT
PAST (now) FUTURE
sleeping Jin’s return
I will be sleeping when Jin returns.
The future progressive describes situations that will be ongoing in the
future. It is easier to form than the present and past progressive tenses.
Form the progressive future using this formula:
will be
+
base form of verb with -ing ending
I will be fi nishing soon. We will be fi nishing soon.
You will be fi nishing soon. You will be fi nishing soon.
He/she/it will be fi nishing soon. They will be fi nishing soon.
Negatives.
subject
+
will not be
+
base form of verb with -ing ending
I will not be fi nishing soon. They will not be fi nishing soon.
Questions.
will
+
subject
+
be
+
base form of verb with -ing ending
Will you be fi nishing soon? Will they be fi nishing soon?
Negative questions.
won’t
+
subject
+
be
+
base form of verb with -ing ending
Won’t you be fi nishing soon? Won’t they be fi nishing soon?
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EDITING ESSAYS
604 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
PRACTICE 11 USING THE PAST AND FUTURE
PROGRESSIVE TENSES
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the following sentences in four
forms — past progressive, past progressive negative, future progressive, and
future progressive negative.
EXAMPLE: Samantha worked in the school cafeteria dur-
ing the spring semester.
(past progressive)
Samantha was working in the school cafeteria
during the spring semester.
(past progressive
Samantha was not working in the school
negative)
cafeteria during the spring semester.
(future progressive)
Samantha will be working in the school cafeteria
during the spring semester.
(future progressive
Samantha will not be working in the school
negative)
cafeteria during the spring semester.
1. At fi rst, she washed dishes, pots, and pans.
2. Soon, she staffed the cash register.
3. Then, Samantha assisted the chefs in the kitchen.
4. Later, Samantha served students at the sandwich and wrap counter.
5. In the end, she did the job she wanted most of all.
6. Samantha learned to cook for large numbers of people.
7. She followed the directions of the experienced chefs.
8. In the beginning, she memorized all of the cafeteria recipes.
9. After a while, she began to create her own recipes.
10. By the end of the semester, Samantha managed one of the cafeteria crews.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 33 • Formal English and ESL 605
The Perfect Tenses
The Present Perfect
Use the present perfect to describe situations that started in the past and
are still happening.
PRESENT
PAST (now) FUTURE
We have known the Sanchez family for years.
Before you do this section, you might want to review past participles in
Chapter 26. A past participle is the past form of the verb used with a help-
ing verb.
Statements.
subject
+
has/have
+
past participle of base verb
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT
Dona works every night. Dona has worked every night this
week. [Dona started working earlier
in the week and is still working.]
We know the Sanchez family. We have known the Sanchez family
for years.
Negatives.
subject
+
has not/have not
+
past participle of base verb
Dona has not worked every night this week.
We have not known the Sanchez family for very long.
Questions.
has/have
+
subject
+
past participle of base verb
Has Dona worked every night this week?
Have we known the Sanchez family for years?
Negative questions.
hasn’t/haven’t
+
subject
+
past participle of base verb
Hasn’t Dona worked every night this week?
Haven’t we known the Sanchez family for years?
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EDITING ESSAYS
606 Part Five • Other Grammar Concerns
Sometimes people confuse the simple past with the present perfect.
The simple past describes situations that began and ended in the past,
while the present perfect describes situations that began in the past and
are still happening.
SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT
Dona worked every night last week.
[Last week is over, so what Dona did
happened and ended in the past.]
Dona has worked every night this
week. [Dona began working at night
earlier in the week and is still working
at night.]
PRACTICE 12 USING THE PRESENT-PERFECT TENSE
On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the sentences below in three
forms — present-perfect statement, present-perfect negative, and present- perfect
question.
EXAMPLE: Jenna always likes to play challenging board games.
(present-perfect
Jenna has always liked to play challenging board
statement)
games.
(present-perfect
Jenna has not always liked to play challenging board
negative)
games.
(present-perfect
Has Jenna always liked to play challenging board
question)
games?
1. Many of her friends also enjoy these games.
2. Sometimes, they play games far into the night.
3. Jenna decides to start a club for game players.
4. She goes through all the procedures for starting a school club.
5. She reserves a large room for every Sunday afternoon.
6. Jenna brings all of the games she owns to the gatherings.
7. She welcomes everyone to bring their own games as well.
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